Chapter 28
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Chapter 28

Terms Definitions
Jean-Paul Sartre Famous French existentialist. Human beings simply exist. Honest humans are terribly alone, for there is no God to help them. They are hounded by despair and the meaninglessness of life. "Man is condemned to be free". There is the possibility of giving meaning to life through actions of defining oneself through choices.
Poland In 1921, France signed a mutual defense pact with ______.
1914 After ____ religion became much more relevant and meaningful to thinking people than it had ever been before.
February 1934 In _______, French fascists and semi-fascists rioted and threatened to overturn the republic. At the same time, the Communist party and many workers opposed to the existing system were looking to Stalin's Russia for guidance.
James Joyce Irish novelist. Wrote the "Ulysses".
Lord Northcliffe ___________, who had pioneered in journalism with the inexpensive, mass-circulation "Daily Mail", sponsored a broadcast of Nellie Melba.
borrowed money The American stock market was built upon _________.
WWI Roosevelt and his advisers adopted policies echoing the American experience in ____, when the economy had been thoroughly planned and regulated.
Social Democrats The working classes were divided politically, but a majority supported the nonrevolutionary but socialist ________.
New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt won a landslide electoral victory in 1932 with grand but vague promises of a "____ for the forgotten man."
Jacob's Room A novel made up of a series of internal monologues, in which ideas and emotions from different periods of time bubble up as randomly as from a patient on a psychoanalyst's couch.
12 In 1928, Hitler's National Socialist part had an insignificant ____ seats in the Reichstag.
1931 After the stock market crash, it became very hard for European business people to borrow money, and the panicky public began to withdraw its savings from the banks. These banking problems eventually led to the crash of the largest bank in Austria in _____ and then to general financial chaos.
10 Strengthened by a wave of patriotism, the German government ordered the people of the Ruhr to stop working and start passively resisting the French occupation. This left ____% of Germany's total population in need of relief. The French sealed off the Ruhr and the Rhineland from the rest of Germany, letting in only enough food to prevent starvation.
10 France's great accomplishment was the rapid rebuilding of it's war-torn northern region. The expense of this undertaking led, however, to a large deficit and substantial inflation. By early 1926, the franc had fallen to ____% of its prewar value.
132 billion gold marks In April 1921, the Allied reparations commission announced that Germany had to pay ________ in annual installments of 2.5 billion gold marks.
temporary escape from harsh reality The greatest appeal of motion pictures was that they offered ordinary people a ____________.
public broadcasts of special events Only in 1920 were the first __________ made in Great Britain and the US.
expressionism After WWI, when irrationality and violence seemed to pervade the human experience, __________ in opera and ballet flourished.
half Almost _____ of the American population still lived in rural areas, and American farmers were hard hit by the depression.
Vincent van Gogh Great Dutch expressionist. Painted "The Starry Night".
US During WWI, _______ became the dominant force in the rapidly expanding silent-film industry.
October 1929 In _________, the US stock market crashed.
Blue Period Suffering from poverty and falling into depression, Picasso painted the weak and the poor in somber blue and purple tones.
Friedrich Nietzsche German philosopher. Challenged the belief in progress and the general faith in the rational human mind. The son of a Lutheran minister, but rejected Christianity. Argued that ever since classical Athens, the West had overemphasized rationality and stifled the passion and animal instinct that drive human activity and all true creativity. Most famous line: "God is dead", murdered by lackadaisical modern Christians who do not really believe. Viewed the pillars of conventional morality (reason, democracy, progress, respectability) as outworn social and psychological constructs. Lost sanity in 1889.
4 million; 9 million National Labor Relations Act of 1935 gave union organizers the green light by declaring collective bargaining to be the policy of the US. Union membership more than doubled, from ________ in 1935 to ________ in 1940. In general, between 1935 and 1938, government rulings and social reforms chipped away at the privileges of the wealthy and tried to help ordinary people.
Henri Matisse; les fauves The expressionism of a group of painters led by _____ was so extreme that an exhibition of their work in Paris in 1905 prompted shocked critics to call them ______ - "the wild beasts". He and his followers still painted real objects, but their primary concern was the arrangement of color, line, and form as an end in itself.
all-knowing narrators The great 19th century writers had typically written as _______, describing realistic characters and their relationship to an understandable, if sometimes harsh, society.
12 In June 1921, almost 2.2 million people-23% of the labor force- were out of work, and throughout the 1920s unemployment hovered around ______%.
1921 The Weimar Republic made it's first reparations payment in __________.
French Strengthened by a wave of patriotism, the German government ordered the people of the Ruhr to stop working and start passively resisting the _____ occupation. This left 10% of Germany's total population in need of relief. The _____ sealed off the Ruhr and the Rhineland from the rest of Germany, letting in only enough food to prevent starvation.
Herbert Hoover President ______ and his administration initially reacted to the stock market crash and economic decline with optimism and limited action. When the full force of the financial crisis struck Europe in 1931 and boomeranged back to the US, people's worst fears became reality. Banks failed; unemployment soared. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production fell by 50%.
potential energy Einstein's theory stated that matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains enormous levels of ___________.
modern atonal music Accustomed to the harmonies of classical and romantic music, audiences generally resisted ________. Only after WWII did it begin to win acceptance.
working classes The __________ were divided politically, but a majority supported the nonrevolutionary but socialist Social Democrats.
Economic Consequences of the Peace Book by John Maynard Keynes. Astronomical reparations and harsh economic measures would impoverish Germany and also increase economic hardship in all countries. Only a complete revision of the foolish treaty could save Germany-- and Europe.
The Waste Land. Famous poem. Depicts a world of growing desolation.
Poincare In 1926, _______ was recalled to office, while Briand remained minister for foreign affairs.
2.5 billion gold marks In April 1921, the Allied reparations commission announced that Germany had to pay 132 billion gold marks in annual installments of _________.
national social security system Following Bismarck's actions, the US government in 1935 established a ________________, with old-age pensions and unemployment benefits, to protect many workers against some of life's uncertainties.
William Faulkner Perhaps America's greatest 20th century novelist. Wrote "The Sound and the Fury".
Gustav Stresemann In August 1923, ________ assumed leadership of the government. Adopted a compromising attitude. Called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and in October agreed in principle to pay reparations but asked for a re-examination of Germany's ability to pay. Poincare accepted.
Pablo Picasso A young Spaniard in Paris, _____ founded cubism.
Alban Berg Wrote "Wozzek", first performed in Berlin in 1925. Blending a half-sung, half-spoken kind of dialogue with harsh, atonal music, the opera is a gruesome story of a soldier driven by Kafka-like inner terrors and vague suspicions of unfaithfulness to murder his mistress.
three years In 1922, wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations, the Weimar Republic announced its inability to pay more. It proposed a moratorium on reparations for __________, with the clear implication that thereafter reparations would be either drastically reduced or eliminated entirely
housing boom In Britain, low interest rates encouraged a __________.
50 When the full force of the financial crisis struck Europe in 1931 and boomeranged back to the US, people's worst fears became reality. Banks failed; unemployment soared. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production fell by ___%.
Sweden, then Norway Having grown steadily in number in the late 19th century, the Social Democrats became the largest political party in _____________ after WWI.
Christian The loss of faith in human reason and in continual progress also led to a renewed interest in the ______ view of the world.
twice a week In Great Britain, one in four adults went to the movies ________ in the late 1930s
Scandinavian socialism Flexible and nonrevolutionary, _________ grew out of a strong tradition of cooperative community action. Even before 1900, Scandinavian agricultural cooperatives had shown how individual peasant families could join together for everyone's benefit. Labor leaders and capitalists were also inclined to work together.
National Recovery Administration (NRA) Most ambitious attempt to control and plan the economy. Intended to reduce competition and fix prices and wages for everyone's benefit, the _____ broke with the cherished American tradition of free competition and aroused conflicts among business people, consumers, and bureaucrats. It did not work well and was declared unconstitutional in 1935.
Remembrance of Things Past Book. Recalled bitter-sweet memories of childhood and youthful love and tried to discover their innermost meaning. To do so, the author lived like a hermit in a soundproof Paris apartment for ten years, withdrawing from the present to dwell on the past.
1922 In _____, wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations, the Weimar Republic announced its inability to pay more. It proposed a moratorium on reparations for three years, with the clear implication that thereafter reparations would be either drastically reduced or eliminated entirely.
1920s Despite political shortcomings, France attracted artists and writers from all over the world in the ________.
increasing Before 1914, the rights of the individual were ________. Well-established political rights were gradually spreading to women and workers.
coalitions of moderates After 1924, the democratically elected government in France rested mainly in the hands of _________, and business interests were well represented.
Paris At age 19, Picasso headed to ______, Europe's art capital.
20 In Britain, total production was about ___% higher in 1937 than in 1929.
Popular Front Frightened by the growing strength of the fascists at home and abroad, the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals formed an alliance for the national elections of May 1936. Their clear victory reflected the trend towards polarization.
new physics The unchanging natural laws and systematic scientific solutions were comforting, especially to people who were no longer committed to traditional religious beliefs, but all this was challenged by the ________.
Locarno, Switzerland In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at ____________.
Rhineland Despite strong British protests, in early January 1923, armies of France and its ally Belgium moved out of the __________ and began to occupy the Ruhr district, the heartland of industrial Germany, creating the most serious international crisis of the 1920s. If forcible collection proved impossible, France would use occupation to paralyze Germany and force it to accept the Treaty of Versailles.
one in four In Great Britian, _________ adults went to the movies twice a week in the late 1930s
Nuremberg In Germany, Hitler turned to a young and immensely talented woman film maker, Leni Riefenstahl for a masterpiece of documentary propaganda, "The Triumph of the Will", based on the Nazi party rally at _________ in 1934.
Mussolini and Hitler Dictators such as ________ controlled the airwaves and could reach enormous national audiences with their frequent, dramatic speeches.
Igor Stravinsky Composed "The Rite of Spring". Practically caused a riot when it was first performed in Paris in 1913 by Sergei Diaghilev's famous Russian dance company. The combination of pulsating, dissonant rhythms from the orchestra pit and an earthy representation of lovemaking by the dancers on the stage seems a shocking, almost pornographic enactment of a primitive fertility rite.
movies and radio The public was primarily and enthusiastically wrapped up in ________. The long-declining traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns almost vanished, replaced by standardized, commercial entertainment.
communists In 1923, _________ momentarily entered provincial governments.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) In Great Britainn, the Parliament set up an independent, public broadcasting corporation, the ____________, supported by licensing fees.
France In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. _____ promised Poland and Czechoslovakia military aid if Germany attacked them.
1937 and 1938 The New Deal was partly successful as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in May 1937, 7 million workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of 15 million in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of _______, and unemployment was still a staggering 10 million when war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
social rights New _______, such as old-age pensions, were emerging.
moderate businessmen Tended to dominate the various German coalition governments. Were convinced that economic prosperity demanded good relations with the Western powers, and they supported parliamentary government at home.
vacuum tube Radio became possible with the development of the ______ in 1904, which permitted the transmission of speech and music.
Sergei Diaghilev His famous Russian dance company fist performed Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring" in Paris in 1913. The combination of pulsating, dissonant rhythms from the orchestra pit and an earthy representation of lovemaking by the dancers on the stage seems a shocking, almost pornographic enactment of a primitive fertility rite.
1933 After the US stock market crash, recovery finally began in _________.
Paul Cezanne Had a profound influence on 20th century painting. Particularly committed to form and ordered design. "You must see in nature the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone." Later work became increasingly abstract and nonrepresentational, and moved away from the traditional 3-D perspective towards the 2-D plane, which has characterized so much of modern art.
form Fascination with _____, as opposed to light, was characteristic of postimpressionalism.
Ulysses Most famous stream-of-consciousness novel. Into an account of an ordinary day in the life of an ordinary man, the author weaves an extended ironic parallel between his hero's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin and the adventures of Homer's hero on his way home from Troy. Abandoning conventional grammar and blending foreign words, puns, bits of knowledge, and scraps of memory together in bewildering confusion, the language is intended to mirror modern life itself: a gigantic riddle waiting to be unraveled.
Britain ______ also faced challenges after 1920. Biggest problem was unemployment.
Britain In 1931, ______ went off the gold standard, refusing to convert bank notes into gold, and reduced the value of its money. _____'s goal was to make its goods cheaper and therefore more salable in the world market.
1905 After _____, art increasingly took on a nonrepresentational, abstract character, a development that reached its high point after WWII.
The Rite of Spring The ballet composed by Igor Stravinsky. Practically caused a riot when it was first performed in Paris in 1913 by Sergei Diaghilev's famous Russian dance company. The combination of pulsating, dissonant rhythms from the orchestra pit and an earthy representation of lovemaking by the dancers on the stage seems a shocking, almost pornographic enactment of a primitive fertility rite.
second-best market Prewar Germany had been Britain's ________ in the entire world.
1880s Since the ______, a small band of serious thinkers and creative writers had been attacking the popular optimistic ideas.
What the Butler Saw Moving pictures were first shown as a popular novelty in naughty peepshows (ex: ____________) and penny arcades in the 1890s, especially in Paris.
Germany and France In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. __________ pledged to accept their common border.
38 The financial crisis led to a general crisis of production: between 1929 and 1933, world output of goods fell by an estimated ___%.
Ernest Rutherford In 1919, showed that the atom could be split.
President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin In democratic countries, politicians such as __________ effectively used informal "fireside chats" to bolster their support.
January 1923 Despite strong British protests, in early _______, armies of France and its ally Belgium moved out of the Rhineland and began to occupy the Ruhr district, the heartland of industrial Germany, creating the most serious international crisis of the 1920s. If forcible collection proved impossible, France would use occupation to paralyze Germany and force it to accept the Treaty of Versailles.
Great Depression The appeal of escapist entertainment was especially strong during the _________.
Gertrude Stein Writer. Leader of a large colony of American expatriates living in Paris. "Paris was where the twentieth century was."
existentialism These thinkers were loosely united in a courageous search for moral values in a world of terror and uncertainty. Most were atheists. Often inspired by Nietzsche, they did not believe a supreme being had established humanity's fundamental nature and given life its meaning.
7 million The New Deal was partly successful as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in May 1937, ______ workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of 15 million in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of 1937 and 1938, and unemployment was still a staggering 10 million when war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
Leni Riefenstahl In Germany, Hitler turned to a young and immensely talented woman film maker, __________ for a masterpiece of documentary propaganda, "The Triumph of the Will", based on the Nazi party rally at Nuremberg in 1934.
Kellogg-Briand Pact In 1928, fifteen countries signed the ___________, initiated by the French prime minister Aristide Briand and US secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg. This multinational pact made war illegal. The signing states agreed to settle international disputes peacefully. Often seen as idealistic nonsense because it made no provisions for action in case war actually occurred, the pact was still a positive step.
Guglielmo Marconi Radio became possible with the transatlantic "wireless" communication of ___________ in 1901.
1926 Strike by hard-pressed coal miners in _____ ended in an unsuccessful general strike.
social welfare benefits Scandinavian governments also increased ________, from old-age pensions and unemployment insurance to subsidizing housing and maternity allowances. All this spending required a large bureaucracy and high taxes, first on the rich and then on practically everyone.
France European theater owners were forced to book whole blocks of American films to get the few pictures they really wanted. This system put European producers at a great disadvantage until "talkies" permitted a revival of national film industries in the 1930s, especially in ________.
1932 Despite British government lethargy, the economy recovered considerably after ______.
Charlie Chaplin A funny little Englishman working in Hollywood. King of the "silver screen" in the 1920s.
Newtonian physics Rising standard of living, the taming of the city, and the steady increase in popular education encouraged the idea of progress and the comforting belief in the logical universe of ______.
George Orwell Wrote "1984". Had seen the Nazi state and its Stalinist counterpart by 1949.
1920s Modern existentialism first attained prominence in Germany in the _________.
Pablo Picasso Painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", "Three Musicians", and "Guernica". Made sets for Segei Diaghilev's famous Russian dance company in Paris.
Einsteinian physics The closed framework of Newtonian physics was quite limited compared to that of __________, which unified an apparently infinite universe with the incredibly small, fast-moving subatomic world.
Germany Of all the major industrial countries, only _____ was harder hit by the Great Depression than the US.
1920s The American economy had prospered in the late ______, but there were large inequalities in income and a serious imbalance between "real" investment and stock market speculation. Net investments actually fell from $3.5 billion in 1925 to $3.2 billion in 1929. In the same years,as money flooded into stocks, the value of shares traded on the exchanges soared from $27 billion to $87 billion.
army and foreign policy The British were suspicious of France's __________.
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia France associated itself closely with the Little Entente, an alliance that joined ________________________ against defeated and bitter Hungary.
southern, Catholic Ireland In 1922 Britain granted _____________ full autonomy after a bitter guerrilla war, thereby removing another source of prewar friction.
1920s Despite strong British protests, in early January 1923, armies of France and its ally Belgium moved out of the Rhineland and began to occupy the Ruhr district, the heartland of industrial Germany, creating the most serious international crisis of the _________. If forcible collection proved impossible, France would use occupation to paralyze Germany and force it to accept the Treaty of Versailles.
Weimar Republic the young German republic
Henri Bergson French philosophy professor. Convinced many young people through his writing that immediate experience and intuition were as important as rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality. A religious experience or a mystical poem was often more accessible to human comprehension than a scientific law or a mathematical equation.
postimpressionists Though individualistic in their styles, _______ were united in their desire to know and depict worlds other than the visible world of fact. Like the early 19th century romantics, they wanted to portray unseen, inner worlds of emotion and imagination. Like modern novelists, they wanted to express a complicated psychological view of reality as well as an overwhelming emotional intensity.
national socialist revolution In 1923, Adolf Hitler leaped onto a table in a beer hall in Munich and proclaimed a "____________".
agricultural Roosevelt's innovative programs promoted ______ recovery, a top priority.
science ____ seemed to have achieved an unerring and almost complete picture of reality.
One-fifth _____ of the entire labor force worked for the WPA at some point in the 1930s, constructing public buildings, bridges, and highways. Enormously popular, and the hope of a government job helped check the threat of social revolution in the US.
quanta Planck named the uneven spurts of subatomic energy _____.
Poland and Czechoslovakia In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. Stresemann agreed to settle boundary disputes with ________________ by peaceful means.
Ruhr Strengthened by a wave of patriotism, the German government ordered the people of the ______ to stop working and start passively resisting the French occupation. This left 10% of Germany's total population in need of relief. The French sealed off the Ruhr and the Rhineland from the rest of Germany, letting in only enough food to prevent starvation.
social reform legislation In the 1920s, the Social Democrats passed important _______ for both peasants and workers, gained practical administrative experience, and developed a unique kind of socialism.
Georges Sorel French socialist. Agreed that there are limits to rational thinking. Characterized Marxian socialism as an inspiring but unprovable religion rather than a rational scientific truth. He believed that socialism would come to power through a great, general strike of all working people, which would shatter capitalist society. Rejected democracy and believed that the masses of the new socialist society would have to be tightly controlled by a small revolutionary elite.
Irving Fisher One of America's most brilliant economists. Highly optimistic in 1929 and fully invested in stocks. Lost his entire fortune and would have been forced from his house if his university had not bought it and rented it to him.
automobiles and electrical appliances The old export industries of the Industrial Revolution, such as textiles and coal, continued to decline, but new industries, such as ____________, grew in response to British home demand.
Britain and Italy In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. ___________ agreed to fight either Germany of France if one invaded the other.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt This aristocrat won a landslide electoral victory in 1932 with grand but vague promises of a "New Deal for the forgotten man."
Hitler In Germany, ______ turned to a young and immensely talented woman film maker, Leni Riefenstahl for a masterpiece of documentary propaganda, "The Triumph of the Will", based on the Nazi party rally at Nuremberg in 1934.
religion Between 1920 and 1950, poets T.S. Eliot and W.H. Auden, novelists Evelyn Waugh and Aldous Huxley, historian Arnold Toynbee, Oxford professor C.S. Lewis, psychoanalysis Karl Stern, physicist Max Planck, and philosopher Cyril Joad all turned to ___________.
The Triumph of the Will In Germany, Hitler turned to a young and immensely talented woman film maker, Leni Riefenstahl for a masterpiece of documentary propaganda, "_____________", based on the Nazi party rally at Nuremberg in 1934.
Paris, Russia, and Germany On the eve of WWI, extreme expressionism and abstract painting were developing rapidly in ___________.
Werner Heisenberg German physicist. Formulated the "principle of uncertainty".
September 1939 The New Deal was partly successful as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in May 1937, 7 million workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of 15 million in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of 1937 and 1938, and unemployment was still a staggering 10 million when war broke out in Europe in _________.
national market After going off the gold standard in 1931 and establishing protective tariffs in 1932, Britain concentrated increasingly on the ______________.
Blum's Popular Front government Made the first and only real attempt to deal with the social and economic problems of the 1930s in France. Inspired by the New Deal, _______ launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and a 40 hour workweek. Popular with workers and the lower middle class, these measures were quickly sabotaged by rapid inflation and cries of revolution from fascists and frightened conservatives. Wealthy people sneaked their money out of the country, labor unrest grew, and France entered a severe financial crisis.
Mein Kampf Hitler's plot to seize control of the government was poorly organized and easily crushed. Sentenced to prison, Hitler outlined his theories and program in his book ________ (My Struggle).
three out of four By the late 1930s, more than ________ households in Britain and Germany had at least one cheap, mass-produced radio.
US and France In Britain, the years after 1932 were actually somewhat better than in the 1920s had been, quite the opposite of the situation in the __________.
10 to 72 The number of Communists in Parliament jumped dramatically from ________ in 1936 France.
capitalism Roosevelt's basic goal was to reform ____ in order to preserve it. Rejected socialism and government ownership of industry in 1933. To right the situation, he chose forceful government intervention in the economy.
Graham Greene English novelist. "One began to believe in heaven because one believed in hell."
seven By 1944, ____ subatomic particles had been identified.
10 million The New Deal was partly successful as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in May 1937, 7 million workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of 15 million in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of 1937 and 1938, and unemployment was still a staggering _____ when war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
Keystone Kops In the 1920s, Mack Sennett and his _________ specialized in short, slapstick comedies.
German films The early 1920s were the great age of _____.
Social Democratic Of all the Western democracies, the Scandinavian countries under _____________ leadership responded most successfully to the challenges of the Great Depression.
logical empiricism Truly revolutionary. Rejected most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense. Drastically reduced the scope of philosophical inquiry.
advertising In the US, national broadcasting networks were privately owned and financed by _________.
1931 When the full force of the financial crisis struck Europe in ______ and boomeranged back to the US, people's worst fears became reality. Banks failed; unemployment soared. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production fell by 50%.
Scandinavian Of all the Western democracies, the _____ countries under Social Democratic leadership responded most successfully to the challenges of the Great Depression.
French army This was the largest in Europe, and authorized at Versailles to occupy the German Rhineland until 1935
superego Ingrained moral values. Specifies what a person SHOULD do.
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 Aimed at raising prices and farm income by limiting production.
Lenin ______ encouraged the development of Soviet film making, believing that the new medium was essential to the social and ideological transformation of the country.
Frank B. Kellogg US secretary of state. Initiated the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Le Corbusier Franco-Swiss genius. "A house is a machine for living in."
1926 The period of German creativity was short-lived. By ______, American money was drawing the leading German talents to Hollywood and consolidating America's international domination.
Works Progress Administration (WPA) New agencies were created to undertake a vast range of projects. The most famous of these was the _______, set up in 1935. One-fifth of the entire labor force worked for the ______ at some point in the 1930s, constructing public buildings, bridges, and highways. Enormously popular, and the hope of a government job helped check the threat of social revolution in the US.
Stanley Baldwin The Conservatives under ______ showed the same compromising spirit as the Labour on social issues.
Nellie Melba Lord Northcliffe, who had pioneered in journalism with the inexpensive, mass-circulation "Daily Mail", sponsored a broadcast of _________. Singing from London in English, Italian, and French, she was heard simultaneously all over Europe on June 16, 1920. Captured the public's imagination.
Britain Social unrest was limited in ______ in the 1920s and 1930s.
France The situation in _______ had numerous similarities to that in Germany. Communists and Socialists battled for the support of the workers.
Ruhr and the Rhineland Strengthened by a wave of patriotism, the German government ordered the people of the Ruhr to stop working and start passively resisting the French occupation. This left 10% of Germany's total population in need of relief. The French sealed off the _______ from the rest of Germany, letting in only enough food to prevent starvation.
Louis H. Sullivan Led the Chicago school of architects
Gabriel Marcel Among Catholics, _____ was the leading existentialist Christian thinker. Born into a French family, where his atheistic father was aware of how much art owed to Catholicism, but regarded Catholicism itself as obsolete and tainted with absurd superstition. However, _____ found in the Catholic church an answer to the postwar broken world. Catholicism and religious belief provided the hope, humanity, honesty and piety for which he hungered.
1930s Disorientation and pessimism were particularly acute in the ___, when the rapid rise of harsh dictatorships and the Great Depression transformed old certainties into bitter illusions.
spirit of Locarno For years, a "____________" gave Europeans a sense of growing security and stability in international affairs.
Poland and Czechoslovakia In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. France promised _____________ military aid if Germany attacked them.
Franz Kafka German-Jewish. Wrote "The Trial" and "The Castle". These as well as several of his greatest short stories, portray helpless individuals crushed by inexplicably hostile forces. Died young, at 41, and so did not see the world of his nightmares materialize in the Nazi state.
Poincare government The _______ slashed spending and raised taxes, restoring confidence in the economy.
one-fifth The franc was saved by the Poincare government, stabilizing at ______ it's prewar value. Good times prevailed until 1930.
two in five In Great Britain, _____ adults went to the movies at least once a week in the late 1930s
Arnold Schonberg Some composers turned their backs on long-established musical conventions. Led by Viennese composer ________, they abandoned traditional harmony and tonality. The musical notes in a given piece were no longer united and organized by a key; instead they were independent and unrelated. His twelve-tone music of the 1920s arranged all twelve notes of the scale in an abstract, mathematical pattern, or "tone row". This pattern sounded like no pattern at all to the ordinary listener and could be detected only by a highly trained eye studying the musical score.
1920s In June 1921, almost 2.2 million people-23% of the labor force- were out of work, and throughout the ______ unemployment hovered around 12%.
ego The rationalizing conscious. Mediates what a person CAN do.
British The _____ were willing to accept a moratorium on reparations, but the French were not
Albert Einstein German-Jewish. In 1905, went further than Curie and Planck in undermining Newtonian physics. His famous theory of special relativity postulated that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer and that only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference in the universe. Analogy of moving trains.
Labour party Relative social harmony was accompanied by the rise of the ________ as a determined champion of the working classes and of greater social equality. Committed to the kind of moderate, "revisionist" socialism that had emerged before WWI, the _____ replaced the Liberal party as the main opposition to the Conservatives. The new prominence of the _______ reflected the decline of old liberal ideas of competitive capitalism, limited government control, and individual responsibility.
Stresemann In 1925 the leaders of Europe signed a number of agreements at Locarno, Switzerland. ________ agreed to settle boundary disputes with Poland and Czechoslovakia by peaceful means.
Soren Kierkegaard Danish religious philosopher. Ideas became extremely influential. Rejected formalistic religion, eventually resolved his personal anguish over his imperfect nature by making a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic God.
superrealism The impressionism of such French painters as Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, and Camille Pissarro was, in part, a kind of "___________". Leaving exact copying of objects to photography, these artists sought to capture the momentary overall feeling, or impression, of light falling on a real-life scene before their eyes.
at least once a week In Great Britain, two in five adults went to the movies _________ in the late 1930s
Oslo Breakfast Provided every schoolchild in the Norwegian capital with a good breakfast free of charge.
harsh, dictated peace To Germans of all political parties, the Treaty of Versailles represented a _______.
five coalition cabinets Economic stagnation both reflected and heightened an ongoing political crisis. There was no stability in government. As before 1914, the French parliament was made up of many political parties, which could never cooperate for very long. In 1933, for example, __________ formed and fell in rapid succession.
Paul Gauguin French stockbroker-turned-painter. Pioneered in expressionist techniques, though he used them to infuse his work with tranquility and mysticism. In 1891, he fled to the South Pacific in search of unspoiled beauty and a primitive way of life. Believed that the form and design of a picture were important in themselves and that the painter need not try to represent objects on canvas as the eye actually saw them.
Frank Lloyd Wright Student of Sullivan. Built a series of radically new and truly modern houses featuring low lines, open interiors, and mass produced building materials.
France Most of the war in the west had been fought in _________.
Sweden When the economic crisis struck in 1929, socialist governments in Scandinavia built on this pattern of cooperative social action. ________ in particular pioneered in the use of large-scale deficits to finance public works and thereby maintain production and employment.
Surrealism After 1924, many dadaists were attracted to _____, which became very influential in art in the late 1920s and 1930s. Painted a fantastical world of wild dreams and complex symbols, where watches melted and giant metronomes beat time in precisely drawn but impossible alien landscapes. Refusing to depict ordinary visual reality, the painters made powerful statements about the age of anxiety.
id The primitive, irrational unconscious. Driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires and is locked in a constant battle with the other parts of the mind.
musical comedy stars Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire
Tone row Schonberg's twelve-tone music of the 1920s arranged all twelve notes of the scale in an abstract, mathematical pattern, or "______". This pattern sounded like no pattern at all to the ordinary listener and could be detected only by a highly trained eye studying the musical score.
transatlantic wireless communication Radio became possible with the ___________ of Guglielmo Marconi in 1901
Christian existentialists Shared the loneliness and despair of aesthetic existentialists. Stressed humans' sinful nature, the need for faith, and the mystery of God's forgiveness.
direct control Besides Britain, most national broadcasting networks were under the ______ of the government
moderates In both Germany and France, power was finally passing to the _________, who realized that continued confrontation was a destructive, no-win situation.
20 After 1931, over ___ nations, including the US in 1934, went off the gold standard, so few countries gained a real advantage.
Bloomsbury Group Virginia Woolf's home attracted a circle of artists and writers known as the _________.
famous screen stars Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks, and Rudolf Valentino.
Karl Barth Swiss Protestant theologian. His many influential writings after 1920 sought to re-create the religious intensity of the Reformation. The basic fact about humans is that they are imperfect, sinful creatures whose reason and will are hopelessly flawed. Religious truth is made known to humans only through God's grace. Humans have to accept God's word and the supernatural revelation of Jesus with awe, trust, and obedience.
stream-of-consciousness technique Serious novelists used the ______ to explore the psyche.
Lake Shore Apartments Built by Rohe in Chicago between 1948 and 1951. Symbolized the triumph of steel-frame and glass-wall modern architecture in the great building boom after WWII.
France During and immediately after WWII, existentialism peaked in _______.
Marcel Proust Wrote the semi-autobiographical "Remembrance of Things Past"
Hungary France associated itself closely with the Little Entente, an alliance that joined Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia against defeated and bitter _____________.
Reasons for the slide to the bottom from 1929 to 1933 1) The international economy lacked a leadership able to maintain stability when the crisis came. Specifically, the seriously weakened British (the traditional leaders of the world economy) couldn't (and the US wouldn't) stabilize the international economic system in 1929. The US, which had momentarily played a positive role after the occupation of the Ruhr, cut back its international lending and erected high tariffs; 2) Poor economic policy in almost every country. Governments generally cut their budgets and reduced spending when they should have run large deficits in an attempt to stimulate their economies. After WWII, such a counter-cyclical policy advocated by John Keynes, became a weapon against downturn and depression. But in the 1930s, this policy was generally regarded with horror by orthodox economists.
Max Planck German physicist. Showed in 1900 that subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts which he called "quanta" and not in a steady stream, as previously believed. His discovery called into question the old sharp distinction between matter and energy; the implication was that matter and energy might be different forms of the same thing. The old view of atoms as the stable, basic building blocks of nature, with a different kind of unbreakable atom for each of the 92 chemical elements, was badly shaken.
Freud Before _____, most professional, "scientific" psychologists assumed that a single, unified conscious mind processed sense experiences in a rational and logical way. Human behavior in turn was the result of rational calculation by the conscious mind.
Virginia Woolf Wrote "Jacob's Room". Many of her essays dealt with women's issues and urged greater opportunity for women's creativity.
social revolution runaway inflation brought about a _________. Many Germans felt betrayed and were psychologically prepared to follow radical leaders in a crisis.
Leon Blum Leader of the Socialists in France.
political propaganda Radio in unscrupulous hands was particularly well suited for __________.
National Labor Relations Act of 1935 Gave union organizers the green light by declaring collective bargaining to be the policy of the US. Union membership more than doubled, from 4 million in 1935 to 9 million in 1940. In general, between 1935 and 1938, government rulings and social reforms chipped away at the privileges of the wealthy and tried to help ordinary people.
France and its ally Belgium Despite strong British protests, in early January 1923, armies of ____________ moved out of the Rhineland and began to occupy the Ruhr district, the heartland of industrial Germany, creating the most serious international crisis of the 1920s. If forcible collection proved impossible, France would use occupation to paralyze Germany and force it to accept the Treaty of Versailles.
Charles G. Dawes The reparations commission appointed an international committee of financial experts headed by American banker _____ to re-examine reparations from a broad perspective.
T.S. Eliot Wrote "The Waste Land". Converted to Anglo-Catholicism in 1927 and came to hope cautiously for humanity's salvation.
Albert Camus The writings of Sartre, who along with _______ was the leading French existentialists, became enormously influential.
The Sound and the Fury Novel. Much of its intense drama is confusedly seen through the eyes of an idiot.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Protected and developed during the war, the large German studios excelled in bizarre expressionist dramas, beginning with "___________" in 1919.
farmers Roosevelt's decision to leave the gold standard and devalue the dollar was designed to raise American prices and rescue __________.
1928 In ______, 15 countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Sergei Eisenstein Beginning in the mid-1920s, a series of epic films, the most famous of which were directed by _______, brilliantly dramatized the communist view of Russian history.
partly successful The New Deal was ________ as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in May 1937, 7 million workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of 15 million in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of 1937 and 1938, and unemployment was still a staggering 10 million when war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
Germany and Austria After the stock market crash, New York bankers began recalling the loans made to European countries in the 1920s. Gold reserves began to flow out of European countries, particularly ____, towards the US.
Ludwig Wittgenstein Austrian philosopher. One of the first logical empiricists. Argued in his "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (Essay on Logical Philosophy) that philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts, and therefore it becomes the study of language, which expresses thoughts. The great philosophical issues of the ages are senseless for statements about them can neither be tested by scientific experiments nor demonstrated by the logic of mathematics. Statements about such matters reflect only the personal preferences of the individual. "Of what one cannot speak, of that one must keep silent"
heroic age of physics The 1920s opened the "__________", in the words of one of its leading pioneers, Ernest Rutherford.
provincial governments In 1923, communists momentarily entered ___________.
Paul Valery French poet and critic. Noted that Europe was looking at its future with a dark and foreboding attitude. Saw the "cruelly injured mind" besieged by doubts and suffering from anxieties.
League of Nations In 1926, Germany joined the _______.
Dadaism Attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior, delighting in outrageous conduct. Name came from the French word meaning "hobbyhorse"; was deliberately nonsensical. A famous example is a reproduction of the Mona Lisa, who has a mustache and is ridiculed with obscene inscription.
Twelve-tone music Schonberg's ________ of the 1920s arranged all twelve notes of the scale in an abstract, mathematical pattern, or "tone row". This pattern sounded like no pattern at all to the ordinary listener and could be detected only by a highly trained eye studying the musical score.
1935 Because France was relatively less industrialized and more isolated from the world economy, the Great Depression came late. However, once the depression hit France, it stayed. Decline was steady until __________, and a short-lived recovery never brought production or employment back up to predepression levels.
1910 In _____ came the ultimate stage in the development of abstract, non-representational art, as artists began to turn away from nature completely.
logical empiricism In English-speaking countries, ____ became accepted in university circles.
Enlightenment Religion had been on the defensive in intellectual circles since the ____________.
Dawes Plan This was the result of the international committee of financial experts appointed by the reparations committee. It was accepted by France, Germany, and Britain. Germany's yearly reparations were reduced and depended on the level of German economic prosperity. Germany would receive large loans from the US to promote German recovery.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Another leader in the "international" style. Followed Gropius as director of the Bauhaus in 1930 and immigrated to the US in 1937. His classic Lake Shore Apartments in Chicago, built between 1948 and 1951, symbolized the triumph of steel-frame and glass-wall modern architecture in the great building boom after WWII.
2.2 million In June 1921, almost ________ people-23% of the labor force- were out of work, and throughout the 1920s unemployment hovered around 12%.
Marie Curie Polish-born physicist. She and her husband discovered that radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have a constant atomic weight
protective tariffs Country after country followed the US example when in 1930 it raised _______ to their highest levels ever and tried to seal off shrinking national markets for American producers only.
Great Train Robbery Movie houses quickly attracted large audiences and led to the production of short, silent action films such as the 8 minute "______________" of 1903.
WWI ______ accelerated the revolt against established certainties in philosophy
Jacques Maritain Marcel and his countryman ________ denounced anti-Semitism and supported closer ties with non-Catholics.
23 In June 1921, almost 2.2 million people-_____% of the labor force- were out of work, and throughout the 1920s unemployment hovered around 12%.
republican democracy Elections were held regularly, and a ________ appeared to have growing support among a majority of the Germans.
Walter Gropius In 1911, he broke sharply with the past in his design of the Fagus shoe factory at Alfeld, Germany- a clean, light, elegant building of glass and iron. After WWI, merged the schools of fine and applied arts at Weimar into a single, interdisciplinary school, the Bauhaus.
postimpressionists By 1890, when impressionism was finally established, a few artists known as ____________, or sometime as expressionists, were already striking out in new directions.
Los Angeles The first movie houses date from an experiment in _____ in 1902.
science By the late 19th century, _____ was one of the main pillars supporting Western society's optimistic and rationalistic view of the world.
Mickey Mouse Fanciful cartoon popular during the Great Depression
Manchester, England The people of _____ appealed to their city officials as poverty became a grinding reality.
Chicago school of architects The ______ used cheap steel, reinforced concrete, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers and office buildings lacking almost any exterior ornamentation.
Fascist-type organizations The French lost the underlying unity that had made government instability bearable before 1914. ___________ agitated against parliamentary democracy and looked to Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany for inspiration.
harsh elements By the end of 1919, France wanted to stress the ______ of the Treaty of Versailles.
anti-utopias Some authors described ____, nightmare visions of things to come
Wozzeck Opera by Alban Berg, first performed in Berlin in 1925. Blending a half-sung, half-spoken kind of dialogue with harsh, atonal music, the opera is a gruesome story of a soldier driven by Kafka-like inner terrors and vague suspicions of unfaithfulness to murder his mistress.
Bauhaus After WWI, Walter Gropius merged the schools of fine and applied arts at Weimar into a single, interdisciplinary school, the _________. Brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators. Working as an effective, inspired team, they combined the study of fine art, such as painting and sculpture, with the study of applied art in the crafts of printing, weaving, and furniture making. Throughout the 1920s, with its stress on functionalism and good design for everyday life, attracted enthusiastic students from all over the world. Had a great and continuing impact.
15 In 1928, ______ countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Britain and Germany By the late 1930s, more than three out of four households in ___________ had at least one cheap, mass-produced radio.
US ____, with its rapid urban growth and lack of rigid building traditions, pioneered in the new architecture.
National Socialist Throughout the 1920s, Hitler's _____ party attracted support only from a few fanatical anti-Semites, ultranationalists, and disgruntled ex-servicemen.
12; 18 In Britain unemployment had averaged ___% in the 1920s; between 1930 and 1935, it averaged more than ___%.
The Decline of the West Quickly became an international sensation. Every culture experiences a life cycle of growth and decline. Western civilization was in its old age, and death was approaching in the form of conquest by the yellow race.
15 million The New Deal was partly successful as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in May 1937, 7 million workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of ______ in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of 1937 and 1938, and unemployment was still a staggering 10 million when war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
Little Entente France associated itself closely with the _________, an alliance that joined Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia against defeated and bitter Hungary.
Darwinian concept of evolution By the late 19th century, the ________ had been accepted and assimilated in most intellectual circles.
Quo Vadis and Birth of a Nation On the eve of WWI, full-length feature films such as __________, coupled with improvements in the quality of pictures, suggested the screen's vast possibilities.
Daily Mail Lord Northcliffe, who had pioneered in journalism with the inexpensive, mass-circulation "___________", sponsored a broadcast of Nellie Melba.
neutron The most important of the subatomic particles discovered by 1944. Its capablity to pass through other atoms allowed for even more intense experimental bombardment of mater, leading to chain reactions of unbelievable force.
democracy After 1923, _______ seemed to take root in Weimar Germany. A new currency was established and the economy boomed.
French impressionism Modern painting grew out of a revolt against ________.
Mack Sennett In the 1920s, _______ and his Keystone Kops specialized in short, slapstick comedies.
runaway inflation _______ brought about a social revolution. Many Germans felt betrayed and were psychologically prepared to follow radical leaders in a crisis.
Ruhr district Despite strong British protests, in early January 1923, armies of France and its ally Belgium moved out of the Rhineland and began to occupy the _______, the heartland of industrial Germany, creating the most serious international crisis of the 1920s. If forcible collection proved impossible, France would use occupation to paralyze Germany and force it to accept the Treaty of Versailles.
Spain The fires of political dissension inf France were also fanned by civil war in ________. Communists demanded that France support the republicans, while many French conservatives would have gladly joined Hitler and Mussolini in aiding the attack of fascists. Extremism grew, and France itself was in sight of civil war.
northern region France's great accomplishment was the rapid rebuilding of it's war-torn _________. The expense of this undertaking led, however, to a large deficit and substantial inflation. By early 1926, the franc had fallen to 10% of its prewar value.
Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers Philosophers ___________ found a sympathetic audience among disillusioned postwar university students and were instrumental in bringing existentialism into prominence in Germany.
May 1937 The New Deal was partly successful as a response to the Great Depression. At the height of the recovery in ______, 7 million workers were still unemployed, as opposed to a high of 15 million in 1933. The economic situation then worsened seriously in the recession of 1937 and 1938, and unemployment was still a staggering 10 million when war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
Social Democrats Having grown steadily in number in the late 19th century, the ________ became the largest political party in Sweden, and then in Norway after WWI.
146 The Socialists, led by Leon Blum, became the strongest party in France, with ____ seats. The moderate radicals slipped badly and the conservatives lost ground to the semifascists.
national broadcasting networks After 1920, every major country quickly established __________.
Sigmund Freud Leading psychologist. Human behavior is irrational. The key to understanding the mind is the primitive, irrational unconscious. The unconscious is driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires and is locked in constant battle with the other parts of the mind: the rationalizing conscious, which mediates what a person can do, and ingrained moral values, which specify what a person should do. Human behavior is a product of a fragile compromise between instinctual drives and the controls of rational thinking and moral values. His thinking had become an international movement by 1910.
Principle of Uncertainty Postulated that because it is impossible to know the position and speed of an individual electron, it is therefore impossible to predict it's behavior.
Oswald Spengler German high school teacher. Published "The Decline of the West"
Raymond Poincare Tough-minded French prime minister
1914 In years before _____, some theologians, especially Protestant ones, had felt the need to interpret Christian doctrine and the Bible so that they did not seem to contradict science, evolution, and common sense.
a single individual In the 20th century, most major writers adopted the limited, often confused viewpoint of ___________. These novelists focused on the complexity and irrationality of the human mind, where feelings, memories, and desires are forever scrambled.
Wassily Kandinsky Russian-born artist. Turned away from nature completely.
Germany In 1926, ___________ joined the League of Nations.
1935 and 1938 National Labor Relations Act of 1935 gave union organizers the green light by declaring collective bargaining to be the policy of the US. Union membership more than doubled, from 4 million in 1935 to 9 million in 1940. In general, between __________, government rulings and social reforms chipped away at the privileges of the wealthy and tried to help ordinary people.
Cubism Founded by Picasso. Concentrated on a complex geometry of zigzagging lines and sharply angled, overlapping planes.
functionalism Buildings, like industrial products, should be useful, that is they should serve, as well as possible, the purpose for which they were made. Thus, architects and designers had to work with engineers, town planners, and even sanitation experts. Had to throw away useless ornamentation and find beauty and aesthetic pleasure in the clean lines of practical constructions and efficient machinery.
1914 Before ____, most people still believed in progress, reason, and the rights of the individual.
1.3 billion The Dawes Plan worked for a while. The German republic experienced a spectacular economic recovery. Easily paid $________ in reparations in 1927 and 1928, enabling France and Britain to pay the US.
movie factories American directors and business people set up "________", at first in New York and then after 1910 in Los Angeles. They made two short films each week.
1984 Novel. Big Brother- the dictator- and his totalitarian state use a new kind of language, sophisticated technology, and psychological terror to strip a weak individual of his last shred of human dignity. The supremely self-confident chief of the Thought Police tells the tortured, broken, and framed Winston Smith, "If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face--forever." Spoke to millions of people in the closing years of the age of anxiety.
indoctrination Motion pictures also became powerful tools of _________, especially in countries with dictatorial regimes.
John Maynard Keynes English economist. Wrote "Economic Consequences of the Peace" (1919).
Aristide Briand French prime minister. Initiated the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Ramsay MacDonald In 1924 and 1929, the Labour party under _______ governed the country with the support of the smaller Liberal party. Yet Labour moved towards socialism gradually and democratically, so that the middle classes were not overly frightened as the working classes won new benefits.;
welfare state In June 1921, almost 2.2 million people-23% of the labor force- were out of work, and throughout the 1920s unemployment hovered around 12%. The state provided unemployment benefits of equal size to all those without jobs and supplemented those payments with subsidizing housing, medical aid, and increased old age pensions. These and other measures kept living standards from seriously declining, defused class tensions, and pointed the way towards a _____.
June 1937 Leon Blum was forced to resign in _____, and the Popular Front quickly collapsed.
5; 33; 14 million In the US, unemployment had averaged only __% in the 1920s. In 1932 unemployment soared to about __% of the entire labor force: ___ people were out of work.