Unit 4: The Reformation and Religious Wars in the 16th Century
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Unit 4: The Reformation and Religious Wars in the 16th Century

Terms Definitions
eucharist a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine
marburg colloquy the "shattering of Protestantism" Zwingli and Luther try to unite Swiss Reformationa and German reformation, doesn't work b/c of different views. remained divided forever.
John of Leyden a Dutch tailor who headed the gov't of Munster who claimed to be directly inspired by God and had 4 wives. he was executed in 1536
pope that ordered ordered the rebuilding of St. Peter's Leo X
John Knox Scottish Calvinist reformer who identified Geneva as the "most perfect school of christ" in the world
The Institutes of the Christian Religion John Calvin's publication that was the cornerstone of his theology; provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity
Dutch sea beggars pirates basically that raided the Spanish ships
division a major cause of the German reformation was the __________ of the HRE
sins Luther's main struggle while a monk was with
Martin Luther a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Peace of Augsburg 1555 where Charles guaranteed the nobility German Liberties and lutheranism was protected
Christian III of Denmark He was the successor of Frederick I. He was insturmental in spreading Lutheranism to Norway. A Lutheran state church was established with the king as authority of all religious affairs.
Theocracy a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
Swiss Reformation Led by Ulrich Zwingli
Diet of Worms Where the protestant reformation is greatly expedited and Luther refuses to renounce his faith
7 key nobles that elected the holy roman emperor Electors were
reversion returning to a former state
Critical Thinking The Jesuits the the council of Trent represented___________ ___________
42 Articles Cranmer had Parliament pass. made England the most radical protestant nation.
John Knox called it "the most perfect school of Christ". Geneva
Act of Supremacy Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
English reformation result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom
Act of Uniformity act of parliament that reasserted the book of common prayer with some catholic alterations as the chief book of the anglican church
persecuting them the Radical Catholics and the Puritans opposed the Anglican Church and Elizabeth solved it by....
Jesuits Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
virgin queen England - Queen Elizabeth (a Tutor) because she never married; she used her marital status as a tool for forming alliances
merchants Calvinism was highly supported by______ b/c of its emphasis on a good work ethic
The War of Three the Henries like a struggle over the throne b/t Henry of Navarre (IV), Henry III, and Henry of Guise
export taxes Philip II taxed the good going out of spain (wool) which caused English nobles to start making wool and out selling the Spanish= no exports for Spain
"reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and cut the crap out" (in Was's words) The Council of Trent...
Modern Luther's views were
Leo X Luther was x-communicated by
On the Freedom of a Christian Man described justification by faith and not by good works it instigated the peasants wars
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church written in Latin for the theologians attacked the sacramental system and challenged clerical celibacy
Philip II (first Spanish Hapsburg) ruler of Spain, low countries, parts of Italy, and new world, son of charles V, catholic habsburg
The Great Schism pope dies, a pope is elected in Avignon and in Rome,they excommunicate each other. leads to rise of dissenters
"justification by faith" the doctrine that Luther formulated was
the identity crisis of the English Elizabeth I solved....
Roman Inquisition employed torture, for heresy was regarded as the supreme crime, and all persons charged with crim could be tortured, in civil as well as ecclesiastical courts, under the existing laws
Francis Xavier led Jesuit missionaries to Asia where by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan
Anglicanism King and successors are head of church. Interpret4 Bible with tradition & reason. Salvation by faith alone.
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) said "Paris is well worth a Mass" obviously not devout Catholic and converted to Catholicism several times in the face of danger (he was originally a Huguenot)
Turks and French Charles was distracted by the
Cranmer Mary killed...
united Christendom Papacy wanted
Duke of Parma Philip II's nephew who crushed the Dutch revolts by seiging Antwerp.
French Wars of Religion another name for french civil wars
narrow mindedness The Index of Forbidden Books and the Inquisition represented _____________ _______________
Union of Arras 1579-the southern, catholic provinces in the low countries, who eventually pledged their loyalty to Spain
Fredrick the Wise protected/held Luther captive
Catholic Holy League the Guise family were their leaders and it was a group of ultra-Catholics
Catholic Reformation A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes/oppress in response to the Protestant Reformation
division so that they could retain their power Electors wanted
was underage and sickly Edward VI
Predestination the belief that God has determined all things in advance, including the salvation of souls
Cromwell and Cranmer Henry's advisers who were secretly Protestant and would eventually turn the church more protestant under Edward VI
William the Silent prince of Orange, resisted Philip II's effort to defeat the Dutch
Saxony Fredrick the wise's principality
Modern Devotion Northern German group about having a mystical, individual relationship with God; The Brethren of Common Love.
Schmalkaldic League a military alliance formed by the nobility to oppose Charles V
Elizabeth I the most successful politique
Henry VIII "GREAT DEFENDER OF THE FAITH"
Catherine de Medici Was the wife of Henry II. She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89).
Treason Act Act passed by Parliament that stated if anyone did not believe that the King was the supreme head of the church would be put to death.
Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean
Leipzig Debate Martin Luther vs. John Eck (representative for the Catholic Church). Debated papal authority.
annulment a declaration by the court that a marriage was never valid
39 Articles solidified England as a Protestant nation
English sea beggars english pirates that were supported by elizabeth and that stole $ from Spanish ships and sailed burning ships into Spanish harbors
date of the German Reformation 1517-1555
absolute authority of the pope the Jesuits believed in....
Guise Family French Catholic militants
St. Batholomew's Day Massacre done in the name of religion and it had the opposite effect of the Guise's intent--> it unified the protestants against the Catholics
Spanish Armada (1588) In this battle Phillip II tried to attack England but his naval fleet was completely destroyed
Papal Bull Luther burned the _______ ______
Medieval Eck's views were
Ignatius of Loyola Leader of the Jesuits, tried to convert people to Catholicism by convincing them of the truth of his words rather than use violence
Anne Boleyn the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I
translated the Bible into German Luther did what while he was held captive/ protected by Fred the wise?
Purgatory (theology) in Roman Catholic theology the place where those who have died in a state of grace undergo limited torment to expiate their sins
it was highly organized Calvinism was quickly spreading b/c...
"prudent king" Philip II refused to delegate power in hopes of controlling/ensuring improvement
Mennonites and the Amish Today's Anabaptists
Anabaptism In this religion, they believed in adult baptism, chose their own ministers, and believed in complete separation of the church. It was a religious minority. They were also the radicals of the Protestant Ref. These people later became mennonites and amish.
Pacification of Ghent Agreement set forth by the Prince of Orange to unify the seventeen provinces under him, and Spain.
Index of Forbidden Books a list of books created by Paul IV that a "good Catholic" wouldn't read and if they did he basically said that the deserve to go to Hell
Henry II the last strong Valois king who died in a jousting tournament (Henry shish kebab!)
The Reformation the movement which sought to reform certain corrupt practices of the Catholic Church and which led to Protestantism.
reform Martin Luther wanted to ______ the church
Causes of the reformation Northern Christian thought, nationalism, commercial revolution, corruption of the Church, Christian humanism
Inquisition a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy
Tetzel _______ sold indulgences in Germany
he was overextended: he did not have enough resources Charles lost the Schmalkaldic Wars b/c...
Thomas a Kempis summarized philosophy of Brothers of the Common Life in 'Imitation of Life', died in 1471
established the modern English navy Henry VIII
2 5 Compromise the Church of England satisfies the Protestants and the Catholics with this which said the there were 7 sacraments but two special ones (baptism and Communion)
Low countries the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands
Book of Common Prayer the Anglican service book of the Church of England
"bloody Mary" Mary I was also known as...
"she's manipulative, that's why she's awesome." (in Was's own words) Elizabeth I
Parliament Henry worked with____________ to create Anglicanism
Mysticism belief of unexplainable things, beyond rational thinking.
Gustavus Vasa He led the Swedish barons to overthrow Christian II of Denmark out of leadership of the Scandnavian kingdoms. He later became king of independant Sweden and established the Lutheran Church in Sweden. The Swedish Lutheran National Church had been created, to ensure the loyalty of the populace and clergy to the crown.
Munster (according to the Anabaptists) "New Zion" or "New Jerusalem"
Bourbon Dynasty Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) established the _________ _________
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation called upon the nobles to overthrow the papacy and to create a reformed church it was written in german
95 theses written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
Wycliffe English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384)
Elizabeth I Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Calvinism the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone
Calvin French religious reformer who wrote the "Institutes of the Christian Religion," the basis for Calvinism.
Christian Humanism a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
Zwingli Leader of Swiss Reformation. Agreed to disagree with Luther about communion. He thought it was only a symbol, and that it wasn't Christ's body or blood untill it touched your mouth, only symbolic. Found on the battlefield of the Swiss Civil War wounded and the Lutherans found him, cut him up into little pieces, then burn them and scattered the ashes over the land. Luther said Zwingli got what he deserved.
no pope Henry's church was 95% Catholic the only difference was....
Edict of Nantes (1597) where Huguenots get special political, religious, and military rights. MADE IT A STATE WITHIN A STATE.
united HRE Charles V wanted
elect those chosen to go to heaven, revealed with righteous life and strong work ethics. (Merchants loved this part)
fastest growing protestant faith Calvinism
Thomas More Henry VIII killed....
reprobate those condemned to hell b/c they are hardened by sin
Geneva It was a Swiss city where a Calvinist ministry was established. Moral laws were created and made swearing illegal.
regent someone who rules during the absence or incapacity or minority of the country's monarch
puritan Protestant Christian who wanted to reform or PURIFY the Church of England from within
France the first nation state that had two official religions (Calvinism and Catholicism)
revert England to Catholicism by persecuting Protestants b/c she feared for their souls Mary tries to...
Anglican Church = the Church of England
Huguenots French Calvinists.
October 31, 1517 the 95 thesis was put up on the door of the church of Wittenburg; Reformation Day
sulieman the magnificent Ottoman Turk leader who killed King Louis of Hungary and invaded most of Hungary and Austria
Spiritual Exercises It was written by Loyola. This was a training manual for spiritual development and strengthened people to follow the will of God.
counter reformation prevent protestant religion from growing
Union of Utrecht The union created for the Netherlands that were against Spain in effect of the Pacification of Ghent.
English Wars of Religion Elizabeth I prevented....
German Liberties German princes' right to control all aspects of law within their principalities, naturally reducing the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
substantiation Luther belief concerning Communion: when the bread and wine are in the mouth they become the blood and body of Jesus Christ
Eck Luther debated with________
Mary queen of scots Catholic queen who was Elizabeth's heir. She plotted against Elizabeth and was executed
principality territory ruled by a prince
Schmalkaldic Wars Civil Wars in the HRE [Lutheran princes vs Catholic princes]
Council of Trent The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
transubstantiation Catholic theology about Communion: when the priest blesses the bread and wine it becomes to blood and body of Jesus Christ
the rebuilding of St. Peter's indulgences funded
ecclesiastical ordinances geneva divided church into doctors-scripture, pastors-preached, deacons-charity, elders-discipline
Commercial revolution the business revolution that occurred in Europe after the Middle Ages