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Free body diagram
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a sketch showing all external forces acting on an object (objects are depicted as uniform boxes)
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Nonconservative Forces
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converts mechanical energy into other forms of energy an vice versa (path does matter - work cannot be stored)
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Newton's Second Law
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an object with mass "m" has an acceleration "a" given by the net force divided by "m". (F = ma)
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Electric Potential Energy
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the stored energy a charge has based on it's location in an electric field; work is done whenever an object moves with/against the field
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Fluid Flow
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The speed of a fluid changes as the cross - sectional area of the pipe through which it flows changes
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Apparent weight
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force felt from contact with the floor or a a scale in an an acceleratin system
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Charge
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the quantity (scalar) of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative)
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Atmospheric Pressure
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the pressue exerted by the atmosphere
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Vector
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a quantity with both a magnitude and a direction (Ex: displacement, velocity, and acceleration)
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Thermal Contact
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objects are in thermal contact if heat can flow between them
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Temperature
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a measure of the concentration of an object's internal energy
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Power
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rate at which work is done (Units: Watt [w])
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Thermal Efficiency
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ratio of what we get to what we put in
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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matter is made up of atoms which are in continual random motion which is related to temperature
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Buoyant Force
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The force a fluid exerts in a net upward direction
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Inelastic Collisions
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Momntum is conserved but Kinetic Energy is not (usually lost) [majority - STICK]
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Equipotential Lines
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lines that show the same potential; lines are dotted and perpendicular to the electric field lines
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Conservation of Momentum
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In the absence of an outside force, the total momentum will be conserved.
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Heat Transfer
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always goes from Hot to Cold
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Bernoulli's equation
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The net work done on a fluid is equal to the changes in kinetic and potential energy of the fluid in terms of quantities per volume
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Archimedes' Principle
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An object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed upward by a force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
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Energy
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the ability to make an object move (scalar - measurement) (Units: Joules [J])
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Centripetal Force
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the force applied to give an object it's circular motion (acts perpendicular to the motion)
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Zero launch angle
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a projectile launched horizontally from a point at height "h" and initial speed "v"
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(V vs. T) Slowing Down
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(V vs. T) getting closer to t-axis
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Momentum
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inertia in motion (vector)
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Kinetic Friction
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friction experienced by surfaces that are in contact and moving relative to one another
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Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
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The force of gravity between two point masses (every mass attracts other masses)
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Carnot's Theorem
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if an engine operating between two constant - temperature resevoirs is to have maximum efficiency, it must be an engine in which all processes are reversible
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Pressure at a depth in fluids
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the pressure of a fluid in static equilibrium increases with depth; all points at the same depth have the same pressure
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Weight
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gravitational force exerted by the earth on an object
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Elastic Collisions
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Momentum and Kinetic Energy are both conserved [minority - DONT STICK]
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Distance
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the length of travel (units: meters[m])
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Coulomb's Law
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electric charges exert forces on one another along the line connecting them; like charges repel, opposite charges attract
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Work - Energy Theorem
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Total work is ewual to the change in energy (mainly kinetic energy)
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Total Process in P-V Diagram
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ΔU = 0, ΔQ = W = +
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Kepler's Second Law
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Planets sweep out equal area in equal time
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Pressure
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the amount of force perpendicular per area
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Conduction
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heat transfer by contact
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Electric Potential (Voltage)
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a measure of the energy/charge
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Coefficient of Friction
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represents the nature of surfaces
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Projectile motion
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the path of an object after it has been launched into the air
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Vertical loop
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a look that is in the vertical plane where the velocity is not necessairly constant
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Bernoulli's principle
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Faster moving fluids produce lower pressures
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Potential Energy
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stored energy based off of location - can be converted to kinetico or other forms of energy
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Instantaneous velocity
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the velocity at an instance of time (units: meters per second [m/s])
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Velocity
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displacement over time (vector = speed + direction) (units: meters per second [m/s])
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Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)
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if the net force on an object is zero, it's velocity is constant.
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Fluid
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any liquid or gas
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(V vs. T) Forward Motion
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(V vs. T) line is above t-axis
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Uniform Circular Motion
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objects moving in a circle with constant speed (acceleration results in a change of direction)
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(D vs. T) Constant Velocity
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(D vs. T) constant slope (no acceleration)
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Rotational Inertia
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An object's resistance to a change in rotation; the farther the mass is from the rotation point, the greater RI
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Rotational Equilibrium
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sum of all torques acting on an object is zero
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Kelvin scale
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water freezes @ 273.15K; water boils @ 373.15K; absolute zero @ 0K
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Impulse
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change in momentum (vector) (Unit: Kg m/s)
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Heat Engine
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uses heat to produce work; uses 2nd Law of Thermodynamics to produce work
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Keper's Third Law
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The period of a planet's orbit is propotional to the 3/2 power of its average distance from the sun.
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(D vs. T) Backward Motion
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(D vs. T) slope: negative
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Entropy
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measure of disorder in a system; in the universe - positive
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Kepler's First Law
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The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus
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Celsius scale
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water freezes @ 0 °C; water boils @ 100°C; absolute zero @ 273.15°
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Ideal gas
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a simplified model of a gas where interactions between molecules are ignored
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Normal Force
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force exerted by surface that is perpendicularto the surface
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Inclined Forces
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certain forces contain components (rotate coordinate system to parallel surface)
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Tension in string & friction btw. tires and the road
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What are two examples of centripetal forces?
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Spontaneous(natural) heat transfer always goes from hot to cold
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(D vs. T) Standing Still
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(D vs. T) slope: zero
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Static Friction
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Which is greater, Static or Kinetic Friction?
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Torque
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"rotational equivalent of force"; a force applied so as to cause an angular acceleration
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Thermal Expansion
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most objects expand when heated
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Conservative Forces
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conserve the mechanical energy of a system - path doesn't matter
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(V vs. T) Constant Velocity
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(V vs. T) slope: zero
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Conductors
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charges are free to move (form at points)
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Pascal's Principle
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An external pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted unchanged to every point within the field
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(V vs. T) Displacement
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(V vs. T) area of the graph to the t-axis
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Average acceleration
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rate of change of velocity over time (vector) (units: meters per second squared [m/s²])
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Scalar
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a number with appropriate units (Ex: time & length)
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Induction
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charging through polarization without contact (seperates charges); neutral objects attract [movement of charges]
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(D vs. T) Slowing Down
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(D vs. T) slopes decreasing
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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A statement of the conservation of energy including heat
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Electric Fields
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the force per charge at a given location in space; points in the direction of a force experienced by a positive test charge (vector)
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Kepler's Laws
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describe the motion of planets (consequence of newton's law of gravitation)
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Force
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a push or pull that causes acceleration (vector: magnitude and direction) (Unit: Newton [N])
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Friction
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forces due to the microscopic roughness of surfaces in contact [opposite to motion, parallel to surface]
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Static Friction
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friction experienced by surfaces that are in static contact (maximum must be overcome to get an object to slide)
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Thermal Equilibrium
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objects that are in thermal contact, but have no heat exchange between them
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Flow rate
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volume of fluid that passes a particular point per time
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Adiabatic process
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heat is equal to zero [ΔU = W]
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Translational Equilibrium
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sum of all forces acting on an object is zero
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Electric Field Lines
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point in the direction of the electric field vector (away from positive, and towards negative)
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(V vs. T) Backward Motion
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(V vs. T) line is below t-axis
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Conduction
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charging a conductor by contact (no rubbing necessary) [complete transfer]
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Newton's Third Law
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For every force that acts on an object, there is a reaction force acting on a different object that is equal in magnitude and acts in opposite direction.
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(D vs. T) Speeding Up
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(D vs. T) slopes increasing
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Displacement
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a change in position (units: meters[m])
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Carnot Engine
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"perfect cycle" - applicable in reversible engine
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Work
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Done whenever a force causes motion or a change in motion (scalar - measurement) (Units: Joules [J])
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(V vs. T) Standing Still
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(V vs. T) line is @ t-axis [v=0]
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Radiation
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heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation such as infrared rays and light
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Center of Mass
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an object balances when it is supported at its center of mass
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Insulators
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charges restricted as to movement (form evenly)
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Thermodynamics
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The study of physical processes involving the transfer of heat
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Deceleration
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object with speed decreasing (velocity and acceleration have opposite signs) (units: meters per second squared [m/s²])
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Acceleration due to gravity
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9.8 m/s²
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Inertia
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an object's resistance to a change in motion (object's like to keep doing what they're doing)
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Law of action/reaction
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forces always come in pairs - result of contact forces
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Internal Energy
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the sum of all individual kinetic energies
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(V vs. T) Speeding Up
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(V vs. T) getting farther away from t-axis
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Free falling objects
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move under the influence of gravity alone
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Isometric (Isovolumetric) process
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volume is constant [W = 0, ΔU = Q]
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Isothermal process
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the temperature is the same [T = constant, ΔT = 0; ΔU = 0, Q = -W]
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Parallel - Plate Capacitor
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field is uniform
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Inertia's relationship with Centripetal force
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Inertia keeps the velocity vector constant, while the centripetal force acts perpendicular to the velocity vector and maintains a change in direction due to acceleration
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Heat
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The energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference
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Average velocity
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net displacement over time (units: meters per second [m/s])
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Mechanical Energy
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energy dealing with movement - sum of two types: Kinetic and Potential
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Conservation of Energy
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Energy can be transferred but not created/destroyed
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Gauge Pressure
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the difference between the actual pressure and the atmospheric pressure
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Density
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mass over volume
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Specific Gravity
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density of an object compared to the density of water
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Isobaric (Isochoric) process
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pressure is constant
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(D vs. T) Instantaneous Velocity
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(D vs. T) slope @ specific point
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Average speed
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total distance over time (units: meters per second [m/s])
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Convection
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heat transfer by a fluid
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Speed
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distance over time (scalar) (units: meters per second [m/s])
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Friction (charging)
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the transfer of a charge by rubbing electrons of one object and putting it on another; occurs between insulators
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(D vs. T) Forward Motion
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(D vs. T) slope: positive
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(D vs. T) Average Velocity
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(D vs. T) slope of secant line between two points
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Static Equilibrium
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object at rest
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