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aptitude tests
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designed to predict future performance and measures your capacity to learn new information rather than measuring what you already know
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Binet
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father of modern intelligence testing
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phonemes
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smallest units of sound in a language that are distintive for speakers of the language
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prodigy
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person with an average intelligence score yet possesses one exceptional ability in one area
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predictive validity
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extent to which a test predicts the behavior it is supposed to predict
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two word stage
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typical of a two year old
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syntax
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aspect of grammar specifying the rules for combining words into grammatical sentences in a given language
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creativity
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refers to an ability to generate novel and valuable ideas; people with high IQ's may or may not be creative, which indicates that intelligence is only one component of creativity
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factor analysis
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statistical procedure that identifies factors, or clusters of related items, that seems to define a common ability
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availiability heuristic
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based on estimating the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind
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general intelligence (g factor)
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underlying each of the more specific mental abilities identified through factor analysis; identified by Spearman
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divergent thinker
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think about as many ways to use something as possible
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concept
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mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people; superordinate is the broadest (car), basic is inbetween (toyota), and subordinate is narrow (Camry)
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Wechsler
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created a series of age based intelligence tests (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS)
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Sir Francis Galton
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believed intelligence is inherited, can be quantitatively measured, and popularized the phrase "nature and nurture"
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telegraphic speech
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economical, telegram-like speech of children in two word stage; mostly nouns and verbs and are normally in the correct order showing the child has learned some language and syntactic rules; ex. want cookie
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stereotype threat
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phenomenon in which a person's concern that he or she will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype is actually followed by lower performance
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Intelligence Quotient
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defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.
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overconfidence
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the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
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Flynn Effect
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IQ has increased over time so tests have to be renormed so more questions need to be answered correctly to earn the same score
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down syndrome
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result of an extra chromosome in which the person's genetic makeup; a common cause of severe impairment and associated with physical disorders
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Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
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WAIS-most widely used intelligence test; individually administered, contains 11 subjects, and yields separate verbal and intelligence scores, as well as an overall intelligence score
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fluid intelligence
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cognitive abilities that require speed and rapid learning which will decrease with age
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standardization
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process of defining meaningful scores on a test by pretesting a large representative example of people
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intelligence test
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measure peoples mental aptitudes and compare them to others' through numerical scores
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linguistic determination
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Benjamin Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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content validity
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test samples the behavior that is of interest
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inductive reasoning
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form concepts about a large group based upon specific examples
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emotional intelligence
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ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
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Savant
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person with a very low intelligence score yet possesses one exceptional ability such as music or math
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grammar
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system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
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morphemes
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smallest units of language that convey meaning
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deductive reasoning
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form concepts or thoughts about a specific group based on a larger group. Ex. women are bad drivers. laura is a woman, therefore she is a bad driver.
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fixation
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inability to see a problem in a new way
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intelligence
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ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new solutions
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achievement tests
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measure a person's current knowledge
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Terman
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founder of the Stanford-Binet test
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belief bias
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tendency for a persons preexisting beliefs to distort his/her logical reasoning
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framing
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way an issue or question is posed can affect one's perception of the issue or answer to the question
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Stern
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derived the intelligence quotient- mental age divided by chronological age x 100
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prototype
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best example of a particular category
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cognition
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mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information
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semantics
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aspects of grammar that specifies the rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language (add -ed to a verb to represent the past tense)
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crystallized intelligence
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aspects of intellectual ability and learned knowledge; increases with age
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confirmation bias
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obstacle in problem solving in which people tend to search for information that validates their preconceptions
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heuristic
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"rule of thumb" or simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; more efficient but does not always guarantee success and sometimes impedes problem solving
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reliability
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extent to which a test produces consistent results
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mental age
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chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance; concept introduced by Binet
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Normal Curve
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bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; curve is symmetrical with most scores near the average and fewer scores near the extremes
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Stanford-Binet
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Lewis Terman's widely used revision of Binet's original intelligence test
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Binet and Simon
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created separate norms for students according to their choronological age (called mental age) suggesting that intelligence is relative to age
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belief preseverance
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tendency for people to cling to a particular belief even after the information that led to the formation of the belief is discredited
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one word stage
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typical of a one year old but may occur between age 1 and 2
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criterion
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the behavior the test is designed to predict
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computer neural networks
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computer circuits that stimulate the brain's interconnected neural cells and perform task such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells
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functional fixedness
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type of fixation in which a person can think of things only in terms of their usual functions
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validity
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degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to
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artificial intelligence
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science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes
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insight
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sudden and often novel realization of the solution of the problem; contrasts with trial and error and may often follow unsuccessful episode of trial and error
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representative heuristic
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tendency to judge the likelihood of thinges in terms of their usual functions or how it matches a prototype
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mental retardation/impairment
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an IQ below 70 and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living
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algorithm
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methodical, logical procedure that guarantees success; it is sometimes time consuming
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language
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spoken, written, or gestured words and how we combine them to communicate meaning
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Spearman
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used factor analysis and identified the g factor
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convergent thinker
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think about the most efficient way or best way of doing something
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mental set
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tendency to continue applying a particular problem solving strategy even when it is no longer helpful
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