| Terms |
Definitions |
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The 'DIFFERENTATION OF 'MALE'/'FEMALE BRAIN' depends on the absence/presence of what 'HORMONE' during a critical period.
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TESTOSTERONE
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There are 7 things that happen during 'MALE PUBERTY'. What are they?
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1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
2. ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS/SCROTUM/PROSTATE GLANDS/SEMINAL VESICLES
3. INCREASED BODY HAIR GROWTH
4. VOCAL FOLD THICKENING
5. SKIN THICKENING
6. INCREASED MUSCULAR GROWTH
7. THICKENING/STRENGTHENING OF BONES
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Towards the end of the 'VAS DEFERENS' there is an expanded region. What is this 'EXPANDED REGION' called. What is its purpose?
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1. AMPULLA = EXPANDED REGION
2. RESERVOIR FOR SPERM
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'ESTROGENS' encompass several different hormones. What are the 3 different hormones?
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1. ESTRADIOL
2. ESTRIOL
3. ESTRONE
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There are 7 forms of 'BIRTH CONTROL/CONTRACEPTION'? What are they?
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1. COITUS INTERRUPTUS
2. RHYTHM
3. MECHANICAL BARRIERS
4. CHEMICAL BARRIERS
5. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
6. SURGICAL METHODS
7. IUD
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What maintains the 'CORPUS LUTEUM'?
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(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
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What are the 'GONADS?
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TISSUE THAT CAN GO IN EITHER DIRECTION DEPENDING ON THE 'SEX CHROMOSOME PAIR'
TESTES IN MALES
OVARIES IN FEMALES
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What is the literal meaning of 'PROGESTERONE'?
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FOR-GESTATION
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How many 'SPERM' survive to enter EACH 'FALLOPIAN TUBE'?
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100 - 100,000 SPERM
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What are the 2 'SURGICAL METHODS' of 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
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1. VASECTOMY
2. TUBAL LIGATION
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Which of the following are involved in parturition (BIRTH)?
1. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, PROSTAGLANDINS
2. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, FSH
3. ESTROGEN, LH, PROGESTERONE
4. ESTROGEN, LH, BIRTHIN
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1. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, PROSTAGLANDINS
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The 'EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES' in 'MALES' require what hormone to be present?
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(DHT) - DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE
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Which 'SEX CHROMOSOME' gets 'short-changed' and does NOT have very many genes?
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Y CHROMOSOME
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What are the 2 main regions of the 'UTERUS'?
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1. CORPUS
2. UTERINE ISTHMUS or CERVIX (NECK)
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During the onset of 'MENSTRUATION':
1. ESTROGEN LEVELS ARE LOW
2. PROGESTERONE LEVELS = LOW
3. LH LEVELS ARE HIGH
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
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4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
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'OLVUATION' is caused by:
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AN LH SURGE
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What is 'DAY 1-5' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'?
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MENSTRUAL PHASE
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'MENOPAUSE' is defined as what type of 'sexual cycles'?
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IRREGULAR
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What does the absence of 'TESTOSTERONE' during a critical period lead to the development of?
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FEMALE BRAIN
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The 'TESTES' are divided into what?
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TESTICULAR LOBULES
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'ESTROGEN' also has an effect on one of the 'UTERINE WALLS'. Which 'UTERINE WALL' does it affect and what happens?
|
MYOMETRIUM
STIMULATES MYOMETRIAL CONTRACTIONS
(*MNEMONIC - ME)
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How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'AGE 35'?
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~30,000 FOLLICLES
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There are 3 factors that 'INCREASE' the contractibility of the 'UTERUS'. What are they?
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1. ESTROGEN LEVEL INCREASE
2. OXYTOCIN SECRETION
3. PROSTAGLANDIN FORMATION
*In Uterus
(*MNEMONIC = POE)
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What is a 'SPERMATOZOON'?
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SPERM
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TRUE or FALSE
'FOLLICLES' begin to 'DEGENERATE' after birth.
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TRUE
FOLLICLES DO DEGENERATE
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What happens to 'BLOOD VESSELS' in the 'UTERINE LINING' as the concentrations of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' 'DECLINE'?
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BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT IN UTERINE LINING
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Someone with the following would be going through what:
1. HOT FLASHES
2. IRRITABILITY
3. FATIGUE
4. INSOMNIA
5. CRYING EPISODES
6. DEPRESSION
7. DECREASE IN LIBIDO
8. DRY MOUTH
9. VAGINAL ITCHING
10. VAGINAL DRYNESS
11. HEART PALPITATION
12. BACKACHES
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MENOPAUSE
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When 'ESTROGEN' is present, what happens to the female germ cell 'OOCYTE'?
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BEGINS TO MATURE
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What is the purpose of the 'BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS'?
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SECRETE ALKALINE FLUID
*ACTS AS LUBRICANT
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What percentage of 'ESTABLISHED PREGNANCIES' are terminated by 'miscarriage'?
When does this occur?
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20%
DURING THE 1st TRIMESTER
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The delivery of the 'PLACENTA' is also referred to as what?
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AFTERBIRTH
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What does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN do?
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MAINTAINS 'CORPUS LUTEUM' DURING PREGNANCY
MAINTAINS LEVELS OF ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE
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A 'FOLLICLE' that is exposed to 'ESTROGEN' goes through a series of complex steps to mature. There are 4 basic steps, what are they?
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1. PRIMARY FOLLICLE
2. SECONDARY FOLLICLE
3. TERTIARY FOLLICLE
4. EGG RELEASED INTO OVIDUCT
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What are 'CHEMICAL BARRIERS' with regards to 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
What are some examples?
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USED TO KILL/IMMOBILIZE SPERM
CREAMS, FOAMS, JELLIES PLACED INSIDE VAGINA PRIOR TO INTERCOURSE
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During 'MENOPAUSE' what hormones are present and in what levels?
Why does this occur?
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FOLLICLE DOES NOT DEVELOP
1. LH/FSH = HIGH
2. ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE = LOW
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What is the 'AVERAGE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE' length?
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29.5 DAYS
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What is 'DAY 6-14' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'? (*3 things)
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POSTMENSTRUAL, PREOVULATORY, LUTEAL PHASE
- PROLIFERATION OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS
- STIMULATED BY ESTROGENS FROM FOLLICLE
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TRUE or FALSE
Ovaries CAN secrete androgens.
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FALSE
Ovaries canNOT secret androgens
Testes CAN secrete androgens
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What is 'DELAYED PUBERTY' in 'MALES' considered to be?
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LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS
- 'TESTES' failed to develop by age 20 (MALES)
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What is the 'AVERAGE' amount of 'SPERM' that is deposited in 2.75ml of 'SEMEN'?
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180 MILLION SPERM
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After an 'EGG' is 'FERTILIZED', what is it reffered to as?
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ZYGOTE
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'FALLOPIAN TUBES' are also called 2 other things. What are they?
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1. OVIDUCTS
2. UTERINE TUBES
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If 'ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE' levels are 'HIGH' what is 'INHIBITED'?
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FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
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There are typically 'TWO' implantation sites. What are the 2 sites?
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1. INTRAUTERINE
2. EXTRAUTERINE
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TRUE or FALSE
'SPERMATOGENSIS' canNOT occur at normal body temperature
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TRUE
Must occur at a LOWER temperature
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There are 6 things that happen during 'FEMALE PUBERTY'. What are they?
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1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
2. OVARIAN/MENSTRUATION CYCLE BEINGS
3. VAGINAL/UTERUS/UTERINE TUBES/OVARY ENLARGEMENT
4. BREAST DEVELOPMENT
5. INCREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THIGHS/BUTTOCKS/BREASTS
6. INCREASED VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN
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Where is the 'PROSTATE' located? How is it shaped?
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1. LOCATED - BELOW BLADDER
2. SHAPED - LIKE A DOGUHNUT
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'TESTICULAR LOBULES' contain 2 things. What are the 2 things and do they produce?
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1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES = SPERM PRODUCTION
2. LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
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The age of 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) is occuring slower/faster from previous times?
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FASTER
1840 - 17 YEARS OLD
1950 - 13 YEARS OLD
*LAST 50 YEARS FROM 14.2 - 12.8 YEARS OLD
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How many 'SPERM' make it to the general area of the 'waiting egg'?
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FEW HUNDRED
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What happens if a baby is 'XY' but the 'TESTES' don't have 'RECEPTORS' or will NOT secrete 'TESTOSTERONE'?
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THE BABY WILL PHYSICALLY BE FEMALE BUT BE A 'GENETIC MALE'.
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The 'LENGTH OF CYCLES' vary. How many days is it for most women?
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26-35 DAY CYCLES
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What is a 'INTRAUTERINE' implantation site defined as?
What 3 places can it be implanted at?
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1) UPPER POSTERIOR WALL OF UTERUS
2) CERVICAL IMPLANTATION
3) INTERNAL OS
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If (ERT) ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY is taken during the first years of 'MENOPAUSE' and continues for 7 years after. What will it help to eliminate?
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OSTEOPOROSIS (Weak bones)
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How much contribution does each 'SEX' usually have on 'INFERTILITY'?
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50% (EVEN)
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(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN is similar to what other 2 common hormones?
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1. GH (GROWTH HORMONE)
2. PROLACTIN
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What are some of the signs of 'MENOPAUSE'? (*There are 12)
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1. HOT FLASHES
2. IRRITABILITY
3. FATIGUE
4. INSOMNIA
5. CRYING EPISODES
6. DEPRESSION
7. DECREASE IN LIBIDO
8. DRY MOUTH
9. VAGINAL ITCHING
10. VAGINAL DRYNESS
11. HEART PALPITATION
12. BACKACHES
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What do the 'VAS DEFERENS' (Ductus Deferens) do?
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TUBES THAT CARRY SPERM FROM 'EPIDIDYMIS' to EJACULATORY DUCT NEAR BLADDER.
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Out of all of the 9 different phases during 'MENSTRUATION', what is the most constant?
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POSTOVULATORY (14 DAYS)
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Female Germ Cells or 'OOCYTES' are enclosed inside the ovary in tissue sacs called what?
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'OVARIAN FOLLICLES'
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What is the 'DEVELOPING ORGANISM' referred to as 2 weeks after contraception?
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PRE-EMBRYO
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The 'approximate' lifespan of 'SPERM' is:
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24-48 HOURS
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How many 'SPERM' can 'FERTILIZE' an egg?
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ONLY 1 SPERM
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On 'DAY 1' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE', 'FSH' levels are high. What does this do?
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STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOLLICLE (EGG INSIDE FOLLICLE)
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What are the functions of the 'PROSTATE GLAND'? What passes through it and what happpens?
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'URETHRA' passe through a small hole in center.
'PROSTATE GLAND' secretes 'ALKALINE FLUID'.
- Helps protect sperm from acidic environment of 'MALE' URETHRA/ 'FEMALE' VAGINA.
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Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
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FALLOPIAN TUBES
(UNION OF SPERM AND OVUM)
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The following are signs of what?
1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
2. ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS/SCROTUM/PROSTATE GLANDS/SEMINAL VESICLES
3. INCREASED BODY HAIR GROWTH
4. VOCAL FOLD THICKENING
5. SKIN THICKENING
6. INCREASED MUSCULAR GROWTH
7. THICKENING/STRENG
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MALE PUBERTY
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After a pregnancy is established, what factors account for '42%' of miscarriages? (*There is only 1)
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CHROMOSOMAL/GENETIC ERRORS
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The 'CESSATION' of 'menses' or 'MENARCHE' (mensturation) is also called what two things?
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1. MENOPAUSE
2. CLIMACTERIC
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What is 'PUBERTY'. About how long does it last?
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SEXUAL MATURITY / REPRODUCTION BECOMES POSSIBLE
USUALLY LASTS 3-5 YEARS
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What point in the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' is considered to be the most 'highly fertile period'?
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DAY 14 - OVULATION
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The following are signs of what?
1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
2. OVARIAN/MENSTRUATION CYCLE BEINGS
3. VAGINAL/UTERUS/UTERINE TUBES/OVARY ENLARGEMENT
4. BREAST DEVELOPMENT
5. INCREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THIGHS/BUTTOCKS/BREASTS
6. INCREASED VASC
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FEMALE PUBERTY
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TRUE or FALSE
The 'IUD' contraceptive DOES prevent fertilization of the sperm and egg.
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FALSE
It does NOT prevent fertilization of the sperm and egg.
It 'IRRITATES' the uterine wall so zygote cannot implant.
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'PROGESTERONE' also has an effect on one of the 'UTERINE WALLS'. Which 'UTERINE WALL' does it affect and what happens?
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MYOMETRIUM
'INHIBITS' MYOMETRIUM CONTRACTIONS
(*MNEMONIC - PRO-INHIBITION)
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The lowering of the age at 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) may be caused by what? (*MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE)
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NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
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How many 'OVARIAN FOLLICLES' will 'MATURE' during a cycle?
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ONLY ONE (MOST OF THE TIME)
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What happens a few days after 'DAY 27' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
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NEXY CYCLE BEGINS AFTER 'ENDOMETRIUM' IS SLUFFED OFF AND ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE LEVELS ARE LOW.
FSH INCREASES
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'MALE' fertility depends on what 2 things?
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1. QUALITY
2. QUANTITY
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What is a 'EXTRA UTERINE' implantation site defined as?
What 3 places can it be implanted at?
|
RARE / ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
1) TUBAL
2) ABDOMINAL
3) OVARIAN
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What does the 'SECRETION' of the 'MALE' 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS' do?
|
SEMINAL PLASMA MIXES WITH SPERM = 'SEMEN' / 'SEMINAL FLUID'
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13 - 33% of the 'SEMINAL PLASMA' is made up of this.
(*HELPS PROTECT FROM ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT)
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ALKALINE FLUID
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What does 'GONADAL DEVELOPMENT' depend on?
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Y CHROMOSOME
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What is 'CAPACITATION'?
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ENHANCEMENT OF SPERM FERTILIZING ABILITY ('MALE'/'FEMALE' REPRODUCTIVE TRACT)
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What would eventually happen to a group of girls on different 'MENSTRUATION' cycles if they were put together in the same living environment?
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EVENTUALLY THEY WOULD MENSTRUATE AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME
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When does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN reach it's peak?
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IN THE 2nd MONTH
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TRUE or FALSE:
Younger women tend to have SHORTER cycles than do older women
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FALSE
Younger Women = LONGER CYCLES
Older Women = SHORTER CYCLES
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(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN is detectable in the blood/urine as early as how many days 'AFTER' fertilization?
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8-10 DAYS
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After 'EJACULATION', 'SPERM' live for approximately how long?
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48-72 HOURS
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What does 'PROGESTERONE' inhibit?
|
MYOMETRIUM
'INHIBITS' MYOMETRIUM CONTRACTIONS
(*MNEMONIC - PRO-INHIBITION)
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What hormone is secreted by the 'PLACENTA' and is also considered to be the 'STIMULUS' for early testicular secretion of 'TESTOSTERONE'?
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HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
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What would the following by sings of:
1. BREAST CHANGE
2. MENSTRUATION CHANGE
3. RHYTHMIC OVARY CHANGES
4. MYOMETRIUM CHANGES
5. VAGINAL CHANGE
6. HORMONE SECRETION CHANGES
7. BODY TEMPERATURE CHANGES
8. MOOD CHANGES
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Changes from 'PUBERTY' to 'MENOPAUSE' in 'FEMALES'
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'MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR' causes what to occur? Who does this happen to? Where is this secreted from?
|
REGRESSION OF MULLERIAN DUCTS
MALES
PLACENTA
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What are some of the characteristics of the 'EPIDIDYMIS'? (* There are 3)
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1. SMALL COILED TUBE
2. MEASURES ABOUT 20 FEET
3. SITE OF SPERM MATURATION
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During 'PREGNANCY' and 'LACTATION' there are some extra nutritional requirements. What are they? (*There are 5 of them)
|
1. EXTRA PROTEIN
2. EXTRA IRON
3. EXTRA CALCIUM
4. EXTRA FOLIC ACID
5. EXTRA VITAMIN B
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Which of the 2 components of the 'UTERINE WALL' is shed during 'MENSTRUATION'?
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ENDOMETRIUM
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'LABOR' can be divded into 3 stages. What are the 3 stages?
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1. CERIVCAL DILATION
2. DELIVERY OF BABY
3. DELIVERY OF PLACENTA
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How many chromosomes do 'HUMANS' have? How many pairs does this equal out to?
|
46 CHROMOSOMES
23 PAIRS
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The 'SPERM' carries what type(s) of 'SEX CHROMOSOME(S)'?
|
X AND Y
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What is the method of 'BIRTH CONTROL' that has a 100% effective rate?
|
ABSTINENCE
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What are the levels of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' like during pregnancy?
|
HIGH
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There are 2 reasons why the presence of the 'Y CHROMOSOME' results in a male. What are the 2 reasons?
|
1. (SRY)SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y GENE
*ENCODES FOR (TDF) PROTEIN
2. (TDF) TESTIS DETERMINING FACTOR
*PROTEIN THAT INDUCES FORMATION OF TESTIS)
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Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
|
IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
|
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What chromosome pair combination determines a 'MALE'?
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XY
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Compared to women in America, women who have twins, smoke or are in developing countires enter menopause at a(n) ________ age.
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EARLIER
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There are 3 indications that 'OVULATION' has occured on 'DAY 14' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'. What are they?
|
1. BASAL BODY TEMP RISE
2. SLIGHT PAIN OVER OVARY
3. VAGINAL SECRETORY PATTERNS
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A 'SPERM'S' capacity to fertilize is enhanced by what?
|
EXPOSURE TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT SECRETIONS
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What hormone must be present in order for a 'FEMALE' germ cell 'OOCYTE' to 'MATURE'?
|
ESTROGEN
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What is the purpose of the 'EJACULATORY DUCTS'?
|
CARRY SPERM FROM 'VAS DEFERENS' TO 'URETHRA'
|
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What is the 'LARGE MATURE FOLLICLE' that develops during the cycle called?
|
GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE
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What is the 'APPROXIMATE SPERM' count per/ejaculation?
|
40 MILLION - 250 MILLION / EJACULATION
|
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What is the temperature in the 'SCROTUM' compared to body temperature? Why?
|
SEVERAL DEGREES LOWER
SPERMATOGENESIS IS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
|
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What happens on 'DAY 1' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
|
MENSTURATION STARTS
ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE = LOW
FSH = HIGH
|
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What are the effects of 'ESTROGEN' in the 'FEMALE' system development?
|
STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES'
|
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There are 2 'DUCTS' that cause the formation of 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES'. What are the 2 ducts?
|
1. WOLLFIAN DUCTS = MALES
2. MULLERIAN DUCTS = FEMALES
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What happens on 'DAY 14' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
|
OVULATION
LH SURGE = 16 HOURS BEFORE OVULATION
LH = HIGH
Expulsion of egg from 'MATURE FOLLICLE'
|
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How many pairs of the '23 PAIRS' of chromosomes determines the 'SEX' of the offspring?
|
ONLY 1 PAIR
|
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How long is the baby referred to as an 'EMBRYO'?
|
WEEKS 3-8 OF DEVELOPMENT
|
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Where are the 'SPERM' stored for maturation before they are released from the 'TESTES'?
|
EPIDIDYMIS
|
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At what point do the 'MALE'/'FEMALE' reproductive organs look the same?
|
UP TO 8 WEEKS
|
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'SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES' also contain what type of cells that help 'NURTURE' sperm cells?
|
SERTOLI CELLS
|
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'ESTROGEN' is produced in 'FEMALES' from 3 different places. What are the 3 places?
|
1. FOLLICLE
2. CORPUS LUTEUM
3. PLACENTA
|
|
New 'SPERM' are continously produced by the 'TESTES'. How many are made each 'DAY'?
|
ABOUT 200 MILLION/DAY
|
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'SPERM' can live approximately how many days?
|
3-6 DAYS
|
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What happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'CARDIAC OUTPUT' during 'PREGNANCY'?
|
INCREASES
|
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'OVARIES' are about the size of what? Where are they located?
|
LARGE ALMONDS
EITHER SIDE OF THE UTERUS
|
|
The 'SECRETORY PHASE' is almost 'always' how many days?
|
14 DAYS
|
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What is the approximate age of puberty for 'MALES'?
|
9-14 BOYS
|
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What is the approximate age of puberty for 'FEMALES'?
|
8-13 FEMALES
|
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How long does it take for a 'ZYGOTE' to grow to 'HUMAN' for normal birth weight?
|
38 WEEKS (9.5 MONTHS)
|
|
About how much does the 'CERVICAL DILATE' during labor?
|
UP TO 10cm
|
|
The '25 POUNDS' that a mother gains can be separated into 5 things. What are the 5 things?
|
1) 12 lbs = FAT
2) 2 lbs = PLACENTA
3) 2 lbs = AMNIOTIC FLUID
4) 1 lb = BLOOD VOLUME
5) 8 lbs = BABY
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There are 2 main 'HORMONES' thare are released from the 'OVARIES'. What are they?
|
1. ESTROGENS
2. PROGESTERONE
|
|
There are 2 more hormones that play a role in SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT besides 'TESTOSTERONE'. What are the 2 hormones?
|
1. MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR
2. HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
|
|
After how many weeks is a 'developing organism' referred to as a 'FETUS'?
|
8 WEEKS+
|
|
What are the characteristics 'MYOMETRIUM'?
|
SMOOTH MUSCLE
CONTRACTION OF THE UTERINE WALL. THIS RESULTS IN 'EXPULSION' of the FETUS IN BIRTH.
|
|
What happens on 'DAY 27' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
|
ESTROGEN = LOW
PROGESTERONE = LOW
ISCHEMIA (LACK OF BLOOD FLOW) TO 'ENDOMETRIUM'
'ENDOMETRIUM' IS SLUFFED OFF
|
|
'CYCLE LENGTH' can be affected by 3 different factors. What are the factors?
|
1. GENETIC
2. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
3. EXTREME EXERCISE
|
|
'PROGESTERONE' is produced in 'FEMALES' from 2 different places. What are the 2 places?
|
1. CORPUS LUTEUM
2. PLACENTA
|
|
What is 'PREMARIN'?
|
MIXTURE OF 6 ESTROGENS DERIVED FROM PREGNANT HORSE URINE
(PREGNANT MARE URINE) = PREMARIN
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The 'OVARIAN CYCLE' is spread over 29.5 days. During these time, there are 5 main events. What are the 5 days that these events take place?
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1. DAY 1
2. DAY 7
3. DAY 14
4. DAY 23
5. DAY 27
(7-14-23-27)
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Where are the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' attached?
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TO UTERUS AT ITS LATERAL SUPERIOR ANGLES
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What is the process of 'SPERM' travel?
(*6 Steps)
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1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
2. EPIDIDYMIS
3. VAS DEFERENS
4. EJACULATORY DUCT
5. URETHRA
6. PENIS
(*MNEMONIC - SEVE(N) UP
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'TESTOSTERONE' induces development of the 'WOLFFIAN DUCTS' into what?
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1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
- EPIDIDYMIS
- DUCTUS DEFERENS
- EJACULATORY DUCT
- SEMINAL VESICLES
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There are 2 main components in the 'UTERINE WALL'. What are they?
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1. ENDOMETRIUM
2. MYOMETRIUM
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Where does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN come from?
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IMPLANTATION SITE OF EGG
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How many 'eggs' does a female posses at 'BIRTH'?
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1 MILLION`
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What will happen if there is NO 'LH SURGE'?
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OVULATION WILL 'NOT' OCCUR
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What hormone is only present in a pregnant woman, which indicates a 'SUCCESSFUL' fertilization?
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(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
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What is 'RHYTHM' in regards to 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
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ABSTINENCE OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING THE TIME THE EGG IS AVAILABLE FOR FERTILIZATION (FEW DAYS BEFORE/AFTER OVULATION)
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During the 'MENSTRUAL PHASE' most women lose approximately how much blood?
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1 - 1.25 oz of BLOOD
(33 - 83ml)
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On average, how much weight should a mother 'gain'?
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25 POUNDS
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Out of the '2' 'IMPLANTATION SITES', which ones it considered to be 'RARE' and found in 'ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES'?
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EXTRAUTERINE
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What chromosome pair combination determines a 'FEMALE'?
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XX
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The size/shape of the 'UTERUS' depends on what?
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IF THE WOMAN HAS GIVEN BIRTH (LARGER IN MULTIPAROUS WOMEN)
*More than one birth at a time. (i.e., twins)
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What is 'DAY 27-28' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'?
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ISCHEMIC PHASE
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From 'PUBERTY' to 'MENOPAUSE' in 'FEMALES'. There are 8 things than occur, what are they?
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1. BREAST CHANGE
2. MENSTRUATION CHANGE
3. RHYTHMIC OVARY CHANGES
4. MYOMETRIUM CHANGES
5. VAGINAL CHANGE
6. HORMONE SECRETION CHANGES
7. BODY TEMPERATURE CHANGES
8. MOOD CHANGES
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'IMPLANTATION' usually takes place about how long after fertilization?
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6-7 DAYS
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What happens to 'UTERINE LINING' in the presence 'PROGESTERONE'? (*2 things)
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1. BECOMES MORE GLANDULAR
2. BECOMES MORE VASCULAR
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What is the 'URETHRA' function in males?
What 2 fluids does it carry?
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TUBE FROM URINARY BLADDER -> PENIS (External Opening)
1. URINE
2. SPERM
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What do the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' serve as for the 'OVARIES'?
What are their diameters?
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DUCTS
~DIAMETER = SIZE OF A DRINKING STRAW
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How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'AGE 50'?
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~1,000 FOLLICLES
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How many 'FOLLICLES' are 'STIMULATED' during 'MENSTURATION'?
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6-7 IN EACH OVARY
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Where is the 'EPIDIDYMIS' located?
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TOP AND SIDE OF 'TESTES'
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The 'DUCTUS EPIDIDYIS' also secretes a specific protein to help sperm. What is the protein and how does it help the sperm?
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1. SPERM FORWARD-MOBILITY PROTEIN
2. CAUSES A MOVEMENT PATTERN OF SPERM
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On average, how many 'FOLLICLES' are released through 'OVULATION'?
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400 FOLLICLES
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What are 2 examples of 'MECHANICAL BIRTH CONTROL'?
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1. CONDOM - Sheath placed over erect penis prior to intercourse. Prevents sperm entry to vagina.
2. DIAGPHRAGM - Rubber dome placed over cervix. Prevents sperm entry to 'UTERUS'
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What is the approximate 'SEMEN' volume of 'ONE EJACULATION'?
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2-6 ML
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Early development of 'SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS' is known as:
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PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
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What is 'DELAYED PUBERTY' in 'FEMALES' considered to be?
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LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS
- 'MENARCHE' has failed to occur by age of 17 (FEMALES)
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More than __% of 'INFERTILITY' case can be diagnosed and successfully treated.
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80%
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What happens to usualy 'CALORIC REQUIREMENTS'?
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INCREASE
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What are the 4 parts of a 'SPERMATOZOON' (SPERM) and what does each part contain?
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1. HEAD - NUCLEUS +23 CHROMO
2. ACROSOME - ENZYME-FILLED
3. TAIL - MOVEMENT
4 MIDPIECE - LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
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'PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY' is often caused by what?
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TUMORS OF THE GONADS OR ADRENAL GLANDS
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What are some of the treatment options for 'MENOPAUSE'?
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ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY (ERT)
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What are 'ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES'? What are they usually made of?
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REFFERED TO AS THE 'PILL'
Contain 'ESTROGEN-LIKE' and 'PROGESTERONE-LIKE' substances that alter 'ENDORCRINE' regulation of ovaries and 'PREVENT' ovulation.
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The development of 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES' depends on the 'PRESENCE'/'ABSENCE' of what hormone?
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TESTOSTERONE
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'LH' stimulates the transformation of 'FOLLICLE CELLS' into what?
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'CORPUS LUTEUM'
(YELLOW BODY)
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How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'PUBERTY'?
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~83,000 FOLLICLES
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What things can change the 'REGULARITY' of a 'WOMAN'S MENSTRUAL CYCLE'? (*There are 4 of them)
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1. SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
2. DAY LENGTH
3. ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
4. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
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What are 'MULLERIAN DUCTS'. What do they determine and how are they determined?
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MULLERIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL FEMALE STRUCTURES
FEMALES
LACK OF TESTOSTERONE
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More than half of the 'TOTAL SEMEN VOLUME' is made of this. Where is is created?
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MADE OF 'SEMINAL PLASMA'
MADE IN 'SEMINAL VESICLES'
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Up until what point of embryonic development does the baby have both 'WOLLFIAN DUCTS/MULLERIAN DUCTS'?
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UNTIL WEEK 7
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What are 'WULFFIAN DUCTS'. What do they determine and how are they determined?
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WOLLFIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL MALE STRUCTURE FORMATION
MALES
TESTOSTERONE
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What happens on 'DAY 2' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
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ONE FOLLICLE CONTINUES, OTHERS DEGENERATE
ESTROGEN 'INCREASES' AS FOLLICLE GROWS INTO 'GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE'
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The 'EGG' carries what type(s) of 'SEX CHROMOSOME(S)'?
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X ONLY
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What is a 'TUBAL LIGATION'?
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FEMAL SURGICAL BIRTH CONTROL
TIE OFF BOTH UTERINE TUBES, PREVENTS TRANSPORT OF SPERM OR EGG THROUGH TUBES.
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What is a 'VASECTOMY'?
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SEGMENTS BETWEEN THE 'VAS DEFERENS' (2 PLACES) ARE REMOVED AND TIED OFF.
*INCISION MADE IN SCROTUM
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What is 'BIRTH CONTROL' defined as?
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VOLUNTARY REGULATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS
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What is 'PARTURITION' defined as?
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ACT OF GIVING BIRTH
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'TESTOSTERONE' has seveal non-reproductive actions. There are 3 of them. What are they?
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1. BONE GROWTH STIMULATION
(GROWTH SPURT)
2. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CLOSURE
(GROWTH PLATES)
3. SEBACEOUS GLAND OIL SECRETION
(MAY CAUSE ACNE)
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What happens to the 'DEAD SPERM'?
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PHAGOCYTIZED BY LEUKOCYTES
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What happens to the 'PITUITARY GLAND' during 'PREGNANCY'?
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INCREASES IN SIZE / ACTIVITY
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Will a 'FEMALE' increase the amount of 'FOLLICLES' she has after birth?
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NO
NO NEW FOLLICLES ARE MADE AFTER BIRTH
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Where are 'LEYDIG CELLS' located? What do they do?
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LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE 'SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES'
LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
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What is the average birth weight of a newborn baby?
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7-7.5 POUNDS
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'MALES' have 3 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS'. What are they?
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1. SEMINAL VESICLES
2. PROSTATE GLAND
3. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
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'SEMINAL PLASMA' fluid also contains what? This is to give sperm 'ENERGY' for their journey.
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FRUCTOSE (SUGAR)
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How many compartments do 'TESTICULAR LOBULES' have?
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~250 COMPARTMENTS
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After week at, the 'EMBRYO' is reffered to as what?
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FETUS
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An 'EGG' can be fertilized for about how long?
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12-24 HOURS
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What happens on 'DAY 23' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' if pregnancy 'DOES' occur?
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CORPUS PERSISTS = INCREASED ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE AND FSH INHIBITED
NO MORE PERIODS UNTIL AFTER DELIVERY OF BABY
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Puberty in 'WOMEN' is starting _______ and menopause is devloping _______.
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1. EARLIER = PUBERTY
2. LATER = MENOPAUSE
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What is the 'MAIN' 'ESTROGEN' that is secreted from the 'OVARIES'?
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ESTRADIOL
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Cells of the 'CORPUS LUTEUM' secrete 2 hormones. What are they?
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1. ESTROGENS
2. PROGESTERONE
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What are some of the 'RISKS' of (ERT)? (*There are 4 of them)
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1. BREAST CANCER
2. WEIGHT GAIN
3. GALL BLADDER DISEASE
4. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
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At around what age does 'MENOPAUSE' occur?
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~52 YEARS OF AGE
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What is 'COITUS INTERRUPTUS'?
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WITHDRAWING THE PENIS FROM THE VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION
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What are some of the 'BENEFITS' of (ERT)? (*There are 5 of them)
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1. RELIEVES HOT FLASHES
2. INSOMNIA
3. VAGINAL DRYNESS
4. MOOD SWINGS
5. HEART DISEASE
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What are the effects of 'ESTROGEN' in the 'FEMALE' system development?
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STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES'
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The 'DISTAL ENDS' of the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' expand into what?
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FUNNEL-LIKE STRUCTURES
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There are 2 main functions of the 'OVARIES'. What are they?
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1. OVULATION - PRODCUTION OF MATURE EGG
2. SECRETION - PRODUCTION OF FEMALE HORMONES
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The 'OVARY' of a newborn girl contains about how many 'FOLLICLES'?
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500,000 FOLLICLES
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Approximately how many 'GENES' are present on the human 'X CHROMOSOME'?
What do these genes control? (*2 Main things)
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~100+
1. COLOR VISION
2. BLOOD CLOTTING
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What is the purpose of the 'SEMINAL VESICLES'? (* Only 1)
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1. SECRETE VISCOUS LIQUID PORTION OF SEMEN (SEMINAL PLASMA)
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'ESTROGEN' has the ability to 'INHIBIT' what other hormone?
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FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
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'OVULATION' usually occurs on:
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DAY 14 OF THE CYCLE
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TRUE or FALSE
'OVARIES' are among the most vascular organs of the body.
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TRUE
'OVARIES' are VERY vascular
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TRUE or FALSE
'OVARIES' usually alternate expulsion of the 'EGG/FOLLICLE'.
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TRUE
'OVARIES' DO ALTERNATE
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'SEMINAL PLASMA' fluid also contains this which helps 'STIMULATE' contraction of 'MALE'/'FEMALE' reproductive tracts.
Also helps 'SPERM TRANSPORT'.
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PROSTAGLANDINS
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If an 'EMBRYO' is not exposed to 'TESTOSTERONE' and 'MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR', what occurs?
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WOLFFIAN DUCTS REGRESS
FEMALE STRUCTURES GROW
MULLERIAN DUCTS DEVELOP INTO REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
- OVIDUCTS
- UTERUS
- VAGINA
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The 'FERTILE PERIOD' is about how many days near the middle of the cycle?
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5-6 DAYS
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What is 'IUD' birth control?
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IRRITATES UTERINE WALL SO ZYGOTE CANNOT IMPLANT
DOES 'NOT' PREVENT FERTILIZATION
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What is 'PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY'?
What are the causes for this to occur?
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EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS W/OUT GAMETOGENESIS
CAUSES:
- FEMALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ESTROGEN
- MALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ANDROGENS
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What are the differences of the 'FEMALE/MALE BRAIN'? (*There are 3)
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1. SIZE OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
2. CYCLIC RELEASE OF GONADOTROPIN
3. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
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(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN has what type of effects on the body with regards to sugar?
Why is this helpful during pregnancy?
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ANTI-INSULIN EFFECTS
DECREASES MATERNAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION. GLUCOSE IS DIVERTED TO FETUS
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What is the 'SPERM' to 'OVUM' production ratio
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1 OVUM: 1 BILLION SPERM
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What % of 'FERTILE ZYGOTES' result in 'MISCARRIAGE'?
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30%
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What is the approximate 'SPERM' count for measuring fertility?
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AT LEAST 20 MILLION SPERM/ML
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What are the 4 main causes for the '30%' of 'ZYGOTES' miscarried before/right after implantation?
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1. GENETIC/CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE
2. IMMUNE RESPONSES
3. DRUG/POLLUNTANT EXPOSURE
4. IMPROPER HORMONAL PRIMING OF UTERUS
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What happens on 'DAY 23' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' if pregnancy does 'NOT' occur?
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CORPUS LUTEUM BEINGS TO DEGENERATE
ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE LEVELS = DROP
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'TESTOSTERONE' is produce in the:
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LEYDIG CELLS
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What effects does 'ESTROGEN' have on the 'UTERINE WALL DEVELOPMENT'?
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STIMULATES IT TO GROW
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What is 'UTERUS' shaped like and where is it located?
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1. SHAPED = PEAR
2. LOCATED = PELVIC CAVITY ABOVE URINARY BLADDER FRONT OF RECTUM
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