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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for ap bio respiration

Terms Definitions
noncyclic electron transport In photosynthesis, the linear flow of electrons through Photosystems I and II; results in the formation of ATP (by chemiosmosis), NADPH, and O2.
chlorophyll-binding proteins About 15 different proteins associated with chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane.
Ethyl alcohol A two-carbon alcohol.
Deamination The removal of an amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid or other organic compound.
carbon fixation reactions Reduction reactions of photosynthesis in which carbon from carbon dioxide becomes incorporated into organic molecules, leading to the production of carbohydrate; requires ATP and NADPH.
thylakoid lumen A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane.
photosynthesis The biological process that captures light energy and transforms it into the chemical energy of organic molecules (e.g., carbohydrates), which are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water; performed by plants, algae, and certain bacteria.
stroma A fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids; site of the reactions of the Calvin cycle.
Noncyclic electron transport In photosynthesis, the linear flow of electrons through Photosystems I and II; results in the formation of ATP (by chemiosmosis), NADPH, and O2. Compare with cyclic electron transport.
reaction center The portion of a photosystem that includes chlorophyll a molecules capable of transferring electrons to a primary electron acceptor, which is the first of several electron acceptors in a series; the reaction center of Photosystem I is P700 and of Photosystem II is P680.
Catabolism The aspect of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances; catabolic reactions are particularly important in releasing chemical energy stored by the cell.
phototroph An organism that obtains energy for growth from sunlight.
fluorescence The emission of light of a longer wavelength (lower energy) than the light originally absorbed.
Lipid Any of a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents; lipids serve as energy storage and are important components of cell membranes.
Breathing The process of taking air into the lungs and pushing it out again.
Autotroph An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer.
mesophyll Photosynthetic tissue in the interior of a leaf; sometimes differentiated into palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
bundle sheath cell Tightly packed cells that form a sheath around the veins of a leaf.
Beta (β) oxidation Process by which fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA before entry into the citric acid cycle.
Alcohol fermentation Fermentation in which enzymes decarboxylate pyruvate to form a two-carbon compound called acetaldehyde. NADH produced during glycolysis transfers hydrogen atoms to the acetaldehyde, reducing it to ethyl alcohol.
cyanobacteria Prokaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that possess chlorophyll and produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Formerly known as blue-green algae.
cyclic electron transport In photosynthesis, the cyclic flow of electrons through Photosystem I; ATP is formed by chemiosmosis, but no photolysis of water occurs, and O2 and NADPH are not produced.
nucleoside triphosphate Molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
ground state The lowest energy state of an atom.
Decarboxylation A reaction in which a molecule of CO2 is removed from a carboxyl group of an organic acid.
Fermentation An anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by a series of redox reactions in which organic compounds serve both as electron donors and terminal electron acceptors.
Carbohydrate Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O, e.g., sugars, starch, and cellulose.
chlorophyll A group of light-trapping green pigments found in most photosynthetic organisms.
thylakoids An interconnected system of flattened, saclike membranous structures inside the chloroplast; the thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the electron transport chain and enclose a compartment, the thylakoid lumen.
P700 Chlorophyll a molecules that serve as the reaction center of Photosystem I, transferring photoexcited electrons to a primary acceptor; named by their absorption peak at 700 nm.
Dehydrogenation A form of oxidation in which hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule.
Coenzyme A (CoA) An organic cofactor for an enzyme; generally participates in the reaction by transferring some component. Such as electrons or part of a substrate molecule.
NADP+/NADPH Oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that transfers electrons (as hydrogen), particularly in catabolic pathways, including cellular respiration.
absorption spectrum A graph of the amount of light at specific wavelengths that has been absorbed as light passes through a substance. Each type of molecule has a characteristic this.
Adipose tissue Tissue in which fat is stored.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Phosphorylated 3-carbon compound that is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in the Calvin cycle.
P680 Chlorophyll a molecules that serve as the reaction center of Photosystem II, transferring photoexcited electrons to a primary acceptor; named by their absorption peak at 680 nm.
Aerobic Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) An organic compound containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; of prime importance for energy transfers in cells.
action spectrum A graph of the effectiveness of light at specific wavelengths in promoting a light-requiring reaction.
photophosphorylation The production of ATP in photosynthesis.
Heat The total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of a substance.
Facultative anaerobe An organism capable of carrying out aerobic respiration but able to switch to fermentation when oxygen is unavailable; e.g., yeast.
chemoheterotroph Organism that uses organic compounds as a source of energy and carbon; includes animals, fungi, and many bacteria.
photolysis The photochemical splitting of water in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
Lactate (lactic acid) fermentation Fermentation in which NADH produced during glycolysis transfers hydrogen atoms to private, reducing it to the waste product lactate.
CAM pathway (crassulacean acid metabolism) A special carbon fixation pathway for plants living in very dry (xeric) conditions.
light-dependent reactions Reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to synthesize ATP and usually NADPH. Includes cyclic electron transport and noncyclic electron transport.
Oxidative phosphorylation The production of ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport system of mitochondria; occurs by chemiosmosis.
Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) A key intermediate compound in metabolism; consists of a two-carbon acetyl group covalently bonded to coenzyme A.
Citric acid cycle (Tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle; Krebs cycle) Series of chemical reactions in aerobic respiration in which acetyl coenzyme A is completely degraded to carbon dioxide and water with the release of metabolic energy that is used to produce ATP; also known as the Krebs cycle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
chemoautotroph Organism that obtains energy from inorganic compounds and synthesizes organic compounds from inorganic raw materials; includes some bacteria.
Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration that doesn't require oxygen; the terminal electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen.
C3 plant Plant that uses three-carbon PGA as the first intermediate for carbon fixation.
chloroplasts Membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes; occur in some plant and algal cells.
photoautotroph An organism that obtains energy from light and synthesizes organic compounds from inorganic raw materials; includes plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Citrate A six-carbon organic acid.
phosphoglycerate (PGA) Phosphorylated three-carbon compound that is an important metabolic intermediate.
ATP synthase Large enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by chemiosmosis; contains a transmembrane channel through which protons diffuse down a concentration gradient; located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the plasma membrane of bacteria.
Rubisco The common name of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle.
ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) A five-carbon phosphorylated compound with a high energy potential that reacts with carbon dioxide in the initial step of the Calvin cycle.
carotenoids A group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthophylls.
Nitrogen cycle The worldwide circulation of nitrogen from the abiotic environment into living things and back into the abiotic environment.
Electron transport system A series of chemical reactions during which hydrogens or their electrons are passed along an electron transport chain from one acceptor molecule to another, with the release of energy.
heterotroph An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms. Also called consumer.
photosystem One of two photosynthetic units, consisting of chlorophyll molecules, accessory pigments, proteins, and associated electron acceptors, responsible for capturing light energy and transferring excited electrons; photosystem I best absorbs and uses light of about 700 nm, whereas photosystem II best absorbs and uses light of about 680 nm.
pigment A substance that selectively absorbs light of different wavelengths.
photorespiration The process that reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants during hot spells in summer; consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide through the degradation of Calvin cycle intermediates.
Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration, literally the "splitting of sugar." The metabolic conversion of glucose into pyruvate, accompanied by the production of ATP.
Oxidation The loss of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
C4 plant Plant that fixes carbon initially by the Hatch-Slack pathway, in which the reaction of CO2 with phosphoenolpyruvate is catalyzed by PEP carboxylase in leaf mesophyll cells; the products are transferred to the bundle sheath cells, where the Calvin cycle takes place.
autotroph An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer.
Reduction The gain of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
antenna complex The currently accepted arrangement of chlorophyll, accessory pigment molecules, and pigment-binding proteins into light-gathering units in the thylakoid membranes of photoautotrophic eukaryotes.
Yeast A unicellular fungus (ascomycete) that reproduces asexually by budding or fission and sexually by ascospores.
stomata Small pores located in the epidermis of plants that provide for gas exchange for photosynthesis; each stoma is flanked by two guard cells, which are responsible for its opening and closing.
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Three-carbon phosphorylated compound that is an important intermediate in glycolysis and is a reactant in the initial carbon fixation step in C4 and CAM photosynthesis.
Calvin cycle Cyclic series of reactions in the chloroplast stroma in photosynthesis; fixes carbon dioxide and produces carbohydrate.
CAM plant Plant that carries out crassulacean acid metabolism; carbon is initially fixed into organic acids at night in the reaction of CO2 and phosphoenolpyruvate, catalyzed by PEP carboxylase; during the day the acids break down to yield CO2, which enters the Calvin cycle.
photoheterotroph An organism that is able to carry out photosynthesis to obtain energy but is unable to fix carbon dioxide and therefore requires organic compounds as a carbon source; includes some bacteria.
chemotroph Organism that uses organic compounds or inorganic substances, such as iron, nitrate, ammonia, or sulfur, as sources of energy.
granum A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast.
Anaerobic Growing or metabolizing only in the absence of molecular oxygen.
PEP carboxylase An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction by which CO2 reacts with PEP to form oxaloacetate.
Oxaloacetate Four-carbon compound; important intermediate in the citric acid cycle and in the C4 and CAM pathways of carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Substrate-level phosphorylation A type of chemical reaction that results in the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a reactive intermediate.
Phosphorylation The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule in order to produce an organic phosphate.
redox reaction The chemical reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from one substance (the substance that becomes oxidized) to another (the substance that becomes reduced).
Anabolism The aspect of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy, the production of new cell materials, and growth.
Glucose A hexose aldehyde sugar that is central to many metabolic processes.
Respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions. In aerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is molecular oxygen; in anaerobic respiration the terminal acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen.
Aerobic respiration Cellular respiration that requires oxygen; the terminal electron acceptor is molecular oxygen.
Specific immune responses Defense mechanisms that target specific macromolecules associated with a pathogen. Includes cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity. Also known as acquired or adaptive immune responses.
Chemiosmosis The diffusion of ions across a membrane (specifically, the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane).
Pyruvate The three-carbon end product of glycolysis.