| Terms |
Definitions |
|
phoneme
|
in language, smallest distinctive sound unit.
|
|
Noam Chomsky
|
theorist who believed humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language. (Native = Nature).
|
|
one-word stage
|
stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
|
|
reliability
|
general term for extent to which a test yields consistent results
|
|
semantics
|
set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. Ex. when to use to, or too or two
|
|
representative heuristic
|
judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant info
|
|
B.F. Skinner
|
theorist who believed that humans learned language the same way they learn everything through reinforcements and punishments.
|
|
syntax
|
rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. Rules for word ordering
|
|
receptive language
|
the total of the words that babies can understand
|
|
psychometics
|
branch of psychology that deals with design, administration, and interpretation of tests of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits.
|
|
creativity
|
ability to produce novel and valuable ideas - also called breaking set
|
|
Triarchic Theory
|
theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including Practical = ability to adjust and cope with one's environment Analytic = ability to solve problems, Creative = ability to deal with new situations
|
|
culture bias
|
aspect of an intelligence test in which wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group
|
|
achievement test
|
test designed to assess what a person has learned such as a final exam
|
|
availability heuristic
|
estimating likelihood of events based on how quickly they come to mind. if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
|
|
telegraphic speech
|
early speech stage in which a child speaks in simple 2 or 3 word declarative statements such as —"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
|
most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
|
|
general intelligence (g)
|
general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others UNDERLIES all specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
|
|
confirmation bias
|
tendency to search for info that agrees with one's ideas and not notice info that contradicts it
|
|
savant syndrome
|
condition in which person otherwise limited in mental ability has exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
|
|
intelligence
|
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
|
|
split-half reliability
|
measure for reliability in which same test is compared in terms of odd answers vs. even. questions for correlation of score.
|
|
babbling stage
|
at about 4 months, stage of speech development in which infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language.
|
|
test norms
|
related to standardization - comparison for test results developed by giving test to large, well-defined groups of people
|
|
Lewis Terman
|
professor at Stanford who revised Binet test for Americans.
|
|
content validity
|
measure for validity that seeks to determine how well does it measure/ cover breadth of material covered. Ex. final exam on algebra should fairly cover all material included in the course
|
|
Charles Spearman
|
theorist who proposed that intelligence consisted of both g-factor or general intelligence, aand s-factor intelligence
|
|
deep structure
|
the actual meaning of a sentence
|
|
validity
|
general term for extent to which a test is accurate in that measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
|
|
overregularization
|
applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect words such as goed
|
|
language acquisition device
|
innate mechanism or process that facilitates learning of language which humans posses. Proposed by Noam Chomsky
|
|
Flynn effect
|
worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years
|
|
divergent thinking
|
type of thinking associated with creativity - seeing lots of solutions to a problem
|
|
grammar
|
in language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others that includes syntax and semantics
|
|
cognition
|
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
|
|
predictive validity
|
measure for validity that seeks to determine how well test scores correlate with an independent measure and how well they predict future behavior.
|
|
concept
|
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people - similar to schema
|
|
mental retardation
|
condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
|
|
insight
|
The AHA moment in learning. This type of learning is associated with Wolfgang Kohler's research on chimps' problem solving.
|
|
convergent thinking
|
type of thinking NOT associated with creativity - seeing one solution to a problem
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
individual that published first measure of intelligence in 1905.
|
|
test-retest reliability
|
measure for reliability; if you take the same test two times and get the same score again, it shows this type of reliability.
|
|
productive language
|
the total of words that babies can use
|
|
belief perseverance
|
clinging to one's initial ideas after basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
|
|
prototype
|
best example of a category.
|
|
Galton
|
Darwin's cousin who believed intelligence is inherited, eugenics, nature over nurture, founded psychometrics, eugenics
|
|
overconfidence
|
overestimating accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
|
|
normal curve
|
symmetrical curve that describes distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
|
|
surface structure
|
The superficial spoken or written structure of a statement.
|
|
emotional intelligence
|
ability to perceive, understand, manage, use emotions.
|
|
linguistic determinism
|
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
|
|
factor analysis
|
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on test to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.
|
|
standardization
|
defining meaningful scores by comparison with performance of a pretested standardization group and making testing conditions the same for all test takers
|
|
fixation
|
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
|
|
mental set
|
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
|
|
culture fair test
|
An intelligence test that uses questions that will not penalize those whose background and/or language differs from that of white middle and upper classes.
|
|
aptitude test
|
test designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn. Ex. when the SAT measures how well a person will do in college
|
|
heuristic
|
shortcut thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but that is more prone to error
|
|
morpheme
|
in language, smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix or suffix)
|
|
mental age
|
measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; chronological age that most typically corresponds to given level of performance.
|
|
intelligence test
|
method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
|
|
functional fixedness
|
tendency to think of items only in terms of their usual functions; a problem in problem solving.
|
|
percentile rank
|
Percentage of scores falling at or below a specific score.
|
|
Howard Gardner
|
Identified at least eight types of intelligences: linguistic, logical/mathematical, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, spatial (visual), interpersonal , intrapersonal , and naturalist
|
|
framing
|
the way an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments. also called wording effects
|
|
Stanford-Binet
|
widely used American revision by Terman of Binet's original intelligence test.
|
|
average IQ Score
|
100
|
|
intelligence quotient (IQ)
|
originally ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [On contemporary tests, average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.]
|
|
algorithm
|
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem if performed correctly
|
|
critical period
|
limited time span in development of an organism when it is optimal for certain abilities (such as language) to emerge because they are especially responsive to certain experiences
|
