| Terms |
Definitions |
|
Endogamy
|
Marriage between people of the same social group
|
|
Race
|
an ethnic group with a shared biological basis
|
|
Paradise Bent
|
movie about fa’afafine featuring the story of Cindy and her Australian boyfriend. Showed the social pressures of gender roles.
|
|
Multiculturalism
|
view of cultural diversity being a positive attribute; a country with these attributes socializes its members into both dominant cultures and ethnic cultures
|
|
Nuclear family
|
kinship group consisting of parents and children
|
|
Ethnically correct dolls
|
Elizabeth Chin, Barbie made dolls of different skin colors but same bodies as white Barbies; eventually ethnically correct dolls were made representing minorities
|
|
Discrimination
|
policies and practices that harm a group and its members
|
|
Ethnography
|
field work in a particular culture i.e. Coming of Age in Samoa, The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes, Race Bending
|
|
Social construction/social fact
|
not necessarily the truth, but the objective truth, truth that comes from the gut not the books i.e. act of sexual reproduction is how we are related
|
|
Armchair anthropology
|
style of anthropology conducted by anthropologists, later replaced by fieldwork
|
|
Laurra Nader
|
gave distinguished lecture on Anthropology, discussed roots and move away from armchair and into fieldwork; the misuse of anthropology and the responsibility; values anthropological attitude that challenges and rethinks existing assumptions
|
|
Minority groups
|
subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups have
|
|
Descent group
|
a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society
|
|
Salvage ethnography
|
notion and practice of preserving those cultures that were nearly destroyed by Western culture
|
|
Incest taboo
|
universal prohibition against marrying or mating with a close relative
|
|
Derek Freeman
|
went to Samoa after Margaret Mead and found her work to be false, however, he talked to Mead’s subjects from a male perspective and after they had grown older and become religious so his work cannot be regarded as mere fact
|
|
Margaret Mead
|
wrote ethnography on adolescent girls in Samoa, acclaimed for her report on the sexual freeness of the girls, this was later contested by Derek Freeman
|
|
Yahi
|
Ishi's now extinct tribe
|
|
Representation
|
-stands in for something, represent your voice -claim an identity, promote on proudly (reppin the bay) -reproduction or a copy is also a representationand objects in the world do not have one fixed meaning, it depends on how it is represented i.e. freedom fighters/terrorists-what is present and what is absent-relationship to images we don’t belong to
|
|
Ascribed status
|
people have little or no choice about occupying these, i.e. child, parent
|
|
Holistic
|
interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture
|
|
Diffusion
|
borrowing from cultures either directly or through intermediaries
|
|
Ethnicity
|
identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation
|
|
Ishi
|
the last Yahi, walked into the white man’s world after 40 years of hiding; Kroeber spent enormous time with him and they became good friends, was the last of his kind, an authentic Native American
|
|
Lying/truth
|
not about whether or not a story happened, about listening
|
|
Stereotypes
|
fixed ideas often unfavorable about what members of a group are like, Race: The Power of Illusion
|
|
Blood-choice
|
|
|
Etic
|
the research strategy that emphasizes the observer’s rather than the native’s explanations, categories, and criteria of significance; objective
|
|
Culture
|
traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning
|
|
Ethnic group
|
group distinguished by cultural similarities shared among members of that group) and differences (between that group and the others); ethnic group members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms, and a common language, religion, history, geography, kinship and/or race
|
|
Polygyny
|
variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife
|
|
Language
|
spoken (speech) and written (writing—which has existed for about 6,000 years); the primary human means of communication; key features of language include cultural transmission, displacement, and productivity
|
|
Code-switching
|
switching between the languages, like Spanglish
|
|
Families of choice
|
fictive kin; prominent with GLBT, single heterosexuals, and senior citizens, push for legislation to make these people legally connected to their non-blood kin
|
|
Achieved status
|
come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, and accomplishments
|
|
Travesti
|
type of Brazilian cross dressing prostitute that has relations with men in a submissive never dominant manner in personal life but does not desire a sex change
|
|
Laura Bohanan
|
wrote Shakespeare in the Bush, found the interpretations of Hamlet by the ‘Bush’ to full of a very different kind of wisdom then traditional western interpretation
|
|
Gullah
|
South Carolina community that has maintained African roots, starting place of movie The Language You Cry In
|
|
Cori Hayden
|
|
|
Marion Benedict
|
wrote about the Seychelles and found that a traditional ethnography was not for her. Felt she had to give secrets to get secrets and after attempting a formal scientific write-up, then a diary style set-up, eventually settled on fictionalized novella. Found gossip to be the catalyst of their black magic.
|
|
Kinship
|
constructed from a set of categories, groups, relationships, and behaviors based upon culturally determined beliefs and values concerning human biology and reproduction -maturation of babies demands a major commitment from parent(s) -presence of a marital bond -division of labor based on gender -prohibition on sexual intercourse and marriage between close kin
|
|
Assimilation
|
process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates
|
|
Polyandry
|
variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband
|
|
participant-observation
|
balancing, observing, and participating, must get permission, develop a rapport, trust, this is central to fieldwork, take notes
|
|
Aumaga
|
|
|
Roger lancaster
|
debunking myth of bioreductivism, more than just biology explains why we are the way we are
|
|
Exogamy
|
mating or marriage outside one’s kin group; a cultural universal
|
|
Franz Boas
|
revolutionized field of anthropology 100 years ago and predicted that each filed would become distinct,; taught Margaret Mead
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
the viewpoint that one’s culture is superior and judging others beliefs through the application of your own values; race mixing at Columbus High
|
|
Fa'afafine
|
Samoan group of people, similar to Brazilian Travestis, saw woman as role models and developed female characteristics. They dress like women and provide entertainment to the entire community; believed to possess spirit of both sexes
|
|
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
|
theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking
|
|
Extended family
|
expanded household including three or more generations
|
|
Lineage
|
unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
|
|
Emic
|
the research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance; subjective
|
|
Cultural Relativism
|
behavior in one culture cannot be judged by the standards of another culture; values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect
|
|
Don Kulick
|
studied the Travesti’s and documented their changing gender (not physically)
|
|
Bioreductivism
|
the tendency to attribute complex behaviors to biological determinants (“there is a gene for that behavior”).
|
|
Elizabeth Chin
|
considers herself a negrophile, wrote about ethnically correct Barbie dolls, bi-racial white and chinese
|
|
Blood-love
|
|
|
Diglossia
|
the existence of ‘high’ (formal) and ‘low’ (familial) dialects of a single language, such as German.
|
|
Sherman Alexie
|
wrote Dear John Wayne, used stuffy white education type and wise playful old woman to emphasize importance of listening
|
|
Encounter
|
as legacy and method; have a farewell, often continuous, experiences in the field
|
|
Mica Pollack
|
wrote about race mixing and ethnocentrism at Columbus High
|
|
Matrilineal/patrilineal
|
when ancestry is traced through one side of the family either maternal or paternal i.e. Jewish religion is matrilineal
|
|
Samoa
|
place of fieldwork for Margaret Mead
|
|
Sex
|
fascination of Coming of Age in Samoa was based on idealized sex; an ascribed status while gender is an achieved status
|
|
Gender
|
not naturally or innate, socially constructed through relations and roles, roles are learned
|
|
Focal vocabulary
|
a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity) such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers
|
