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negative feedback
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the most common form of regulation; accumulation of an end product slows its own processing
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Charles Darwin
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person who believed in 1) descent with modification--captures unity and diversity, and 2) natural selection--causes evolution as the unequal reproductive successes of individuals adapts the population to its environment
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parasitism
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a type of symbiosis in which one organism acts as a parasite and the other as a host
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altruism
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the assistance given to one organism by another, even if the act of giving puts the survival of the assisting organism at risk
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prokaryotic
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1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) no endoplasmic reticulum; 3) no membrane-bound organelles; 4) one circular chromosome; 5) bacteria; 6) about 10 times smaller; 7) no nucleus (DNA floats around)
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biosphere
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wherever on Earth that there is life
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prokaryotic
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a type of cell lacking both a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria and archaea
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reproduction
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a characteristic of life; the creation of new life from pre-existing life
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archaea, bacteria, eukarya
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three domains
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controlled experiment
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an experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally, the only difference between the groups is part of what is being tested
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regulation
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a characteristic of life; maintenance of homeostasis
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order
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a characteristic of life; highly detailed and organized structure
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tissues
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combinations of cells; types include nervous, muscular, fat, blood
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model
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a representation of a theory or process; may take form of a graph, diagram, 3D object, computer program, or mathematical equation
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data
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recorded observations; can be quantitative or qualitative
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bioinformatics
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the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods
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fungi
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characteristics of this kingdom: heterotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (chitin)
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animalia, fungi, plantae, protista, monera
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five kingdoms
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evolutionary adaptation
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a characteristic of life; natural selection/descent with modification
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inductive reasoning
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a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations (specific >>> general)
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organ systems
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group of organs that work together
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energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, growth and development, order, regulation, reproduction, response to environment
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characteristics of life (7, in alphabetical order)
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ecosystem
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the community plus abiotic factors; also includes interactions between biotic and abiotic components
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animalia
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characteristics of this kingdom: heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls
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cells
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combinations of organelles; the first unit of life
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biology
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scientific study of life
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genome
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entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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plantae
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characteristics of this kingdom: autotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (cellulose)
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eukaryotic
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a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; organisms with these cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals
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biomolecules
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combinations of atoms; examples include lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ATP
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commensualism
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a type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither helped nor harmed
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organelles
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combinations of biomolecules; nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane
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abiotic factors
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components that affect an ecosystem; examples include temperature, rainfall, sunlight, wind, and soil
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atoms, biomolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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levels of biological organization (from simple to complex)
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growth and development
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a characteristic of life; genes control life patterns
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systems biology
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an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems; allows for predictions when one variable of a component changes
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energy
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the ability to do work; all life needs a constant supply of this
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positive feedback
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process in which an end product speeds up its own production
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extreme halophiles
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type of archaea; loves high salt concentrations
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symbiosis
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when two organisms live in close/tight relationships with each other
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Sir Richard Dawkins
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the person who believed in altruism as the illustration of "the selfish gene"
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organism
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the simultaneous and interdependent functioning of various organ systems
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response to environment
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a characteristic of life; an organism's interaction with its surroundings
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cell theory
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proponents include 1) all living things are made of cells; 2) cells are the basic unit of life; 3) cells only come from other cells; established by Schleiden and Schwann
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methanogens
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type of archaea; poisoned by oxygen, live in waterlogged soils, swamps, produce methane gas
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mutualism
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a type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from the relationship
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heterotrophs
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organisms that eat other organisms for energy
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deductive reasoning
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a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise (general >>> specific)
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atom
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the smallest unit of matter on Earth
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organs
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combinations of more than one type of tissue
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protista
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characteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, eukaryotic, unicellular but with some multicellular, some have cell walls while some do not
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autotrophs
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organisms that create their own food
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adaptation
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any structure, behavior, or internal process that helps an individual to better survive and/or reproduce
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reductionism
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reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
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monera
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characteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls (peptidoglycam or murein)
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energy processing
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a characteristic of life; consuming matter, storing energy, using energy
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eukaryotic
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1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) contains endoplasmic reticulum; 3) all organelles are membrane-bound; 4) multiple, linear chromosomes; 5) everything besides bacteria; 6) about 10 times larger; 7) membrane-enclosed nucleus
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community
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all populations of all species in a localized area
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emergent properties
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new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
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extreme thermophiles
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type of archaea; can survive boiling water, thrive near geysers
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specie
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traditional taxonomy
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evolution
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descent with modification; idea that living species are descendants of ancestors that were different from present-day organisms; change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
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sunlight, producers, consumers
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pattern of energy flow
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population
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group of organisms of a single specie in a localized area
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DNA
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double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
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