Complete List of Terms and Definitions for chapter 1
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| What are nutrients? | consumed chemical substances that are used for energy and cell building |
| Physiology has several topics, most of which consider the _________ of specific organ systems. | function |
| What are the three types of gross anatomy? |
1. Regional anatomy 2. Systemic anatomy 3. Surface anatomy |
| What percentage of the body is water weight? | 60-80% |
| Define physiology | the study of the functions of body parts, explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy |
| The _________ approaches the control center, while the ___________ exits the control center. | Afferent;Efferent |
| Homeostatis is from the greek works ___________ and __________, meaning ____________. |
"homo" meaning same "stasis" meaning standing still |
| What's responsiveness or irritability? | the ability of an organism to detect changes in the internal or external environment and repond to them |
| What's the function of muscle? | It provides movement. |
| What provides a static image of the body's architecture? | anatomy |
| The __________ level is groups of cells having a common function. | tissue |
| What are the 3 interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms? |
1. receptor 2. control center 3. effector |
| What are some tools for studying anatomy? |
1. mastery of the terminology 2. observation 3. manipulation/palpation (feeling organs in a living person 4. auscultation (listening to organs with a stethoscope) |
| What are the 8 necessary life functions for ALL living beings? |
1. maintaining boundaries 2. movement 3. responsiveness or irritability 4. digestion 5. metabolism 6. excretion 7. reproduction 8. growth |
| What's the function of the renal system? | kidney function and urine production |
| What's systemic anatomy? | The study of all structures in a body system (a type of gross anatomy). |
| The internal environment of the body is in a constant state of ________________. | equilibrium (like a teeter totter) |
| ___________ combine in specific ways to form organelles, which are the basic unit of living _________. | Molecules; cells |
| What are two body systems using the negative feedback mechanisms? | 1. nervous system2. endocrine system |
| What's the basic function of the cardiovascular system? | the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
| What are the two types of microscopic anatomy? |
1. Cytology 2. Histology |
| The _________ ___________ level is a group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a specific purpose. | organ system |
| Why is it necessary for living organisms to maintain boundaries? | It allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments, or separate internal chemical environments |
| What's the goal of negative feedback mechanisms? | To prevent sudden, severe changes in the body |
| The ___________ system uses chemical messages to control events on a minute, hour, daily, monthly, etc. basis, with longer-term and more widespread effects | endocrine |
| The stimuli flows from the ________ to the ____________ through the afferent pathway. | receptor;control center |
| The body's thermostat is located in the _________________ of the brain. | hypothalamus |
| _______________ feedback mechanisms typically activate responses that are self-perpetrating. | Positive |
| Molecules combine in specific ways to form ______________, which are the basic unit of living cells. | Organelles |
| What does a negative feedback mechanism do? | It causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change. |
| What is a receptor? | Some type of sensor that responds to changes (stimuli) it receives |
| Define cytology. | The study of individual cells |
| What is growth? | an increase in body parts or the whole organism |
| Define anatomy | The study of the structure of body parts and their relation to each other. |
| ____________ is required by the chemical reactions that release energy from foods. | oxygen |
| What's a variable in homeostatis? | the regulated factor or event |
| __________ are tiny building blocks of matter that combine to form molecules. | Atoms |
| What are the 6 levels of structural organization, going from simplest to most complex? |
1. chemical 2. cellular 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. organismal |
| Physics explains what three things in physiology? |
1. electrical currents 2. blood pressure 3. the way muscle uses bone for movement |
| Regulation of room temperature using a thermostat is an example of a ____________ feedback system. | negative |
| What's excretion? | The process of removing wastes from the body |
| What's pathological anatomy? | the study of structural changes associated with disease |
| Physiology often focuses on what two types of events? |
1. cellular 2. molecular |
| The control center sends the __________ to the effector organism, like a muscle or a gland, using the ___________ pathway. | output;efferent |
| What's surface anatomy? | The study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| Why is water an important survival need for living beings? | water provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions and excretions. |
| Regulating the heart rate, blood pressure rate and depth of breathing, as well as blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and minerals are examples of ____________ feedback systems. | negative |
| The _____________ level is the simplest level of structural organization. | chemical |
| Describe the "reference woman" | A healthy, 22-year-old woman weighing 125 pounds |
| The _________ __________ determines the set point at which the variable in maintained. | control center |
| Define histology. | The study of tissues. |
| Define gross anatomy | the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye |
| Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of what? | physics |
| What's microscopic anatomy? | The study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| What's a positive feedback mechanism? | one that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the original change, resulting in a greater deviation from the set point. |
| What's the function of nervous tissue? | It provides a means of rapid internal communication through electrical impulses. |
| The ___________ system sends electrical messages to control events on a millisecond basis, with very specific effects. | nervous |
| The homeostatic responses of the body are regulated by the combined effects of what two control systems? |
1. nervous system 2. endocrine system |
| _________________ is the process of producing more cells or organisms. | Reproduction |
| ______________ must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs. | Atmospheric pressure |
| Metabolism includes all ____________ reactions that occur in the body. | chemical |
| List the five survival needs of a living organism. |
1. nutrients 2. oxygen 3. water 4. normal body temperature 5. normal range of atmospheric pressure |
| What's ADH? | anti-diuretic hormone;it's released by the hypothalamus to tell the kidney to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream, rising the blood volume (which ends the stimulus for ADH release) |
| What does an effector do? | It provides the means to respond to stimuli. |
| What a structure can do depends on its specific _____________. | form |
| What three factors interact to maintain homeostasis? |
1. chemical factors 2. thermal factors 3. neural factors |
| What's radiographic anatomy? | the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques |
| Homeostasis is a word coined by Walter Cannon, a 20th century physiologist. The word means __________ of the __________. | wisdom of the body |
| What are organelles? | The basic unit of living cells |
| Define homeostatis | the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of environmental changes |
| Describe the "reference man." | A healthy, 22-year-old male weighing 155 pounds |
| What are the three specialized branches of anatomy? |
1. Pathological anatomy 2. Radiographic anatomy 3. Molecular biology |
| What's responsiveness or irritability? | the ability of an organism to detect changes in the internal or external environment and repond to them |
| What's regional anatomy? | the study of all body structures in a given body region (a type of gross anatomy) |
| What's the most abundant chemical substance in the body? | water |
| Why is it necessary for living organisms to have movement? | movement allows the organism to travel through the environment to eat and allows the transport of molecules within the organism |
| What's normal body temperature? |
98.6 degrees F 37 degrees C |
| What's a receptor in homeostatic control mechanisms? | a structure that monitors changes in the environment and sends information to the control center. |
| What's a control center in homeostatic control mechanisms? | a structure that determines the set point for a variable, analyzes input and coordinates an appropriate response |
| What's molecular biology? | The study of biological molecules |
| What are the four main types of tissues? |
1. epithelium 2. muscle 3. connective 4. nervous |
| What's the function of connective tissue? | It supports and protects the body's organs. |
| Why is normal body temperature a survival need? | It's required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate. |
| The ____________ level is made up of discrete structures that are composed of at least two groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body. | organ |
| What reveals the body's dynamic and animated nature? | Physiology |
| Most homeostatic control mechanisms are _____________ feedback mechanisms. | negative |
| What's the function of the epithelium? | It covers the body's surfaces and lines its cavities. |
| What's the basic function of neurophysiology? | the workings of the nervous system |
| The ____________ level is the smallest unit of life and varies widely in size and shape according to the cell's function. | Cellular |
| What's digestion? | The process of breaking down food into molecules that are usable by the body |
| What's developmental anatomy? | The study of the changes in the body structures over the course of a lifetime. |
| The ______________ level is the total of all structures working together to promote life. | organismal |
| What's the withdrawal reflex? | a type of neural control mechanism telling us to jerk away fom a painful stimulus (negative feedback) |
| Explain the principle of "completmentarity of structure and function." | It states that function is dependent on structure, and that the form of structure relates to its functions. Anatomy and physiology naturally belong together; the study of one complements the other. |
