| Terms |
Definitions |
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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visual encoding
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the encoding of picture images
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state-dependent memory
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an idea of learning and recalling that is based upon the physiological and mental state of the organism
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative memory)
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proactive interference
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound, esp the sound of words
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning
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relearning
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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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mnemonics
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memory aids, esp those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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peg word system
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a system of memorizing an ordered list of words as well as the specific numbers associated with the words.
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory)
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context effects
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better recall in the setting where info is learned
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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anterograde amnesia
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damage to hippocampus => cannot remember anything after damage, but remembers everything before the damage
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short-term memory
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activated memory that hold a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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Karl Lashley
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suggested that even after removing parts of the brain, animals retain partial previous memories
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Atkinson-Schiffrin model
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(1968) 3 stage model of memory including sensory, short-term, and long-term memories
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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self reference effect
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the tendency for individuals to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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First person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well; studied forgetting curve and overlearning
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working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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Peterson & Peterson
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1959: team investigated one of the factors that causes our short-term memory to decay, i.e. why we forget information in our short-term memory.
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the method of loci
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Greek orators would create a mental pattern to help form a visual layout to aid in remember long passages
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memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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George Sperling
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a cognitive psychologist who documented the existence of iconic memory (one of the sensory memory subtypes).
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déjà vu
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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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mood-congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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cerebellum
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a neural center in the hind brain that processes implicit memories
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sensory memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory if visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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hippocampus
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a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
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next-in-line effect
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that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person.
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined --> false memories
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retroactive interference
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fil-in-the-blank test
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Elizabeth Loftus
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psychologist who studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions
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amnesia
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the loss of memory
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