reformation, scientific revolution, enlightment, glorious revolution, 1450-1750
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for reformation, scientific revolution, enlightment, glorious revolution, 1450-1750

Terms Definitions
Chance to take Church Lands, Stop paying money to Rome Economic reasons for rulers to oppose the Church and support Luther
Mercury Thermometer Fahrenheit and Celsius both developed a scale for reading this new temperature-measurer.
nun a women member of a religious order.
Renaissance Creative movement, beginning in the 1350's to 1700's that centered on a revival of intereset in classical learning of Greece and Rome
Cavaliers extreme calvinist/supporters of the kingoliver cromwell)
Cervantes Noted Spanish Renaissance author of plays, short stories, and novels, including Don Quixote
Raphael Italian painter noted for his madonnas
Florence, Venice, Rome (Papal States) The three most important city-states of the Italian Renaissance
Brahe built instruments for observing the heavens and trained astronomers
ideology the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.
Michel angelo Very talented sculpture, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Well know for his work on the Sistine Chapel
John Locke English political thinker who justified the overthrow of Britain's king
Mercantilism Economic policy based on the concept that a country's power depends mainly on its wealth
diaspora scattering of people, voluntary or forced
Heliocentric Theory Theory that the Sun is the center of the universe
salt-water slaves african born slaves
John Calvin Swiss theologianborn in France) whose tenets, predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith defined, Presbyterianism.
John Huss Bohemian priest burned as a heretic in 1415
Age of Reason Another term for the Enlightenment
van EycksJan, Hubert Flemish oil painters who were brothers
schism a formal division within, or separation from, a church or religious body over some doctrinal difference.
Capital Wealth earned, saved, and invested to produce profits
John Calvin (1509-1564); a French theologian and reformer in Switzerland; and a leader in the Protestant Reformation
Reformation A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches.
The 95 Theses The 95 theses were written by Martin Luther, used to display his displeasure with the Church's sale of indulgences
manumission to release from slavery or slavitude.
French International language of the Enlightenment
Denis Diderot Encyclopedie - 28 volumes with 3,000 pages & illustrations - covered everything known about science, technology & history. criticized the Church and gov and praised religious tolerance
Philip II Prudent King of Spain who refused to delegate
Swiss Civil War of 1531 Zwingli died and Luther said he got what he deserved!
sacred texts texts that a religion believes to be sacred or of central importance.
Raphael Widely admired for both his artistic talent and "his sweet and gracious nature." His work blended Christian and classical styles.
Catholic Reformation hoped to end church corruption: selling of indulgences, simony, lay investiture, and nepotism
Joseph II ruler of Austria who promoted religious tolerance and made many educational reforms
Spanish Armada broken up by the protestant wind, an unforseen storm, and then destoryed by the faster british merchant ships
Peter Paul Rubens Flemish painter known for his large, lush style
Maria Theresa ruled Austria, maintained control over Austria during the War of Austian Succession
son Why Henry VII wanted to end his marriage to his first wife
Enlightened Despots Term for rulers who supported the Enlightenment
triangular trade trades of slaves and other goods between africa, England, europe, the west indies, and the new world
Peace of Augsburg Reformation led to a series of Religious wars wars between protestants and catholics that ended in 1555 with the___________
epidemic Disease any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people.
Charles V Holy Roman Emperor; opposed Luther because he needed the Pope's blessing to try to form a nation-state
Henry VIII Leader of the Church reformation in England
Hooke He discovered cells by studying cork.
Salons Fashionable French gatherings for intellectual conversation
Act of Uniformity created the Anglican book of prayer
Diderot Chief editor of the first "Encyclopedia", a multi-volume book about science, religion, industry and society
Speech, Press, Religion Freedoms advocated by Voltaire
boyars russian landowning nobles
Roman Catholic Religious faith of Queen MaryMary Tudor)
Thomas More Wrote Utopia which described the ideal society
Vesalius Pioneer in the study of anatomy
Francis Bacon British thinker who stressed experiments and observation to achieve scientific knowledge
Edict of Nantes gives MILITARY, political, and religious power to Huguenots
Sale of Indulgences Church practice that Martin Luther especially objected to
Commercial Revolution change in business practices characterized by partnerships, concept of a checkbill of exchange); insurance, decreased risk of losing money. starts in the middle ages. new social class emerges - artisans, merchants, traders.
Predestination Calvin's belief about human fate; the opposite of free will
renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau French writer whose ideas inspired the French revolutionaries
Adam Smith Scotsman who studied the source of nations' wealth
Religion Major focus of medieval thought that the Enlightenment turned away from
Henry VIII Was responsible for the break with the Catholic church.
Martin Luther est. Lutherism, wrote the 95 theses and several pamphlets
Charles V He Inherited the thrones of the Netherlands, Spain, and the Hapsburg possessions but failed in his attempt to bring all of Europe under his imperial rule.
Marie-Therese Geoffrin Sponsored a "salon" in France where philosophes would gather and discuss controversial issues
feudal of, pertaining to, or like the feudal system, or its political, military, social, and economic structure.
Heliocentric Theory Theory that the sun was the center of the universe
Inquisition Body that examined people who disagreed with Church officials
Mary (bloody Mary) reverted to Catholicism; est. an alliance with Spain through her Marriage to Phillip II; burned over 300 protestants
Inquisition Church courts set up in order to find heresy
Queen Elizabeth Daughter of Henry VII. She was incharge of leading the Church of England
Queen Elizabeth The daughter of Henry VIII and was left with the responsibility to determine the future of the Church of England. She enforced many reforms and made compromises to satisfy everyone.
Leonardo Da Vinci Applied his knowledge of mathematics and science to his paintings; Mona Lisa
Peace of Augsburg 1555-secured German liberties and cemented Lutherismexcluded Calvinism)
mercantilism governments should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations lest money be lost to enemy states.
Index of Prohibited Books Books that were irreligious for christians to read
Manufactured Goods Trade goods colonies were to import from the parent country
William the Silent exaggerated the raping of the Dutch to play on flemmish nationalism
(Leonardo) da Vinci Outstanding scientist, and artist, of the Renaissance
Anarchy Condition in which people lived before organizing society
Life, Liberty, Property Locke's "natural rights"
Scientific Method Systematic way of investigating a problem in science
Martin Luther Augustine monk in German province of Saxony1483 - 1546). In 1517 began speaking out against indulgences of the church.
Johannes Gutenerg Invented the printer1450)
Ghiberti Artist who created the sculpted bronze door panels of Florence's baptistery
Martin Luther German monk who started the Protestant Reformation
Zwingli began to reform Switzerland, held disputations to spread protestantism because Catholics couldn't defend their religion
william III and mary II & the glorious cavaliers ruled during the Glorious revolution,
Indulgence Pardon from punishment for committing sin
roundheads supporters of parliamentoliver cromwell)
Kepler His 3 laws of planetary motion proved the helio-centric theory mathematically; he theorized the planets revolved in ellipses.
pilgrims a person who travels to a foreign or holy place for their religion.
Union of Utrecht northern provincesDutch) became relatively independent of spain
Priesthood of all Believers As long as one believes in God then he doesn't need the church to have a personal relationship with God.
Catholic Reformation Reformation Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority.
Thomas Cranmer closet protestant that convinced Henry VIII to est. his own church and est. protestant ideals during Edward VI's reign
Johannes Kepler Able to prove mathematically the heliocentric theory and that the planets revovled in ellipses
Science, Modern Languages, Modern History Educational subjects favored by Enlightenment thinkers
Counter-Reformation major effort in the 1530's to create a new more spiritual outlook of the Catholic Church
Italy Country where the Renaissance began
Encyclopedia Monumental summary of French Enlightenment ideas, compiled by Diderot
Theocracy Government ruled by clergy acting in God's name, as in Geneva
Index of Prohibited Books List of books the Church forbade Catholics to read
Anglican Church The Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury.
proletariat people without access to property
War of Three Henries Henry of Navar and Henry III vs. Henry of Guiseends up ASSASSINATED)
Natural Rights Rights no one could justifiably take from the people
Civilization The source of human corruption, according to Rousseau
Henry VIII English king that left the Catholic church and started the Church of England.
technology the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment.
Charles I believed in/behaved as absolute monarch. caused english civil war, was beheaded
Flanders Region where the Renaissance began in northern Europe
Newton In "Principia Mathematica," he explained his universal law of gravitation, that planets and moons move at uniform speeds proportional to their weight and distance from the sun
Interest Money paid in return for a loan
Puritans RADICAL protestants
Christian humanism applying the critical mind to christianity
Church of EnglandAnglican Church) National church established by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
Humanism An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics
good works, faith How to achieve salvation, according to the Council of Trent
Watt Credited with creating the first steam engine
inflation partly caused commercial revolution. new wealth heightened demand for products to sell, both in the colonies and in europe, but western production could not keep pace, hence _______.
Reformation a movement of opposition to the Roman Catholic Church, beginning in the 16th Century
Spiritual Excercises instruction for a spirtual life; written by Ignatius of Loyola
tax revenue government income due to taxation.
Law of Universal Gravitation Newton's theory explaining the force that holds the universe together
William Harvey demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals with heart as "central pumping station"
Inflation Steady rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available
natural law law of nature which governs the physical universe
Middle Class Social group that the bankers and capitalists belonged to
Michelangelo Scuplted biblical figures, painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel
Macchiavelli Author of The Prince, a book advising rulers on how to keep power, by any means necessary
Classical Writings (Greek & Roman) Early knowledge studied by Renaissance scholars
cossacks peasents sent to migrate to southern Russia
Janissaries Ottoman infantry
Inquisition a court established by the Roman Catholic Church in A.D. 1542 to investigate people who may have strayed from the Roman Catholic faith and to strengthen the power of the Church
Shakespeare Author of masterpieces of English poetic drama genre
Habsburg-Valois Wars Italian wars, in which Charles V was forced to oppose the pope, Clement VII
Puritans Elizabeth led to stability as Queen as she found a middle ground between Catholics and purtians
Peasants's war of 1525 in responce to Luther's "On the Freedom of a Christain Man"; hoped to gain social and political independence; Luther didn't support them, because he needed the aid of the nobility, and condemned them in his "Against the Robbing and Murdering hoards of peasants"
Henry of Navarre Henry IV; was a hugenot, but converted to Catholicism"Paris is well worth a mass"); est. the Bourbon dynasty in France
Index of Forbidden Books Part of the Catholic Counter-reformation; books forbidden to be read by Catholics, written by Lutherans and other protestants
Separation of Powers Division among government branches admired by Montesquieu
Council of Trent Meeting of Church leaders that ended some of the Church abuses
enlightenment intellectual movement which involved applying scientific thought to human society and the idea that rational laws could describe social/physical behavior. criticizes blind faith, promotes education to better the people, emergence of feminist thinkers, familial shiftstreat kids better, more freedom, love & respect between family members)
Toledo Spanish city that was a center for Renaissance artists and poets
Leonardo da Vinci Made sketches of nature and of models in his studio, and dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work.
Vaccination Method developed by British physician Edward Jenner to prevent smallpox
Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance artist, architect, and mathematician; he painted the Mona LisaLa Gioconda)
faith The way to gain salvation, according to Luther
Martin Luther german monk; 1517; author of the 95 Theses, which he nailed on the church door at Wittenburg; protested indulgences & monasticism, criticized importance of the sacraments, stated that only faith can bring salvation - not the church, and promoted translation of the Bible into vernacular. gained wide support
Thomas Hobbes English philosopher who first proposed a "social contract"
Latin Language of the Church reaffirmed by the Council
Commercial Revolution Term for the economic developments of this first age of global trade
(Johann) Gutenberg German who first printed books from moveable type
Sea Beggars the Dutch pirateskinda like English sea dogs)
Inquisition A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy.
Scientific Revolution Transformation in thinking during the 1500's caused by experimentation and questioning tr
Martin Luther The German monk who started Protestant Reformation and wrote the 95 Theses.
Bible, Christian Tradition The two true guides to religious truth, according to the Church
Anabaptists A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
(Benjamin) Franklin U.S. scientist famed for his electrical experiment involving lightning and a kite
Humanism The belief that good literary education would produce better people; and optimism about mankind's dignity and worth. It focused on human beings and their achievements, interests, and capabilities.
Copernicus Wrote "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres" which argued a heliocentric view of the universe
Johann Tetzel Dominican monk who energetically sold indulgences in Germany
Ambroise Pare French physician who developed improved treatment to prevent infection
coerced labor systems forced labor: indentured slaves, serfs, slaves.
Ninety-five theses posted ont the church door on October 31, by Martin Luther, hoping that the pope would read it and reform the church; start of the protestant reformation
GalileoGalilei) Italian astronomer who showed that the sun-centered theory was correct
Bible The only true guide to religious truth, according to Luther
Titian Venetian artist noted for his rich colors
protestant any Western Christian who is not an adherent of a Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Church.
39 articles made England a moderately protestant state; allowed for the practice of 7 sacraments, but only 2 were special
Predestination The doctrine that God has foreordained all things, especially that God has elected certain souls to eternal salvation.
Institutes of a Christian Religion included predestination, the belief that God had already chosen the elect to be saved and the reprobate to be "hot damned"
Dutch Nationality that replaced the Italians as the bankers of Europe
Land Source of natural wealth, according to the Physiocrats
Rousseau believed that the right kind of political order could make people truly moral and free, wrote "The Social Contract"
Sect Religious group of people, usually with a preacher as their leader
nobility noble class or body of nobles in a country.
Rationalism The belief that logical thinking would discover the truth
Elizabeth I politique; est.a MODERATE protestant nation with re-est. the act of supremecy and the 39 atricles with the 2-5 compromise... she also smited radical catholics and puritans to prevent rebels
Annul What Henry wanted the pope to do about Henry's marriage to his first wife
Lorenzo de Medici Ruler of Florence called "the Magnificent"
Scientific Societies English Royal Societies and French Academy
Beccaria Wrote "On Crimes and Punishments," which argued against the use of torture
Protestantism The theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation.
monasticism life, system, condition having to do with monasteries.
Newton published Principia Mathematica - set forth the basic principles of all motion. stated basic scientific method
CatholicCounter) Reformation Mainly consisted of many reaffirmations with in the Council of Trent
St. Bart's day massacre August 24, 1572; 3 days of killing by Guise family; united protestants against the catholics
Martin Luther a German theologian, born in A.D. 1483, who was a leader of the Reformation and taught salvation through faith in God rather than through good deeds
sati hindu ritual of sacrificing widows with the bodiesof their dead husbands
creole slaves american born descendants of salt-water slaves
Voltaire admired ideas of religious liberty & freedom of press/speech; "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
Oliver Cromwell head of parliament at the time of the english civil war. put Charles I on trial for treason
Theocracy Government ruled by a clergy claiming God's authority
Pope Paul III used nepotism, but initiated the Council of Trent
Adam Smith Wrote "The Wealth of Nations," which encouraged individual profit as a way to improve society
Puritans A group of radical English Protestants that arose in the late sixteenth century and became a major force in England during the seventeenth century. Puritans wanted to "purify" the Church of England by eliminating traces of its origins in the Roman Catholic Church.
Leonardo da Vinci Born in Vinci, Italy, he was a painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer. He known for his very famous paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Descartes Wrote "Discourse on Method." Believed in rationalism and deductive reasoning. Established Cartesian Dualism.
Machiavelli Born in Florence, Italy, he was a well known author, for his book The Prince, during the renaissance.
Vesalius His "on the fabric of the human body" identified major flaws of Galen's work. He proved that the liver was not the center of the circulatory system.
StockholderShareholder) Person who owned an interest in a company
95 Theses Luther's list of statements about his position
stratification the hierarchical or vertical division of society according to rank, caste, or class.
parliamentary monarchy britain and netherlands stand apart: emphasized role of central state but also built parliamentary regimes in which the kings shared power with reps selected by the nobility
Geocentric Theory Theory that Earth is the center of the universe
absolute monarchy modeled after france: parliament stops meeting, kings pass laws as they see fit, appointed growing bureaucracy drawn from merchants and lawyers, professionalized the army.
Ptolemy Classical geographer that established the geo-centric view of the universe that would later be adopted by the medieval church.
Medici Ruling family of Florence
Tariffs Taxes on imports
monotheism the belief that there is only one god.
caravel a small Spanish or Portuguese sailing vessel of the Middle Ages and later, usually lateen-rigged on two or three masts.
(Counter) Catholic Reformation The movement of reform within the Catholic Church
Erasmus Dutch scholar - translated the New Testament into Greek, wrote the satire In Praise of Folly
Anabaptists believed in Adult baptisms only, simple christian living, and separation of church and stateAmish and Mennonites)
Perspective Technique of painting that creates an illusion of depth
95 Theses Luther's protests against indulgences, posted at the church door of Wittenberg
Social Contract Agreement between the people and their chosen leader
scientific method newton stated the basic ______ in terms of a mixture of rational hypothesis and generalization and careful empirical observation and experiment.
Checks and Balances Limitations created by division of governmental powers
Rabelais French writer whose comic adventure Gargantua and Pantagruel satirized outdated customs
Alexander Pope English poet who was a strong advocate of the Enlightenment
U.S. Constitution, Declaration of Independence Key U.S. documents heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas
Diet of Worms Meeting that condemned Luther
Catholicism Religious faith chosen by most southern German rulers
Elizabeth I The English Renaissance reached its height during her reign.
predestination idea of Calvinism - "prior determination" belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation
St. Ignatius of Loyola a Spainard who founded the religious order of Jesuits in the early A.D. 1530s
Precious Metals, Raw Materials Trade goods that colonies were to export to their parent country
vizier head of Ottoman bureaucracy
Galileo His "dialogues on the 2 chief world systems" had him condemned by the Inquisition since his work identified the weaknesses of the geo-centric theory as well as the proof for the helio-centric theory.
Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, a machine capable of spinning 8 threads at once
Jesuits during catholic reformation, a major church council revived catholic doctrine and refuted key protestant ideas that contradicted christian belief. NEW RELIGIOUS ORDER - became active in politics, education, and missionary work, regaining some parts of europe for the church
excommunication to stop communicating with a person or peoples.
indulgences slips of paper the guarenteed entrence to Heaven; like a movie ticket... can buy for yourself, and relatives, the more the better
urban in the city.
politiques selects political stability over religion; ex. Henry of Navarre and Elizabeth I
Realism Notable characteristic of Renaissance art
Gutenberg (circa 1400-1468) a German printer; credited with invention of printing from movable type
Colonies Territories important to mercantilism
Baron de Montesquieu supported idea of separating governmental powers - 3 equal branches
Thomas More "utopia"
Devshirme policy of taking christian children to be trained as muslim soldiers
John Calvin Published readings on how to organize and run a Protestant church.
Justification by Faith good works aren't needed to get into Heaven, just faithwent against Catholic teachings)
Boccaccio Florentine poet and story writer, author of The Decameron
Henry VIII goes through a plethora of wives in order to gain a male heir to the throne; he asked the pope to annul his first marriage to catherine but the pope refused because catherine was the HRE's aunt. so he creates the church of england, and made himself the head of the church; kept catholic doctrines and beliefs. devout catholics are opposed
Johan Gutenberg Was the first to print a complete version of the bible using a special printing process.
Perspective New way of showing objects in art as they appeared at different distances
empire a group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful sovereign or government.
john locke 1632-1704, English philosopher, founder of British empiricism. Locke summed up the Enlightenment in his belief in the middle class and its right to freedom of conscience and right to property, in his faith in science, and in his confidence in the goodness of humanity. His influence upon philosophy and political theory has been incalculable.
Dividends Profit paid out for each share of stock
Romeo and Juliet Fictional young lovers of Verona, subjects of Shakespeare tragedy
Johannes Kepler early study of planetary motion. from poor family, went to university on scholarship, resolved basic issues of planetary motion, worked on optics and practiced astrology.
Castiglione Italian who wrote a handbook on correct behavior titled The Courtier
Protestant Reformation increased power of monarchs, decrease power of the pope, ends religious unity.
enlightened despot absolute monarch, who believed in some of the enlightenment ideas
Pieter Brueghel Great Flemish painter of the 1500s whose favorite subjects were the countryside and peasants
Brahe Even though he attempted to prove the geo-centric theory, he is known for the mounds of astronomical data he acquired.
Declaration of the Rights of Man French document of 1789 strongly influenced by Enlightenment ideas
Francis Bacon Believed in inductive reasoning through observation and experimentation
Jesuits An order of regular clergy, founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, that is strongly committed to education, theological scholarship, and missionary work.
Council of Trent met in 1560; ended church corruption, kept the 7 sacraments inc. transubstantiation, said that faith AND good works save, and gave Pope and bible total authority
Erasmus Born in Rotterdam, Holland, he wrote about Christian views, even though he did not agree. Also, he published the New Testament of the Bible.
Standard of Living Measure of quality of life of a people or country
Hobbes Wrote "Leviathan" to show that people were basicall self-interested and greedy and needed a strong king to provide order, favored absolutism
Joint Stock Company Company in which people pooled large amounts of money to carry out a business venture
missionaries a person sent by a church to spread their religion and help others.
French and American Revolutions Revolutions of the 1700s influenced by Enlightenment ideas
Francis Drake leader of the sea dogs-british pirates that took Spanish gold
natural rights rights to life, liberty, & property
Natural Laws of Justice Enlightenment thinkers favored these over human justice.
Diet of Worms turned the reformation political; resulted in the Exile of Luther from the Holy Roman Empire
chartered Cities A charter city is a city in which the governing system is defined by the city's own charter document rather than by state, provincial, regional or national laws.
shah king
humanism focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. intellectual movement of the renaissance, focused on worldly, secular subjects rather than on the religious issues of the medieval times
Pascal In his "Pensees" he illustrated his christian apologetics; he identified christianity as rational and acceptable within the scientific advances of the age.
Printing Press New machine that allowed books to be produced quickly and more cheaply
Hume believed that people only believed in God out of superstition and fear
London, Amsterdam Northern European ports that increased in importance as global trade grew
Kepler provided mathematical backing for heliocentrism and showed that planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits
Jan van Eyck Was one of the most important Flemish painters. His portrayals of townspeople as well as religious scenes abound rich, realistic details.
Nicholas Copernicus Polish astronomer of the 1500s who revived the sun-centered model of the universe
chattel slavery belief that slaves are merely objects not people
Natural Law Law that governed human nature, to Enlightenment thinkers
Predestination Belief that in the beginning of time God decided who would be saved and who would be damned
Isaac Newton Combined and related findings of earlier scientists to explain LAWS OF MOTIONS and gravitation of planets
Galileo Invented the telescope and proved the accuracy of the Heliocentric Theory, later had to recant findings because it went against the church 1630's
priest a person whose office is to perform religious rights.
Lutheranism Religious faith chosen by most northern German rulers
Indulgences Certificates issued by the Pope, which were said to reduce or cancel punishment for a person's sins.
Presbyterians Members of a Protestant church governed by Presbyters, elders, and founded on the teachings of John Knox.
tariffs taxing of certain imported goods by the government.
Thomas Hobbes believed that absolute monarchy is best because without it would be chaos - social contract should be formed where people give up natural rights to a monarch who would ensure order and peace
Elizabeth I Protestant queen who ended the pope's authority in the English Church
Protestants Followers of Luther
Martin Luther (1483-1546); German theologian and author; leader of the Protestant Reformation; author of the Ninety-Five Theses that stated the problems that needed to be fixed in the Catholic Church; he was excommunicated from the Church and started his own branch of Christianity: Lutherism
thomas hobbes wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society
Louis XIV - Louis Bourbon of France, major patron of arts, kept nobles busy at Versailles so they did not interfere with affairs of the state. reduced internal tariffs, which acted as barriers to trade, and set tariffs on imported goodsmercantilism)
Scandinavia Lutheranism spread here.....
The State the gov.
Popular Sovereignty Free choice of the people in government
Renaissance The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times.
capitalism invest funds for profit; free market economy ruled by supply and demand; individuals own businesses
Columbian Exchange Term for the new global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas etc.
Gases Airlike substances discovered by Joseph Black
Act of Supremacy est. the monarch as the church of England
Anabaptists Means to baptize again. Believed adults could only make a free choice regarding comprehension of religion
Hans Holbein German portrait painter of the 1500s known for his photographic-like realism
oliver cromwell defeated charles and took over, parliament was called Rump Parliament, proclaimed england COMMONWEALTH, ruled england from 1653-1658
Philosophes Term for French thinkers of the Enlightenment
Telescope Instrument invented by Galileo to confirm his ideas
Raphael Born in Urbino, Italy, he was a painter that showed individualism within his work.
John Calvin a leader of the Protestant and Reformation who lived from A.D. 1509 to 1564 and emphasized the doctrine of predestination
Geneva Swiss city that was a center of Protestantism
Henry III Exiled his mom; politique; killed by a crazed Monk
usury the lending or practice of lending money at an exorbitant interest.
Oxygen Basic element of air discovered by both Lavoisier and Priestly
Machiavelli Author of The Prince, philosopher that taught ends justify means
Union of Arras Philip divided low countries after they passed the pacification of Ghent, and promised this group of southern provinces resoration of their traditional liberties, if they remained loyal to spain
Banks of Deposit Banking service that developed as a safeguard for merchants
imperial of, like, or pertaining to an empire.
Westphalia Recognized the permanent division of Western Europe into Catholic and Protestant nations in 1648
Edward VI controlled by Council of RegencyCranmer); radically protestant acts -> 42 articlesest. only 2 sacraments), and act of Uniformity"Book of Common Prayer")
Index of Prohibited Books Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned.
Geneva "Most perfect school of christ on earth"; where Calvin est. his ministry, where anything happy-making was illegal
John Calvin Founder of Calvanism, believed in predestination.
Church only Who or what is qualified to interpret the Bible, according to the Church
Charles V The one who was behind the diet of worms
Merchants Wealthy Flemish people who were patrons of the arts
Justification by Faith Something that is achieved through different ways depending on the religion.
Play, Drama Form of literature and entertainment especially favored by the English people
Tetzel sold endulgences for Leo X
Microscope Dutch eyeglass-maker's new instrument that revealed the existence of "invisible" things
Erasmus A Dutch priest who was known for producing a Greek edition of the bible.
Rene Descartes established the importance of a skeptical review of all received wisdom - human reason can develop laws
The 95 Theses A list of reasons of what the church is doing wrong that was posted on the eve of All Saints Day, or Halloween.
Great Schism a division in the Roman Catholic Church from A.D. 1378 until 1417, which occured when the Church's two centers of power, Avignon and Rome, split and elected different popes
Catherine of Aragon First wife of Henry VIII
missionary a person who travels to a forgien country in order to do religious work
Frederick the Wise German prince that hides and Protects Luther, in the hope that the pope won't allow Charles V to centralize if Luther isn't BBQed
Spinoza Wrote "Ethics demonstrated in a geometric manner" and rejected Cartesian Dualism. Established Pantheism and believed that religion was not opposed to science.
Martin Luther Challenged the teachings of the church. 95 theses, Lutheran Church
Newton His "principia" was his ground breaking work of physics; his natural law of motion and gravitation proved the helio-centric theory.
slave trade the business or process of procuring, transporting, and selling slaves.
Problems of the Time What thinkers sought to be enlightened about
Mary Wollstonecraft feminist who promoted political rights for women
Lutheran Pamphlets "Address to the nobility of the German nation" "The Babylonian Captivity of the church" and "On the freedom of a christian man" - respectively called for Noble support of the reformation, attacked the church sacraments, and said faith justifies salvation
Machiavelli Did whatever had he to do in order to win
Anne Boleyn Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of the future queen
Limited Monarchy Development of this type of monarchy was influenced by Montesquieu.
Copernicus heliocentric theory as Greeks had previously theorized. his studies set other scientific advances in motion, and illustrated that new thinking could improve on tradition
Vesalius dissected human bodies to make advancements in anatomy
John Locke believed that social contract is necessary to ensure order; natural rights - right to life, liberty, property; if a gov fails to protect these rights; people have the right to rebel if government isn't acting in the people's best interests
Protestant a member of a Christian group the broke with the Roman Catholic Church during or after the 16th Century
Deism there is a higher power/divinity, but only to set natural laws in motion
Bacteria New life-forms discovered by van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist
trade diasporas the relocation of a large population of a particular people group from one place to another triggered by economics.
Huguenots Calvinists in France; mostly nobles and Merchants
Galileo italian - publicized copernicus's discoveries along with his own basic findings about the laws of gravity and planetary motion. condemned by the church for his innovations, he proved the inadequacy of traditional ideas about the universe. new pride in scientific achievement
federalism the sharing of power between an organization or government and its members
Wilkes critic of George III who was arrested and caused many to protest against corruption in the British govenment
Predestination The idea that god had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
Individual Focus of Renaissance interest
polytheism the belief that there is more than one god.
Protestants Name for people who protested the decision to condemn Luther
Leo X sold indulgences to raise money to uild st. Peter's Basilica
JesuitsSociety of Jesus) New religious order founded by Loyola, or its members
Council of Trent An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation.
Classification System of identifying and naming living things developed by Linnaeus
Donatello Sculptor who carved natural postures and revealing individual expressions
Michelangelo Born in Caprice, Italy, he was a painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, he painted the Sistine Chapel.
conquistadors A conqueror, especially one of the 16th-century Spanish soldiers who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America, or Peru.
Nicolaus Copernicus Polish scientists that developed heliocentric theory, unable to prove ideas1543)
Rene Descartes French thinker who stressed logic and reason to achieve scientific knowledge
Inquisition Forced Galileo to recant because the catholic church opposed the scientific revolution
Thomas a Kempis "Imitation of Christ" - wanted individual Catholics to follow Christ -> Modern Devotion/Bretheren of common love
Check the Spread of Protestantism Primary aim of the Jesuits
mercantilism economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations.
filial noting or having the relation of a child to a parent.
Descartes Argued that mathematical and mechanical principles provided the key to understanding all of nature
joint- stock companies partnership between two companies.
slavery the condition of a slave.
Presbyterian Church Calvinist church in Scotland
patriarchy a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line.
Jean Calvin french priest who published the Institutes of the Christian Religion. stated that christians could only reach heaven through faith, supported idea of predestination, their church was led by local council of ministers and followed a strict code of conduct. a model community was set up in Geneva, Switzerland
Francis Bacon Wrote "Novum Organum" and "The Great Instauration." Called the father of the modern scientific method and believed that the goal of science was to conquer nature. Inductive reasoning.
How people should be governed Primary concern of Enlightenment political thinkers
Jesuits The commitment to go anywhere to help the church
Atlantic Coast European region that became the new focus of trade
Huguenots French Calvinists
Henry of Guise head of Ultra Catholics; assassinated during War of 3 Henries
Broadside Single printed sheet, usually containing news
Predestination the doctire that God chooses people for salvation and damnation before they are born and that individuals have no power to change God's will
Michel angelo Painter and sculptor noted for his large works, such as the statue of David & the Sistine Chapel
Albrecht Durer German artist known for his engravings and woodcuts
Schmalkaldic League Formed by German princes in oposition to Charles V
Henry VIII abolished papal authority to divorce his wife; est. Act of Supremecymonarch is head of church), treason Act, and the Anglican church of England
Fixed Value Standard that allowed the use of money all throughout Europe
Protestant Reformation a Christian reform movement in Europe which is said to have begun with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517
Utopia Book by English humanist Thomas More that described an ideal society
Presbyterians The elders who lead the Protestant
Protestantism the religion of Protestants.
Peace of Augsburg Convention promulgated in 1555 by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, which provided the first permanent legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism in addition to Catholicism in Germany.
Erasmus "Praise of Folly"
convert to persuade a person to adopt a new religion or belief
Pope Paul IV instituted Index of Fobidden Books-came right ater the Council of Trent
Circulation of the Blood Internal body system first described accurately by British physician William Harvey
Johan Gutenberg Born in Germany, he was the inventor of modern printing.
John Wycliffe English priest who declared the Bible was the authority, not the Church
Ignatius of Loyola Spanish noble who devoted himself to Church reform
Locke argued for constitutionalism by claiming that people were rational and capable of making their own decisions in government. Wrote "Two Treatises of Government" which criticized absolutism and justified the Glorious Revolution
Suleiman the Magnificent leader of the ottoman turks that took over Hungrythreatened the HRE)
elites A group or class of persons or a member of such a group or class, enjoying superior intellectual, social, or economic status.
Galileo Used a telescope to observe the sun, moon, and planets; was forced to appear at the Inquisition to defend his beliefs
Anglican Church The church after the chruch of england
indulgence a pardon for sin granted by the Roman Catholic Church, allowing a person to avoid punishment by God in the afterlife
Venice, Genova Italian ports that declined in importance as global trade spread
Marburg Colloquy goal was to unite protestantism to check the power of Charles V; none of the leaders could agree, primarily on the symbolism communion
English Government The most nearly perfect existing government, according to Montesquieu
Copernicus His "on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres" questioned the geo-centric theory by developing the helio-centric theory.
Humanism Main philosophy of the Renaissance, focused on people
Indulgences People who give money to pay off their sins
Justification(Salvation) by Faith The religions had many views on whether it should be achieved through faith, good works, or predetermined. Catholicism and Lutherism were determined through faith.
Jesuit a member of the society of Jesus, a religious order founded in the early A.D. 1530s by St. Ignatius of Loyloa
John Knox identified Geneva as "Most perfect school of christ on earth"
Galen Roman doctor responsible for many beliefs of medieval medicine and accepted as a pillar of truth previous to the scientific revolution.
John Calvin believed in predestination, and wrote "Institutes of a Christian Religion"
trade goods the goods that are being trading between people.
Jan van Eyck Born in the Netherlands, painter and illuminator known very well for oil painting.
kinship groups group of people related by blood or marriage.
sacrament something regarded as possessing a sacred character or mysterious significance.
Humanist People who specialize in humanitiesie. grammer, rhetoric, history, and poetry)
Netherlands controlled by spanish HabsburgsPhillip II); Dutch Calvinists persecuted and raped by inquisition
covenant a binding agreement
Laissez-Faire "Hands-off" economic system promoted by Adam Smith
Petrarch "Father of humanism," Italian poet and classical scholar
(Robert) Boyle English "father of modern chemistry"
European Renissance "rebirth"; a cultural movement that was around the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe; improvements in architechture, art, science, philosophy, etc. were made
(Isaac) Newton Great English scientist who studied the laws of motion
John Knox Calvinist leader of Scotland
Council of Trent Dealt with doctrinal and dispciplinary issues
Oil Painting New type of painting pioneered and perfected by Flemish painters
Priesthood of all believers Luther did not believe in a hierarchical structure, but a communion of believers.
People's Will Supreme power in politics, according to Rousseau
Almanacs Books that predict the weather and the prospects for growing crops
Harvey His "on the motion of the heart and blood" identified the heart as the center of the circulatory system, shattering the traditional beliefs.
Frederick the Great enlightened despot of Prussia: greater religious freedom & better agricultural methods - POTATO. greater commercial coordination
John Calvin French-born leader of the Protestant Movement in Switzerland
indulgence pardon for sinsgrants of salvation) Luther protests the SELLING of these
city- States a sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies.
Society of Jesus AKA Jesuits; spread Catholicism to Latin America, and WON disputations
Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate) Condition of the newborn mind, according to Locke
Ignatius of Loyola Jesuit who wrote "Spiritual Excercises"