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Zoroastrianism
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One of the first widely followed monotheistic religions. Prominent in Babylonia.
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Treaty of Nanking
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Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
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gentry
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A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.
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Asante
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African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)
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Neolithic
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The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.
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Mercantilism
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Economic policy that restricted the outflow of money; made state stronger economically
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Grand Canal
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The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.
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Jihad
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A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah"
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Pancho Villa
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A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
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Roman Principate
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A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.
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Emperor Menelik
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. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).
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Byzantine Empire
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Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.
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cultural imperialism
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Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority.
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Zen
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The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation.
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Oceania
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a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)
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Emperor Wudi
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emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control
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Timbuktu
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City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.
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100s
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The 2nd century BCE includes what years?
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Abolition
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The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.
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economic sanctions
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Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.
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Bhagavad-Gita
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The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.
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karma
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In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life.
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Puritans
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English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.
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Stoicism
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Roman philosophy which emphasizes accepting life dispassionately
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Sumerians
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The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
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Ming Empire
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Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. Among other things, the emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He.
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Benito Mussolini
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Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
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Pancho Villa
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Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.
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NATO
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Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. (See also Warsaw Pact.)
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Ibn Battuta
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(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.
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scholasticism
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A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
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Ptolemy
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Subordinate to Alexander who took over Egypt after his death
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Quran
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the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
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Smallpox
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The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.
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mestizo
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The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.
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4th century CE
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Date: Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
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monsoon
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These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.
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Trireme
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Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.
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Legalism
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Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws
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khipu
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System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information.
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Legalism
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In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.
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Mesopotamia
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The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations.land between the rivers.
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Millet System
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Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
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1521
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Date: Cortez conquered the Aztecs
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Nazca
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South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations
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steppes
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Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.
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scramble for Africa
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Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
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Tennis Court Oath
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A pledge signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate in France, the first time the French formally opposed Louis XVI
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Zheng He
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
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balance of power
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The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
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Berlin Conference
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Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.
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1066 CE
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Date: Norman Conquest of England
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Ming Dynasty
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A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia
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Bourgeois
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A term for the middle class. A social class characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture. They derive social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners granted feudal privileges.
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Recession
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A slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During one of these periods all of the following things decline: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation. Meanwhile bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.
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1911
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Date: Chinese Revolution
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Peloponnesian War
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Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians.
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liberalism
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A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
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Bolshevik
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The early Communists that overthrew the Czar in the Russian Revolution.
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Qin Dynasty
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the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall
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Franz Ferdinand
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Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.
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Phoenicians
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Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.
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Nasir al-Din Tusi
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Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.
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Mali
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Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade (see Mansa Musa)
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cuneiform
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The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.
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Collectivization
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Process of changing property from private ownership to communal ownership. Usually this went along with communist efforts to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing.
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Laissez Faire
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The belief that the government shouldn't intervene much and should instead let the people do
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Getulio Vargas
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Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.
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Bubonic plague
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disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.
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1987
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Date: 1st Palestinian Intifada
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Mamluks
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Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
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Persia
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Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires
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1607
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Date: Founding of Jamestown
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Assimilation
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The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture.
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Constantinople
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A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
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John Locke
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17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
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Martin Luther
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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
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Consul
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Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.
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Ottomans
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Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. (344)
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horse collar
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Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.
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Skepticism
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the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
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Schlieffen Plan
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German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.
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Fidel Castro
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Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state
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Celts
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Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.
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The Enlightenment
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A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
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1054 CE
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Date: Schism in Christian Church
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Israel
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In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948.
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Italian Renaissance
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A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600
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sub-Saharan Africa
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Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.
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labor union
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An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.
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Proxy war
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A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate
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Charles de Gaulle
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French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969
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Forbidden City
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The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.
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Berlin Airlift
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supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, which was located in the middle of Russian controlled East Germany.
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Auschwitz
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Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)
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Egalitarian
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Characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political and social life.
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realism
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Major Western artistic style of the 19th century. Against Romanticism, precise imitation w/o alteration, personal experiences, peasants/ everyday people
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Glorious Revolution
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English overthrow of 1988-9 in which James II was expelled
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Egypt
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society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead
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Chavin
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the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.
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Alexander the Great
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Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.
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Oman
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Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century.
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Che Guevara
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was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.
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Mao Zedong
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Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945).
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Khmer Empire
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aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia
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romanticism
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Major Western artistic style of 1700s and 1800s.Against Neoclassicism, spontaneous, mysterious/ exotic, untamed/ powerful nature, embraces folklore and national traditions, glorification of heroes
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Apostle Paul
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Zealous proponent of Christianity who was instrumental in its spread beyond Judaism
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Glasnost
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The policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.
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ulama
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Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)
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1492
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Date: Columbus Sailed the Ocean Blue / Reconquista of Spain
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railroads
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Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century
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Cixi
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Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China.
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monasticism
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Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)
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steam engine
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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.
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Byzantium Russian
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Name the government that Ivan the Great claims to have succeeded as the "Third Rome".
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Marco Polo
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Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
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creoles
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In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.
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Portuguese Empire
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took lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and found gold in Africa (the Cape of Good hope) and India for spice trade
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Hammurabi
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The first king of the Babylonian Empire. Best known for his legal code.
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
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Spanish-American War
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conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.
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1949
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Date: Chinese Communist Revolution
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Fertile Crescent
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The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago.
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Francisco Franco
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Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death
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Mercantilism
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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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junk
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A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.
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driver
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A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.
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English Civil War
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Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
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Gujarat
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Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.
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Enlightenment
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A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.
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Rajputs
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Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess.
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Pericles
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Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force
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Hellenistic Empire
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The name of Alexander the Great's Empire
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Siddhartha Gautama
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the founder of Buddhism
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Atahualpa
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Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)
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Revolutions of 1848
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Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
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Tanzimat
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'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.
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vassal
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In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord, usually in exchange for the use of land.
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Muslim
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An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God.
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Aristotle
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Pupil of Plato who tutored Alexander the Great; argued for small units of government like the city-state
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Olmec
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Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads.
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Opium War
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War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
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Hinduism
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The architecture of this 12th century temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia shows the influence of what religious culture?
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Magadha
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Indian state that eventually morphed into the Mauryan dynasty
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Bushido
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The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.
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Renaissance
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A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600
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220 CE
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Date: End of Han Dynasty
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Sun Yat-sen
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Chinese man who led the revolution against the Manchu Dynasty.
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Guomindang
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Political party in China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.
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United Nations
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An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
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Hammurabi
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Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.
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Puranas
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a collection of ancient stories that feature Hindu gods such as Vishnu and Shiva
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1917
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Date: Russian Revolution
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Silk Road
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Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.
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1258 CE
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Date: Mongols sack Baghdad
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city-state
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A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. clipper ship,Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts.
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Songhay Empire
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Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. university town, book trade.
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Toltecs
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Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.
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Peloponnesian War
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Conflict between Athens and Sparta
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1899
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Date: Boer War - British in control of South Africa
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Islam
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the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah.
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Teotihuacan
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the most significant Mesoamerican city.
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John F. Kennedy
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President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Sasanid Empire
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The last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. The Sassanid Empire, was recognized as one of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire for a period of more than 400 years
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Athens
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This city was the seat of Greek art, science, and philosophy. Paul visited this city during his second missionary journey and spoke to the citizens about their altar to the unknown god.
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Weimar Republic
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German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.
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1488
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Date: Dias rounded Cape of GOod Hope
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Ecumene
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A Greek word referring to the inhabited world and designating a distinct historical community.
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221 BCE
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Date: Qin Unified China
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Neo-Confucianism
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term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism
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1962
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Date: Cuban Missile Crisis
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OPEC
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An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960
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Cultural Revolution
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Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
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Koryo
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Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259.
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investiture
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controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.
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Fascism
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A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.
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Radical
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Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.
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Indian National Congress
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A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
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Mughal Empire
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Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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Westernization
|
policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
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Mentuhotep I
|
Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE.
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Confucius
|
His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).
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Adam Smith
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Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
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Long March
|
The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.
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Habsburgs
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German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe
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Samsara
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the cycle of life in Hinduism
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Divine Right of Kings
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Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind.
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1910
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Date: Start of the ten year long Mexican Revolution. Not to be confused with Mexican war of Independence (1810-1821)
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Emilano Zapata
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Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated.
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Pilgrims
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Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
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Constantine
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Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital
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Enconmienda
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Concession from Spanish letting a colonist take tribute from Indians in a certain area
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impressionism
|
Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.
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Pax Romana
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The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)
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conquistadors
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Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)
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Janissaries
|
Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.
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1898
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Date: Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines,Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico
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Zimmerman telegram
|
Telegram sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.
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Parthians
|
Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.
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Tamil Kingdoms
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The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north.
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Ghana
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First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.
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1347 CE
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Date: Bubonic Plague first hits Europe
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Persepolis
|
A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan
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Socrates
|
Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.
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Vedas
|
Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.
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Nubians
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The people in Eastern Africa south of Egypt who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin.
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Treaty Ports
|
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
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Treaty of Versailles
|
The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans.
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732 CE
|
Date: Battle of Tours
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pictograms
|
A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept
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Yin and yang
|
In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.
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African diaspora
|
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
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Caste System
|
a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society
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European Community
|
An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.
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Ghengis Khan
|
The title of Temier. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
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Uigurs
|
A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)
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Bread and Circuses
|
A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.
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Authoritarian
|
A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.
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1954
|
Date: Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu
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Early Reform movements during the European Middle Ages
|
lead to the reinassance
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Persian Wars
|
Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.
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Charles Darwin
|
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.
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Aswan High Dam
|
one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt
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Karl Marx
|
German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).
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Iron Law of Wages
|
proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.
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Carthage
|
City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.
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Guilds
|
associations of businessmen and producers
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Safavid Persia
|
Islamic society that ruled the area that is currently Iran during 1502-1736
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ma'at
|
Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.
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Stoicism
|
An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.
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Sumer
|
The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.
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Herodotus
|
Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.
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Fransisco Pizarro
|
Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.
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Jacobins
|
very radical French revolutionary party responsible for Reign of Terror and execution of king
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Aryans
|
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
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Civilian Conservation Corps
|
A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.
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business cycle
|
Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
|
A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
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iron curtain
|
Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.
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Philip II
|
Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his murder
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Buddha
|
An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of this word) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism.
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Columbian Exchange
|
The trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
|
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Hydrogen bomb
|
A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen
|
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Hinduism
|
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
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Indulgences
|
Remission of sins granted to people by the Catholic church, such as for money
|
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Manchuria
|
Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.
|
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Johannes Kepler
|
German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics
|
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Black Death
|
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.
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capitalism
|
The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. The belief that all people should seek their own profit gain and that doing so is beneficial to society. See Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776).
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1433 CE
|
Date: End of Zheng He's Voyages/Rise of Ottomans
|
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Theodosius
|
Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.
|
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Abbasid Dynasty
|
Muslim dynasty after Ummayd, a dynasty that lasted about two centuries that had about 150 years of Persia conquer and was created by Mohammad's youngest uncle's sons
|
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Akhenaten
|
Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.
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Catherine the Great
|
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
|
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moksha
|
The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.
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Triumvirate
|
An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E.
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Capitalism
|
An economic system based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production.
|
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Mongol Empire
|
an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.
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James Watt
|
invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.
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1776
|
Date: American Revolution/Smith writes Wealth of Nations
|
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Quran
|
Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.
|
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Hebrew Bible
|
A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E.
|
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Nazism
|
National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism.
|
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Estates General
|
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
|
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Protestant Reformation
|
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants
|
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umma
|
the community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries.
|
|
Flu Pandemic of 1918
|
The deadliest natural disaster in human history. Killed between 50-100 million people following WWI.
|
|
Mycenae
|
Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy.
|
|
Paleolithic
|
The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.
|
|
Warring States Period
|
time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.
|
|
pilgrimage
|
Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim journey to Mecca.
|
|
European balance of Power
|
To prevent France from becoming Powerful: 1) The Low Countries of Holland and Belgium were combined to form a Dutch republic to be a check on French power in the north and west. 2) Prussia received separate territory along the Rhine River to be a check to French power in the East
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|
St. Augustine
|
one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity
|
|
The Mahdi
|
Last imam in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as an apocolyptic messiah at the end of time.
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Assyrians
|
Descendants of the Akkadians who participated in warfare and trade in the region of Mesopotamia. Established an independent state around 1900 BCE.
|
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Balance of power
|
policy that aims to secure peace by preventing dominance of any particular state or group of states
|
|
All-India Muslim League
|
Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.
|
|
Kangxi
|
Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.
|
|
Aryans
|
immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC
|
|
Twelve Tables
|
The civil laws developed by Rome to protect individual rights, that were later extended to an international code that Rome applied to its conquered territories.
|
|
Nikita Khrushchev
|
Soviet leader who denounced Stalin
|
|
tributary system
|
A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.
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Abbasid Caliphate
|
Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.
|
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Empiricism
|
theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.
|
|
Indo European languages
|
a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
|
|
Minoans
|
One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.
|
|
Indian Ocean trade
|
Large amounts of rade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. Particularly in the postclassical period 9600-1450)
|
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Reichstag
|
the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.
|
|
476 CE
|
Date: Fall of Rome
|
|
Faisal
|
Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.
|
|
Republic
|
A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under the constitution
|
|
Treaty of Tordesillas
|
a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
|
|
Deism
|
The belief that there is a God, but after the creation of the world became indifferent to it
|
|
Mali
|
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
|
|
aztecs
|
Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.
|
|
Vedas
|
compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests
|
|
Holocaust
|
Mass murder of Jews under the Nazi Regime
|
|
The Golden Triangle
|
Trade triangle between US, Britain, and Africa. Ships would take valued goods to Britain from America, get money, sail down to Africa, buy slaves, and take them back to America
|
|
NATO
|
Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets
|
|
Benjamin Franklin
|
American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.
|
|
1948
|
Date: birth of Israel
|
|
ulama
|
the theologians and legal experts of Islam.
|
|
Huguenot
|
A French Protestant
|
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
|
|
3000 BCE
|
Date: Beginning of Bronze Age - Early Civs
|
|
Saddam Hussein
|
President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.
|
|
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
|
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.
|
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mercantilism
|
European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country
|
|
Chavin
|
The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.
|
|
1600s
|
The 17th century includes what years?
|
|
Abdicate
|
to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, especially in a formal manner
|
|
Buddhism
|
the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
|
|
Confucianism
|
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
|
|
Bolsheviks
|
Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.
|
|
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
|
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights
|
|
Fidel Castro
|
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba
|
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umma
|
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
|
|
chinampas
|
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.
|
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Mantra
|
the repetition of mystic incantations in Hinduism and Buddhism.
|
|
African National Congress
|
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.
|
|
Max Planck
|
German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.
|
|
hadith
|
A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.
|
|
Tanakh
|
a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon.
|
|
bourgeoisie
|
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
|
|
Single Whip Tax System
|
1581 tax reform by Zhang Juz hen: all land taxes were to be paid in silver.
|
|
Constitutional Convention
|
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
|
|
Atlantic Slave Trade
|
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
|
|
Slavery in Africa
|
Slaving wars increased dramatically, now favorite tactic for conquerors. Dahomey made slave trade a monopoly. Europe weapons used for military despotism. Benin banned export of slaves to use instead for ivory and bronzes. Many died. men mostly slaves. Polygamy emerged. Attacked captors. Dysentery or scurvy most died from.
|
|
Juan Peron
|
President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.
|
|
Ibn Battuta
|
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
|
|
Secular
|
When something such as a government or cultural product is not based on religion it is said to be this.
|
|
Hellenistic
|
Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.
|
|
Sectarian
|
Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics
|
|
Islam
|
Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran.
|
|
Humanism
|
Philosophy that emphasizes human reason and ethics; sometimes denies the existence of a god
|
|
Hiroshima
|
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
|
|
Siddhartha Gautama
|
Indian prince who renounced his worldly possessions and founded Buddhism; Buddha
|
|
Confederation of 1867
|
Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.
|
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Rama
|
Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana
|
|
Perestroika
|
Russian term for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987[1] by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
|
|
Napoleonic Wars
|
French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon
|
|
Justinian's Code
|
Laws of the byzantine empire based the twelve tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations
|
|
Hittites
|
A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.
|
|
Thebes
|
Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)
|
|
Industrial Revolution
|
The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications
|
|
Sufis
|
mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life
|
|
Silk Road
|
connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.
|
|
Neo-Assyrian Empire
|
An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects.
|
|
Montezuma II
|
Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)
|
|
1453 CE
|
Date: Ottomans capture Constantinople
|
|
John Calvin
|
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
|
|
Qin
|
1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty
|
|
Malaria
|
This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-saharan Africa die of this diesase and hundreds of millions are infected.
|
|
Crusades
|
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
|
|
Tito
|
Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war
|
|
Ethnic Cleansing
|
the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.
|
|
Millennium
|
A historical period of 1000 years.
|
|
Theravada Buddhism
|
'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods
|
|
Christopher Columbus
|
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
|
|
Dar al-Islam
|
a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely.
|
|
St. Petersburg
|
built to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.. also to provide contact with the west..Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden
|
|
WTO
|
The initials of the international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade.
|
|
mechanization
|
The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)
|
|
medieval
|
Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.
|
|
papyrus
|
A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.
|
|
1533
|
Date: Pizarro Toppled the Incas
|
|
Matteo Ricci
|
Ming dynasty, establishment of Macao by the Portuguese, Jesuit missionary to China who learned Mandarin and was sinocized
|
|
Cold War
|
The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.
|
|
Leonardo da Vinci
|
Famous artist/painter in the 15th century. Created "The Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"
|
|
1861
|
Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification
|
|
Great Zimbabwe
|
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.
|
|
Middle Passage
|
The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.
|
|
Janissaries
|
30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.
|
|
180 CE
|
Date: End of Pax Romana
|
|
Epic of Gilgamesh
|
an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
|
|
1871
|
Date: German Unification
|
|
Congress of Vienna
|
was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
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|
ideograms
|
A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese)
|
|
Feudalism
|
a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
|
|
shamanism
|
The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)
|
|
Ghana
|
West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's
|
|
Fascist Party
|
Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.
|
|
Balance of Power
|
a distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others.
|
|
Catholic Reformation
|
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
|
|
Mandate of Heaven
|
a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
|
|
Colonization
|
The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people
|
|
Sun Yat-Sen
|
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.
|
|
Timur
|
Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His biggest rival though was the Islamized Golden Horde. He is the great great grandfather of Babur who later founds the Mughal Empire.
|
|
manumission
|
A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.
|
|
1839
|
Date: First Opium War in China
|
|
Benito Mussolini
|
Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism
|
|
Centuries
|
The smallest units of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens.
|
|
Bengal
|
Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.
|
|
caliphate
|
The Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
|
|
Porfirio Díaz
|
Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911.
|
|
Tang Empire
|
Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.
|
|
Encomienda system
|
priviledge given by Spain to Spanish settlers in the Americas which allowed to control the lands and people of a certain territory
|
|
Shia Islam
|
is the belif that people should have Mohammeds descands as their leaders
|
|
Golden Horde
|
Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
|
|
League of Nations
|
International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.
|
|
Battle of Midway
|
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.
|
|
Acropolis
|
Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.
|
|
caravel
|
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
|
|
Yellow River
|
Also known as the Huang-He river. The second longest river in China and the sixth longest in the world. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in the Yellow River Valley.
|
|
Delhi Sulatanate
|
Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.
|
|
Chiang Kai-Shek
|
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.
|
|
loess
|
Fine yellowish light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because of the tiny needle-like shape of its particles, it can be easily shaped and used for underground structures (but vulnerable to earthquake)
|
|
Macartney Mission
|
The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793.
|
|
tribute system
|
A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.
|
|
Balfour Declaration
|
Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
|
|
Monophysites
|
The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering.
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|
Roman Senate
|
A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.
|
|
Nirvana
|
release from suffering into a blissful nothingness
|
|
tribune
|
in Ancient Rome, a plebian officer elected by plebeians charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate.
|
|
Deposed
|
to remove from office or position, esp. high office: The people _______ the dictator.
|
|
Mongols
|
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
|
|
pax romana
|
The period of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas.
|
|
Christianity
|
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
|
|
1618
|
Date: Thirty Years War begins
|
|
8000 BCE
|
Date: Beginnings of Agriculture
|
|
sepoy
|
A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.
|
|
Jesus
|
A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel. A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God.
|
|
Tang Revival
|
The Sui Dynasty and its successor whom this is named after restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route as far as the Tien Shan mountain range and the arid Ferghana basin. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River
|
|
Gupta Empire
|
Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture.
|
|
Mauryan Dynasty
|
Chandragupta Maurya born in powerful kingdom of Magadha, centered on the lower Ganges River, ruled for centuries by the Nanda family. gathered an army and took over in about 321 B.C. Chandragupta gathered an army and took over in about 321 B.C.
|
|
Early Christianity
|
worshipped a single God, appealed to lower classes, taught equality of sexes
|
|
Shah Abbas I
|
Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)
|
|
samurai
|
Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.
|
|
Victorian Age
|
Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people
|
|
Confucius
|
Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)
|
|
Humanism
|
a worldview and a moral philosophy that considers humans to be of primary importance. It is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality. A major component of the Italian Renaissance.
|
|
terrorism
|
targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.
|
|
1820s
|
Date: Decade when Independance in Latin America began
|
|
1914-1918
|
Date: WWI (from start to finish)
|
|
Phoenicians
|
located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
|
|
Mandate of Heaven
|
Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.
|
|
1325 CE
|
Date: Travels of Ibn Battuta begin
|
|
Janissary
|
A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army
|
|
1991
|
Date: fall of USSR; 1st Gulf war near Iraq
|
|
Cyrus
|
Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.
|
|
Kulak
|
A Russian peasant farmer who owns land. Late imperial and early Soviet eras.
|
|
Constantinople
|
City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire
|
|
Armenia
|
One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.
|
|
Marshall Plan
|
a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.
|
|
manor
|
In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.
|
|
Xia
|
A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script.
|
|
Albert Einstein
|
German physicist, father of modern quantum physics.
|
|
Zionism
|
a worldwide Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel in 1948.
|
|
Caste system
|
a social system that separated people by occupation, the caste system in India has virtually no mobility
|
|
Bantu
|
A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.
|
|
Third World
|
Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
|
|
mass deportation
|
Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires.
|
|
Christopher Columbus
|
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
|
|
Polis
|
A city-state in ancient Greece.
|
|
Hebrews
|
the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)
|
|
Jainism
|
a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.
|
|
Absolutism
|
a form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.
|
|
Shi'a
|
Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.
|
|
Tang Dynasty
|
dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria
|
|
Richard Arkwright
|
English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
|
|
Zoroastrianism
|
A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil
|
|
Samurai
|
A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan
|
|
Bourbon
|
A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.
|
|
Tiananmen Square
|
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with many deaths.
|
|
Hittites
|
An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron.
|
|
Pericles
|
Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens.
|
|
stock exchange
|
A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.
|
|
extraterritoriality
|
Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.
|
|
monotheism
|
Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam.
|
|
Delian League
|
Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities
|
|
Great Zimbabwe
|
A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.
|
|
Julius Caesar
|
Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power
|
|
Henry the Navigator
|
(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.
|
|
Manorialism
|
Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.
|
|
1789
|
Date: French Revolution
|
|
Feudal Monarchies
|
Maintained order, provided relatively stable and effective government, later provided impetus (a force that moves something along) for ocean-going explorations
|
|
Satrapy
|
Conquered territory in Media and later Perisa, ruled through client kings and governors rather than by direct rule.
|
|
Kingdom of Kongo
|
Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders
|
|
Assyrian Empire
|
this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE
|
|
Little Ice Age
|
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.
|
|
1939
|
Date: German blitzkrieg in Poland
|
|
Deng Xiaoping
|
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.
|
|
submarine telegraph cables
|
Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In the late 1980s this technology was replaced with large submarine fiber optic cables that still today form the basis of most global communication.
|
|
Guerrilla
|
a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.
|
|
Joesph Stalin
|
Ruled the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. Ruled with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.
|
|
Helsinki Accords
|
Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.
|
|
Zulu
|
A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.
|
|
Persian Wars
|
Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.
|
|
Eastern Hemisphere Trade
|
silk road, maritime routes, transaharan, northern european, and south china sea
|
|
Kievan Russia
|
State established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.
|
|
Zhou
|
The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.
|
|
Crystal Palace
|
Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
|
|
Ghengis Khan
|
The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
|
|
Botany Bay
|
Place that the British first colonized in Australia
|
|
Kamakura Shogunate
|
The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333).
|
|
Bronze Age
|
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
|
|
Jainism
|
An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor).
|
|
Ethiopia
|
East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.
|
|
Wheel of Life
|
an important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation.
|
|
Khubilai Khan
|
Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire in China.
|
|
Muhammad Ali
|
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
|
|
Maya
|
Extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar
|
|
Repartimiento
|
A system that the Spanish let colonists employ Indians in forced labor
|
|
Colonial North America
|
America during the time that England ruled
|
|
Julius Caesar
|
Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.
|
|
Solomon's Temple
|
A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.
|
|
Gupta Dynasty
|
(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature
|
|
Crimean War
|
war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.
|
|
Buddhism
|
a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.
|
|
Umayyad Dynasty
|
Who: Governor of Syria, Muawiya, and his successors, Shi'ites, Sunnis, Kharijites, Uthman. What: Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China and deep into Asia, claiming Afghanistan for a Muslim base. Fell apart due to tension in the kingdom between the Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Kharijites, the malawis (Muslim converts) and born Muslims, and the religion and state. When: 661-750 Where: Middle East, Damascus Why: Beginning of great strife in the Muslim community
|
|
Great Circuit
|
The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.
|
|
Homo Sapiens
|
A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.
|
|
1853
|
Date: Commodore Perry opens Japan
|
|
British Raj
|
The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.
|
|
Qin
|
A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects.
|
|
Mansa Musa
|
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.
|
|
1857
|
Date: Sepoy Mutiny
|
|
Hellenistic Age
|
Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.
|
|
Paterfamilias
|
the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.
|
|
Yellow Turban
|
A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks.
|
|
Gunpowder
|
substance used for the domination of trade in the Indian Ocean by the British
|
|
1863
|
Date: Emancipation Proclamation in US
|
|
Yellow River
|
English name for the Huang He River in the north of China where the first Chinese civilization emerged.
|
|
Counter Reformation
|
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
|
|
Shogun
|
Commander of the Japanese army in ancient and feudal times. At times more similar to a duke and/or a military dictator.
|
|
Habsburg
|
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.
|
|
Declaration of the Rights of Man
|
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
|
|
Sunnis
|
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
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acllas
|
Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants.
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Congress of Vienna
|
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.
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Revolution
|
An overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.
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Islamic Golden Age
|
A hypothetical period that describes the status of the Islamic world from the mid-8th to the mid-13th century CE (sack of Baghdad by Mongols). During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own.
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Inca
|
Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.
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divination
|
Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky.
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Semitic
|
Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.
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McCarthyism
|
The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism
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serf
|
In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; in Russia it was not abolished until 1861.
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Beijing
|
China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.
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1941
|
Date: Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII
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urbanization
|
the movement of people to Urban areas in search of work.
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New Imperialism
|
Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.
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Girondins
|
French revolutionary group formed mainly by middle classes who opposed more radical
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Confucianism
|
Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice
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Cossaks
|
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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Suleyman the Magnificent
|
Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.
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Woodrow Wilson
|
President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.
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Communism
|
According to Karl Marx, a classless and stateless society at its ultimate peak of historical development.
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King Leopold II
|
King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).
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Winston Churchill
|
British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953
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Sui Dynasty
|
The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China
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Caesar Augustus
|
Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.
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Guild
|
associations like those of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members, and that sometimes constituted a local governing body.
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Achaemenid Empire
|
The Government of Achaemenid Empire was a delicate balance of central and local administration. The challenge was to find an orderly way to govern seventy types of different people across many scattered regions and in a way that many different languages would understand. Governors were appointed for various regions, the realm was divided into twenty-three districts whose administration and taxation was managed by satraps
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333 CE
|
Date: Roman Capital moved to Constantinople
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|
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
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Hatshepsut
|
Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.
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Olmec
|
The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.
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Artha-sastra
|
characterized inter-state relations in ancient India
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Shi Huangdi
|
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163
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china
|
In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.
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Diffusion
|
The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another
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durbar
|
An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, apparently in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.
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1979
|
Date: Iranian Revolution
|
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Asoka
|
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
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Goths
|
An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.
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neoclassical
|
Major Western artistic style from 1600s to 1800s. Symmetry, Greek/ Roman influence, patterns, simple in color
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encomienda
|
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.
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Enlightenment
|
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.
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1500s
|
The 16th century includes what years?
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Isfahan
|
Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries found in central Iran
|
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Epicureanism
|
school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure
|
|
Indentured Labor
|
labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities
|
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Maximillien Robespierre
|
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins.
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Medieval Japan
|
1185 - 1608 a period of Japanese history when Japan acted like Feudal Europe. warlords controlled land and economy
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Sikhism
|
Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.
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|
Zaibatsu
|
Large conglomerate corporations that exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.
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Warsaw Pact
|
Alliance against democracy, supporting communism
|
|
Qing Dynasty
|
the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu
|
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Bartolomeu Dias
|
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)
|
|
Holocaust
|
Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others.
|
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Jenne-Jeno
|
One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.
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Gulag
|
Russian prison camp for political prisoners
|
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Repartimiento system
|
required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation
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Armistice
|
A cease fire or temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties.
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|
632 CE
|
Date: Rise of Islam
|
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Hinduism
|
Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.
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Gothic Cathedrals
|
Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.
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Daoism
|
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
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|
Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.
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Latin America
|
This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions.
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|
neocolonialism
|
Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.
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Conservative
|
A political viewpoint disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones.
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Diocletian
|
Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.
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1956
|
Date: de-Stalinization in Russia; Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal
|
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Ibn Khaldun
|
Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.
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Martin Luther
|
Leader of the reformation that was excommunicated by the Catholic church due to his opposition to certain practices
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Peter the Great
|
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
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Sudetenland
|
Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population
|
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Socrates
|
philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.
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Tao-te Ching
|
the central text of Daoism.
|
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Napoleon
|
A French general and then French Emperor later exiled to the island of St. Helena
|
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kamikaze
|
The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.
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Ming
|
Chinese dynasty between 1368-1644. Economy flourished, Border Policy was good, but not well enough enforced, as they were taken over by the Manchu from the North in 1644.
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Crusades
|
a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
|
|
Abbasid Caliphate
|
third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them.
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Salvador Allende
|
The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.
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joint-stock company
|
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
|
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diaspora
|
A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans.
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Great Schism
|
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
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Neo-Assyrians
|
Assyrian resurgence that initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them
|
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Revolutions of 1848
|
a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described by some historians as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, soon spread to the rest of Europe.
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Josiah Wedgwood
|
English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.
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Great Western Schism
|
A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)
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Liberal
|
A political view that advocates for rule of law, representative government, and egalitarianism.
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witch-hunt
|
The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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printing press
|
A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.
|
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dalai lama
|
Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.
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Yurt
|
a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles.
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Fourteen Points
|
Woodrow Wilson's plan put before the League of Nations to prevent future war.
|
|
Mahabharata
|
the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC
|
|
Adolf Hitler
|
German leader of the Nazi Party
|
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Zapata
|
Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.
|
|
ziggurat
|
A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top
|
|
Copernicus
|
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
|
|
Babylonian Empire
|
Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites
|
|
Mikhail Gorbachev
|
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.
|
|
Separate Spheres
|
Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
|
|
Serbia
|
The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.
|
|
Nuremberg Trials
|
Trials held for the German officers convicted of war crimes
|
|
ziggurat
|
massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.
|
|
Thomas Malthus
|
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.
|
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Aryans
|
Group of people who immigrated from Persia or central Asia and settled with the Harrappans in India
|
|
ethnic cleansing
|
Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.
|
|
Nation-State
|
An area of homogenous people that share a common feeling of nationality
|
|
new monarchies
|
Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)
|
|
Hanseatic League
|
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
|
|
Mesopotamia
|
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.
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Mycenaeans
|
a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; nobles lived in splendor; these people invaded many surrounding kingdoms
|
|
1989
|
Date: Tiananmen Square protest in China; Fall of Berlin Wall in Germany
|
|
Balkans
|
geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.
|
|
Akbar
|
The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.
|
|
Commercial Revolution
|
the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
|
|
Scientific Revolution
|
period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas.
|
|
Teotihuacan
|
first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".
|
|
Nongovernmental Organizations
|
Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).
|
|
Nationalize
|
To bring under the ownership or control of a nation, such as industries and land.
|
|
Tokugawa Shogunate
|
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
|
|
1848
|
Date: European Revolutions/Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto
|
|
Khomeini
|
leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution
|
|
Leon Trotsky
|
Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin
|
|
Enclosure Movement
|
The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.
|
|
Zhou dynasty
|
the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.
|
|
Rape of Nanjing
|
a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped[1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.
|
|
Song Dynasty
|
(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings
|
|
Hanseatic League
|
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
|
|
Peter the Great
|
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
|
|
Nehru
|
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the western part
|
|
Phillip II
|
336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.
|
|
1950
|
Date: Korean War starts
|
|
Delhi Sultanate
|
Region of India controlled by Muslims 1206-1520
|
|
Patriarchy
|
a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.
|
|
Teotihuacan
|
A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.
|
|
Romanovs
|
Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.
|
|
Four Noble Truths
|
suffering is always present in life; desire is the cause of suffering; freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana; the Eightfold Path leads to nirvana
|
|
Shang Dynasty
|
Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.
|
|
Leonardo da Vinci
|
A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
|
|
Forbidden City
|
Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.
|
|
Trans Saharan trade
|
route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
|
|
mita
|
Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.
|
|
Manchus
|
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.
|
|
keiretsu
|
Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.
|
|
1756
|
Date: 7 years war/French and Indian War begins
|
|
Concordat
|
the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.
|
|
darbar
|
Ceremonial gathering in colonial India.
|
|
Constantine
|
Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.
|
|
fresco
|
A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.
|
|
Shang
|
The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.
|
|
Jacobins
|
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
|
|
Babylon
|
The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)
|
|
Stoicism
|
the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno -- emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress
|
|
Gobi
|
The desert to the north of China
|
|
527 CE
|
Date: Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire
|
|
Joseph Stalin
|
Leader of the Soviet Union directly after the Russian Revolution.
|
|
Borobodur
|
A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment.
|
|
telegraph
|
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.
|
|
Predestination
|
Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.
|
|
colonialism
|
Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.
|
|
Song Dynasty
|
Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.
|
|
Timur
|
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.
|
|
Mohenjo-Daro
|
Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.
|
|
Great Wall
|
a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km
|
|
Zoroastrianism
|
system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun
|
|
Simon Bolivar
|
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
|
|
laissez faire
|
The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).
|
|
Zoroaster
|
The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion.
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creole
|
Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America.
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Malay
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A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malaysian Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)
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Paleolithic Era
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called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.
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1935
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Date: Italian invasion of Ethiopia
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1095 CE
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Date: First Crusade
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Capitalism
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Economic system with private/ corporate ownership/ competitive market
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Realpolitik
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political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.
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Deism
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The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
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Mita
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When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America, also known as the repartimiento system
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Holy Roman Empire
|
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
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Sufi
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A member of the more mystical third sect of Islam
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Cyrus II
|
Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name
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Cuban Missile Crisis
|
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
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Fall of the Roman Empire
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Attacks by the Visigoth, Attila and the Huns and vandals all weaked the empire and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. The west was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Roman governmental institutions survived and blended with German customs
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Humanism
|
Intellectual movement initiated in Western Europe "putting man first", and considering humans to be of primary importance.
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Haciendas
|
Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants
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Agricultural diffusion
|
The shift of food gathering to food producing. Gatherer>grower=agricultural revolution. Chaser>herder=domestication. People could now live in one area because they didn't have to search for food. Could now make houses
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Suez Canal
|
A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
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Umayyads
|
Abbassids or Umayyads? Non-Arab people were more ostracized from society, even if they were Muslim. They were prohibited from holding positions of influence, they paid more taxes, not wanting peasant and urban masses to convert to Islam.
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Ramesses II
|
A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.
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Shakespeare
|
A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.
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Indian Civil Service
|
The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.
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Mongol Empire
|
Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia.
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Cambyses II
|
Son of Cyrus II; extended the Persian Empire into Egypt
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Dutch West India Company
|
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.
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Hieroglyphics
|
designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented
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1919
|
Date: Treaty of Versailles - End of WWI
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League of Nations
|
Precursor the United Nations created after World War I.
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1905
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Date: Russo-Japanese War
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Rigveda
|
a book composed by Brahman priests that contains verses and Sanskrit poetry
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lama
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In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.
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Cecil Rhodes
|
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)
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Dirty War
|
War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.
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Liu Bang
|
First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.
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modernization
|
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.
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Vladimir Lenin
|
Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.
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Roman Law
|
this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people
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Hammurabi's Code
|
established high standars of behavior and stern punishments for violators; civil laws regulated mostly everything such as wages dealings and relationships
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socialists
|
An umbrella term for people of diverse perspectives but many of whom typically advocate equality, protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and state ownership of major industries. This ideology led to the founding of certain labor parties in the late 1800s.
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Jesus
|
A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.
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Joint Stock Company
|
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
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Germanic invasions
|
invaded from the north with feirce blood thirsty brain chewing vein sucking warriors.
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Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)
|
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
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Charlemagne
|
King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.
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Umayyad Caliphate
|
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Talmud
|
the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.
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Sahel
|
Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.
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Roman Empire
|
Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
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Sokoto Caliphate
|
large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
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Lusitania
|
British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.
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Education and religion in Medieval Europe
|
add
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Apostle Paul
|
A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine.
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Zheng He
|
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
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Indentured servitude
|
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
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Adolf Hitler
|
Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.
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Albert Einstein
|
German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.
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1502
|
Date: Slaves begin moving to Americas
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Comfort girls
|
Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan's empire expanded.
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Carolingian Empire
|
Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century
|
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Han Dynasty
|
imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy
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Lebensraum
|
The "living space" that Nazis believed they needed, which justified their plan to expand into Eastern Europe and Russia.
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World Bank
|
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
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Minoan
|
Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.
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Sunni Islam
|
believe that only the fourth successor (Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law) had the right to succeed the prophet - in Ottoman empire
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Mauryan Empire
|
The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.
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nuclear nonproliferation
|
Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968.
|
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Mein Kampf
|
Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.
|
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Queen Elizabeth I
|
This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England
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Empire
|
The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples
|
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Olympics
|
Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries
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1683
|
Date: unsuccessful Ottoman seige of Vienna
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Yongle
|
Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel
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Muhammad
|
the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
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Polis
|
Form of government in which power is centralized into a local city-state.
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Empress Wu
|
the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.
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Dias
|
Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope
|
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Byzantine Empire
|
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
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1517
|
Date: Martin Luther and 95 Theses
|
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Sepoy Mutiny
|
The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.
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Mahabharata
|
A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. Mahayana Buddhism,Branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.
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House of Burgesses
|
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.
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postmodernism
|
Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.
|
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King Charles I
|
The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s).
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Globalization
|
The process of the world becoming more economically interconnected and interdependent. The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.
|
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323 BCE
|
Date: Alexander the Great
|
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Solidarity
|
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.
|
|
French Revolution
|
Overthrow of the Monarchy in France in which Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI are executed
|
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Maya
|
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
|
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Pax Mongolica
|
Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire
|
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Open Door Policy
|
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
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Delhi
|
Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India
|
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Humanists
|
European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.
|
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guild
|
In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests.
|
|
Ivan the Terrible
|
(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.
|
|
Agricultural Revolution
|
The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
|
|
King Louis XIV of France
|
Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right theory, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves.
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mulatto
|
The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.
|
|
Augustus Caesar
|
Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome.
|
|
Iroquois Confederacy
|
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.
|
|
Solon
|
Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred
|
|
Huns
|
large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.
|
|
Plebeians
|
all non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome
|
|
Mahayana Buddhism
|
The more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects, this one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.
|
|
Jesuits
|
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
|
|
Sandinista
|
Rebel forces in Nicaragua established in the 1960s
|
|
Hoplite
|
a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.
|
|
Jizya
|
Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire
|
|
Swahili
|
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
|
|
Century
|
A period of 100 years.
|
|
Shinto
|
"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits
|
|
civil disobedience
|
Is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, especially by people who believe the law or the government to not be legitimate or moral.
|
|
Vasco da Gama
|
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
|
|
popular culture
|
Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal.
|
|
Hundred Years War
|
War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)
|
|
proxy wars
|
During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.
|
|
National Assembly
|
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. nationalism,Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe
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electricity
|
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
|
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Tenochtitlan
|
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
|
|
Warring States Period
|
the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty.
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Jamestown
|
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia
|
|
Dar al islam
|
an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
|
|
Scientific Revolution
|
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.
|
|
Persia-politics
|
economics & society in the classical era,add
|
|
1689
|
Date: Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights
|
|
mass production
|
The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small
|
|
Muscovy
|
Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.
|
|
United Nations
|
International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
|
|
Taiping Rebellion
|
The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.
|
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Yuan Empire
|
He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan.
|
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Hominids
|
A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors
|
|
Mandate of Heaven
|
a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
|
|
Gamal Abdel Nasser
|
He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt
|
|
Treaty of Versailles
|
Treaty with harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.
|
|
gunpowder
|
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
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Mycenae
|
Sea-faring proto-Greek kingdom whose abrupt demise triggered the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1200 BCE-800 BCE
|
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Indus
|
The civilization from this river's valley (3500 BC to 2500 BC) had two thriving cities which were Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
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nomad
|
A person who lives a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
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Memphis
|
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.
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democracy
|
system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)
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1815
|
Date: Congress of Vienna
|
|
Han
|
A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
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1945
|
Date: end of WWII
|
|
Mecca
|
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.
|
|
Otto von Bismarck
|
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
|
|
Afrikaners
|
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
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Protestant Reformation
|
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.
|
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Abbasids
|
Abbasids or Umayyads? Were more open and integrating of non Arab peoples, and were more open to the non-Arab masses converting to Islam.
|
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deforestation
|
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
|
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Eva Peron
|
Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.
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Stone Age
|
The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age
|
|
Darius I
|
Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.
|
|
Vladimir Lenin
|
Leader of the Russian Revolution; Bolshevik.
|
|
Young Turks
|
A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It Against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Members of this group were progressive, modernist and opposed to the status quo. The movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period and trancended through the decline of the Ottoman Empire and into the new Turkish state.
|
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Maori
|
New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE
|
|
1994
|
Date: genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa
|
|
1800s
|
The 19th century includes what years?
|
|
Akbar
|
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.
|
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Pearl Harbor
|
Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II.
|
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Mestizo
|
Someone with interracial ancestry, especially found in Latin America
|
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Western Front
|
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.
|
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Leonid Brezhnev
|
Soviet leader who was after Khrushchev
|
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Hacienda
|
Spanish estates that were often plantations
|
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aqueduct
|
A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.
|
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Varna
|
The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.
|
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nonaligned nations
|
Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War.
|
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Truman Doctrine
|
Common name for the Cold War strategy of containment versus the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism. This doctrine was first asserted by President Truman in 1947.
|
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Sikhs
|
Members of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India.
|
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Alexandria
|
City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.
|
|
Berlin Blockade
|
Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift
|
|
1967
|
Date: Six-day war in Israel; Chinese Cultural Revolution
|
|
Mandate System
|
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.
|
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Frankish Empire
|
Charlemagne's extended empire: Germany, France, northern Spain, and most o f Italy- became known as.
|
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chiefdom
|
Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.
|
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Militarism
|
The tendency to regard military greatness as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military.
|
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Carthage
|
City in North Africa that developed trading outposts in Italy; Rome toke control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars
|
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Reconquista
|
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.
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Mayans
|
1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.
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papacy
|
The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)
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Hegemony
|
leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation.
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Teotihuacan
|
A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.
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Mughal Empire
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an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.
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32 CE
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Date: Beginnings of Christianity
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Serfdom in Russia
|
feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions
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Guomindang
|
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas
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European Union
|
an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.
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Dharma
|
the fulfillment of social and religious duties in Hinduism
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1071 CE
|
Date: Battle of Manzikert
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1931
|
Date: Japanese invasion of Manchuria
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Vishnu
|
a major Hindu god called The Preserver.
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Apartheid
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A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.
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2001
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Date: 9/11 Attacks
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Western Wall
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Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora.
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Agora
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the chief marketplace of Athens, center of the city's civic life.
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Iconoclast
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Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.
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Witchcraft
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many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.
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Diaspora
|
any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion.
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Roman roads
|
allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers
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Isolationism
|
the policy of separating one's country from the economic and political interactions with the rest of the world. nations
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Trading Post Empires
|
Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.
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Shi Huangdi
|
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization.
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Ghana
|
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.
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Cortez
|
The Spanish conqueror of Mexico
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Harappa
|
Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.
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legalism
|
A school of Chinese philosophy that come into prominence during the period of the Warring states and had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. People following this took a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely.
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Indian Ocean
|
This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade.
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Buddhism
|
This artistic ritual is related to what religion?
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1588
|
Date: Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British
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cotton
|
The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US
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Druids
|
The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.
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Aztecs
|
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
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Bantu migration
|
The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000
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Philosophes
|
Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.
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hoplite
|
Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
|
A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba
|
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baroque
|
Major Western artistic style from 1500s to 1700s. Climactic, dramatic, dark vs. usage, shocking/ gruesome
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Olmecs
|
(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion
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Roman Republic
|
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.
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Alexander the Great
|
King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia
|
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Royal African Company
|
A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)
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95 Theses
|
The sheet of paper that Luther put on a church door stating what he believed to be the abuses of the Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences
|
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Punic Wars
|
the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome.
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Holy Roman Empire
|
Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist prince. Gave way to new empires
|
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Macedonia
|
Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great
|
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Medina
|
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.
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Gold Coast
|
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.
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Stalingrad
|
City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.
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Code of Hammurabi
|
A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations.
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Jenne-jeno
|
considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers in sub-Saharan Africa.
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5th century BCE
|
Date: Greek Golden Age - Philosophers
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cottage industries
|
Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent.
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6th century BCE
|
Date: Buddha (Buddhism), Confucius (Confucianis), Lao Tsu (Taoism),
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Iron metallurgy
|
Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper
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Hernan Cortes
|
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
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Oracle Bones
|
The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.
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Mohandas Gandhi
|
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.
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1885
|
Date: Berlin Conference - Division of Africa
|
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New Economic Policy
|
Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans.
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Akbar
|
known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government
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Octavius
|
Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana.
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1271-1295 CE
|
Date: Marco Polo Travels
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Korean War
|
Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.
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trireme
|
Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.
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Safavid Empire
|
Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
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Patricians
|
land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome
|
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Mao Zedong
|
Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.
|
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Mayans
|
a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.
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1571
|
Date: Battle of Lepanto
|
|
Roman Republic
|
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)
|
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Siberia
|
The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia.
|
|
circa
|
When noting dates the letter "c." before a date represents what? (example: Jesus was born c. 5 BCE). It means approximately.
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|
constitutionalism
|
The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.
|
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Incas
|
Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru
|
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Marco Polo
|
Italian explorer who introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China, from his travels throughout there.
|
|
Great Leap Forward
|
economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.
|
|
mansabs
|
In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire.
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Sparta
|
Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts
|
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Atlantic System
|
The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)
|
|
steel
|
A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
|
|
Aristotle
|
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
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Silk Road
|
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
|
|
Hundred Years War
|
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
|
|
Thomas Edison
|
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
|
|
Daoism
|
Chinese School of Thought that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.
|
|
Shang Dynasty
|
Succeeded the Xia dynasty. Rulers and their relatives gave orders through a large network of cities. Largest Chinese dynasty so far, controlled close to 40,000 square miles. The first dynasty in the dynasties song.
|
|
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|
A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.
|
|
Marie Curie
|
Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.
|
|
Janapadas
|
Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India.
|
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Zhou Dynasty
|
Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.
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Augustus
|
Title given the the Roman emperor Octavian which means "sacred" or "venerable"
|
|
Empress Dowager Cixi
|
Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
|
|
Columbian Exchange
|
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
|
|
1324 CE
|
Date: Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage
|
|
Syncretism
|
The unification of opposing people, ideas, or practices
|
|
Meiji Restoration
|
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
|
|
Panama Canal
|
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000
|
|
Vedic Age
|
A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.
|
|
George Washington
|
Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).
|
|
Establishment of the nation-state in Western Europe
|
A unified country under a ruler which share common goals and pride in a nation. The rise of the nation-state began after England's defeat of the Spanish Armada. This event sparked nationalistic goals in exploration which were not thought possible with the commanding influence of the Spanish who may have crushed their chances of building new colonies.
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Romanization
|
The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.
|
|
movable type
|
Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.
|
|
hieroglyphics
|
System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.
|
|
Christopher Columbus
|
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
|
|
devshirme
|
'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.
|
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Vedas
|
Early Eastern sacred knowledge. by braham priests
|
|
Battle of Omdurman
|
British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)
|
|
Qing Empire
|
Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.
|
|
Champa Rice
|
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
|
|
Plato
|
Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.
|
|
Sanskrit
|
an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.
|
|
Vikings
|
one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.
|
|
1600
|
Date: Battle of Sekigahara - Beginning of Tokugawa
|
|
Thirty Years War
|
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
|
|
three-field system
|
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
|
|
Aborigine
|
The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia
|
|
Suez Canal
|
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
|
|
gens de couleur
|
Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
|
|
Tanzimat Reforms
|
began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (the imperial garden where it was first proclaimed). It guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes
|
|
Asian Tigers
|
Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.
|
|
Prince Henry The Navigator
|
Explorer of West Africa in the 15th century, making many new discoveries there about Africa.
|
|
Daoism
|
Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China
|
|
King Henry VIII of England
|
King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.
|
|
Hadith
|
Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations
|
|
Spread of epidemic disease
|
ie. small pox blankets, natives with european diseases
|
|
Totalitarianism
|
Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives.
|
|
Safavid Empire
|
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
|
|
1700s
|
The 18th century includes what years?
|
|
Red Guards
|
the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.
|
|
Seven Years War
|
Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.
|
|
assimilation
|
The process by which different ethnic groups lose their distinctive cultural identity through contact with the dominant culture of a society, and gradually become absorbed and integrated into it.
|
|
Containment
|
an act or policy of restricting the territorial growth or ideological influence of another, such as the US Cold War policy toward the USSR.
|
|
cuneiform
|
A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.
|
|
Darius I
|
General in the Persian army who took power when Cambyses II died; he continued many of Cyrus' policies and was a more capable ruler than Cambyses
|
|
Sandinistas
|
Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.
|
|
Bartolome de Las Casas
|
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476
|
|
Five Year Plans
|
Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.
|
|
czar
|
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).
|
|
Scientific Revolution
|
the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned
|
|
1804
|
Date: Haitian Independence
|
|
1929
|
Date: Stock Market Crash
|
|
1959
|
Date: Cuban Revolution
|
|
Taj Mahal
|
beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
|
|
1300 BCE
|
Date: Iron Age
|
|
indulgence
|
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of these is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.
|
|
Jose Maria Morelos
|
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.
|
|
1947
|
Date: independence & partition of India
|
