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chemical formula
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a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements
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octet rule
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States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons
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VSEPR theory
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a theory that predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other.
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diatomic molecule
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a molecule composed of two atoms
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polar
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having a pair of equal and opposite charges
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hybrid orbitals
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orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom
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single bond
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a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons.
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molecular compound
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a chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
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electron-dot notation
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an electron-configuration notation in wich only the valence elctrons of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the element's symbol
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surface tension
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the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid; as if a thin film was stretch across the surface
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bond length
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the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
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covalent bonding
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a type of chemical bonding that results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms
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double bond
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a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
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ductile
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Capable of being drawn out, as into wire or a thread.
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dipole-dipole force
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a force of attraction between polar molecules
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malleability
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the property of a metal that indicates that it can be bent and rolled into sheets
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cohesion
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the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid
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crystal lattice
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a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal, a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal
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bond energy
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the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
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crystalline solid
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solids in which the particles are arranged in a repeating, 3-D pattern, has a specific melting point
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nonpolar-covalent bond
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a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge
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electronegativity
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the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond
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valence electron
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an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules
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polyatomic ion
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a charged group of covalently bonded atoms
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intermolecular force
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the force of attraction between molecules
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lone pair
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chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions, Pair of electrons associated with one atom in a molecule and not involved in bonding.
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resonance
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the response of a standing wave to another wave of the same frequency.
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ionic bonding
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chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions
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ionic compound
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composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
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lattice energy
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the energy relased when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions
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hydrogen bonding
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the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge
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molecular polarity
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the uneven distribution of molecular charge
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london dispersion forces
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intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles
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Van der Waals forces
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slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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chemical bond
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an electrical force linking atoms
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formula unit
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the simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound's formula can be established
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adhesion
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attraction between unlike molecules
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polar-covalent bond
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a covalent bond in which the bond ed atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electons
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multiple bond
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a bond in which the atoms share more than one pair of electrons, such as a double bond or a triple bond.
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hybridization
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the mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energies
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molecule
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the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
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structural formula
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an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule
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triple bond
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a covalent bond in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons
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lewis structure
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a formula in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner-shell electrons, dot-pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent electron pairs in cvalent bonds, and dots adjacent to only one atomic symbol represent unshared electrons
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molecular formula
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a chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
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orbital
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a three dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron
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dipole
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a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance
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