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220. What happens when reading rates are greater than 400 WPM?
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Not comprehending, just skimming
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216. Identify:a. probability of fixatingb. probability of skippingc. probability of re-fixating
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A. "Creative" = 0.98B. "Creative" = 0.02C. "Creative" = 0.24
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230. What is a moving-window paradigm?
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Window is contingent on where subject is looking
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268. What are the two stages in the word identification system?
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Stage 1: Familiarity Check (rapid)Stage 2: Lexical Access
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266. What are two assumptions of E-Z Reader (Reichle et al., 1998,1999,2003,2006)
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1. Attention is allocated to only one word at a time2. Decoupling between signal to begin shifting attention and signal to move eyes to next word
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272. The time to complete familiarity check and lexical access is a function of what?Two things...
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1. Words frequency2. Words predictability
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229. What happens in a gaze-contingent experiment?
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Information on monitor is dependent upon where subject is looking
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212. What do these two parameters provide researchers with?
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They provide a complete record of a subject's eye movements during reading
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253. What were the prime durations used by Lee et al.?
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5 prime durations: 29,32,35,38,&41
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180. Describe the visual acuity for word identification
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See Graph
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239. McConkie and Rayner Second Experiment
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Text
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236. What were the results of McConkie and Rayner's experiment?
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-13 characters (7 character spaces to the right and left of fixation)reduced rate by 60%-31 characters (15 character spaces to the right of fixation) normal rate-Subjects in all conditions had normal comprehension
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206. What are some general properties of saccades with English text?Two things...
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1. Typically move the eyes forward 7-9 character spaces (2⁰)2. Character spaces are appropriate metric (due to trade-off between visual resolution and viewing distance)
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259. What is the processing/cognitive control theory?Three points...
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1. Significant moment-to-moment control of eye movements during reading2. Fixation durations reflect cognitive (linguistic) processing (e.g., word identification)3. Cognition does influence moment to moment decision of eye movement
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192. How long does the labile stage take?Can it be canceled?
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1. 140-170 ms2. Can be canceled
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191. What are the two stages in which saccades are programmed?
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1. First (labile) stage2. Second (non-labile) Stage
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248. What is the boundary paradigm?
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Gaze-contingent paradigmDetermine how similarity between preview and post view word influence processing of post view word
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245. Describe the asymmetry of the perceptual span.Three points...
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-14 characters left + 14 characters right = normal rate-4 characters left + 14 characters right = normal rate-14 characters left + 4 characters right = much slower rate
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244. How is the perceptual span asymmetric?
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Right edge extends further than left edge (McConkie & Rayner)
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221. Why is reading important?What is the prominent domain of reading?
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-Reading is a way to understand language-Eye movement is main domain of reading
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184. How far doe the parafovea extend?
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It extends 5⁰ from center
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240. How did the text differ?Six ways...
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1. X's w/ spaces2. X's w/o spaces3. Similar letters, spaces4. Similar letters, no spaces5. Dissimilar letters, spaces6. Dissimilar letters, no spaces
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243. How does perceptual span depend upon density?
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-Varies in size, depending upon the "density" of the writing system-Denser language has smaller perceptual spanExamples: Hebrew < English; Japanese < English
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187. What are two types of eye movements?
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1. Voluntary eye movements (saccades in reading)2. Smooth eye movements
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210. What are some prosperities of non-fixated words?Three things...
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1. Short2. Highly frequent words3. Highly predictable words from context
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237. What conclusion was drawn from these results?
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When there was too few characters to the right, subjects did not get all the information they would normally use in reading
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261. What are the core assumptions of Reader (Just & Carpenter, 1980)Two assumptions....
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1. Immediacy Hypothesis2. Eye-Mind Hypothesis
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267. What are the three basic systems that work together according to E-Z Reader?
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1. Word Identification System2. Visual System3. Oculomotor System
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255. What are other linguistic phenomenaEight Beefy Chunks...
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1. Semantic processing (Morris; Sereno)2. Repetition priming (Raney & Rayner; Rayner et al.)3. Morpheme processing (Hyönä & Pollatsek; Pollatsek et al.)4. Anaphora and co-reference (O’Brien et al.)5. Lexical ambiguity (Binder & Rayner; Duffy et al.)6. Phonological ambiguity (Lesch & Pollatsek)7. Discourse factors and stylistic conventions (Birch & Rayner)8. Syntactic ambiguity (Frazier & Rayner)
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217. How is reading speed measure?What does reading speed depend upon?
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-Rate is measure in words-per-minute (WPM)-Rate depends on skill of reader and difficulty of text
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213. What happens to the data taken by eye trackers?
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The data is reduced (made manageable) using word-base measures (means)
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235. What was the design of McConke and Rayner's experiment?
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-Varied size of moving window: 13,17,21,25,31,37,45, or 100 character spaces (screen size = 100 spaces)-Subjects read 500-word passage
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224. What are frequency effects?
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High frequency words (e.g "the") are fixated for less and are skipped more often than low frequency words (e.g "ostrich")
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182. What is high-resolution vision limited to?
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Limited to the fovea (central 2⁰ of visual field)
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231. Moving-Window Paradigm
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Gaze-Contingent
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256. What are two theories of eye-movement control?
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1. Oculomotor/Global control2. Processing/Cognitive control (Reichle is here)
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252. What were the conditions Lee et al. used for the primes?
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-Condition 1: orthographic vs phonological-Condition 2: related vs unrelated
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251. Fast Priming Paradign
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Lee et al.
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211. What two parameters do eye trackers measure and record?
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1. When the eyes move2. Where the eyes move
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207. What is regression?
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10-15% move eyes backwards
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186. Where do eye movements place words during reading?
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Eye movements are directed so as to place each word in the fovea
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209. What are some general properties of fixations with English text?Three things...
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1. Typically 200-300 ms in duration (range = 50-500 ms)2. Visual information is extracted from page only during fixations 3. Approximately 80% of words are fixated in normal text
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249. Boundary Paradgim
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When boundary is hit, the pre-target word is changed to the post-target word (boundary can't be seen)
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177. Describe density of rods and cones as a function of degrees from fovea
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Image
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261. What is the immediacy hypothesis?
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The eyes do not move from a word until all processing on that word is finished
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195. How long does it take for information to go from the retina to the brain?
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50 ms
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238. What did McConkie and Rayner do in their second experiment?
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Varied properties of text:X's w/ spaces vs X's w/o spaces
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202. Describe the video-based eye tracker.Four points...
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1. Poor spatial resolution (⁺/₋ 1.5⁰)2. Fair temporal resolution (250 Hz)3. Very easy to use4. Can be mounted on head; not affected by head motion
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208. What does regression reflect?
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Often it reflects difficulty with higher-level language processing
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246. How are the left and right edges of the perceptual span defined differently?Two ways...
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1. Left edge = beginning (left edge) of fixated word2. Right edge = number of visible letters
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178. What do cones see?What part of the visual field do cones see?
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Cones see colors and fine detailsCones also see the center of the visual field
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253. What are the two types of primes in condition one?
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1. Orthographic (spelling is similar)2. Phonological (rhyme or sound similar)
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264. What are spillover effects?
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Processing difficulty on one word can “spill over,” inflating fixation times on subsequent words
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202. Describe the search-coil eye tracker.Three points...
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1. Excellent spatial resolution (⁺/₋ 2⁰)2. Good temporal resolution (1000 Hz)3. It's invasive; subjects must wear a contact lens
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219. What constrains rate on reading speed?Two things...
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1. Visual acuity2. Eye-movement times
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183. How does visual resolution decrease as you move from fovea?
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As you move from fovea to parafovea to peripheral vision, visual resolution decreases rapidly
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269. What composes the visual system?Two things...
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1. Early Processing2. Attention (selection)
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250. What is a fast priming paradigm?Two things
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1. Prime and target are displayed on the same fixation2. Look info extracted and time course over which info is extracted
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258. What are three models of oculomotor/global control?
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1. Strategy-Tactics (O’Regan, 1992)2. Word-Targeting (Reilly & O’Regan, 1998)3. Minimal Control (Suppes, 1994)
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260. What are three models of processing/cognitive control?
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1. Reader (Just & Carpenter)2. ASM (Reilly, 1983)3. Mr. Chips (1997)
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242. What were the results for similar vs dissimilar letters?Two things...
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1. Different letter shape: reduced reading speed for windows < 21 (interference w/ pattern recognition)2. Letter shape information: extracted up to 10 character spaces to right of fixation
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227. What are predictability effects?
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Predictable words are fixated for less time and are skipped more often than less predictable words
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185. What is the most fundamental task of reading?
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Eye movement
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241. What were the results for the X's with spaces vs X's without spaces?Three things...
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1. No spaces: reduced rate for windows < 31 characters2. Black spaces are used to guide eye movements3. Space information: extracted up to 15 characters to right of fixation
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262. What is the eye-mind hypothesis
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Only the word that is being fixated is processed.
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201. What are the three types of eye trackers?
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1. Video-based2. Search-coil3. Dual-Purkinje Image (DPI)
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181. What does word identification depend upon?
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Word identification depends upon high-resolution vision
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254. What were the results from the Lee et al. experiment?Four things...
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1. Orthographic priming: significant across all prime durations 2. Phonological priming: significant w/ 29-, 32-, and 35-ms primes3. Semantic priming: only significant w/ 32-ms prime4. Phonological codes activated very early during identification
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194. What is the duration of saccades?
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20-35 ms
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203. Describe the Dual-Purkinje Image eye tracker.Four points...
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1. Excellent spatial resolution (⁺/₋ 1⁰)2. Excellent temporal resolution (4000 Hz)3. Uses a bite-bar to reduce head motion4. Can be difficult to operate
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247. How do we know asymmetry is attention-based and not "hard-wired" (Pollatstek et al.)?Two points...
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1. Extends further to the left for native Israeli speakers reading Hebrew (which is read right to left)2. For English-Hebrew bilinguals, extends to the right when reading English and extends to the left when reading Hebrew*influenced by language you're reading
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233. What is the perceptual span?
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Effective visual field during reading
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234. What did McConkie and Rayner look at regrading perceptual span?
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Wanted to determine what is the size of the perceptual span
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188. What are saccades?
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Ballistic movements that move the eyes from one location to the next (derived from French word meaning "jump")
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180. How do surrounding letters affect visual acuity?
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They serve as visual distractors and decrease visual acuity
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215. Identify the following: a. first-fixation durationb. single-fixation durationc. gaze durationd. total viewing time
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A. "Creative" = 179 msB. "Spark" = 312 msC. "Creative" - 299 ms (doesn't include regression)D. "Creative" = 487 ms
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226. What was found in the frequency effect experiment?Two things...
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1. High frequency words fixated for less time2. More frequent words are better represented in semantic memory and thus have quicker retrieval
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257. What is the oculomotor/global control theory?Three points...
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1. Very little (if any) moment-to-moment control of eye movements during reading2. Fixation durations reflect a global strategy (e.g., fast rate vs. slow rate)3. Doesn't have to deal with immediate cognitive processing
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218. What is the upper rate on reading speed?
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About 400 WPM (with complete comprehension)
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193. How long does the non-labile stage take?Can it be canceled?
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1. 40-80 ms2. Cannot be canceled
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200. What is an eye tracker?
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-It measures eye movement-It's used to help learn how we control eye movements
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228. What did Rayner et al. find from manipulating predictable and unpredictable words in various sentences?Two things...
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1. In predictable condition, p=.782. In unpredictable condition, p <.01 (context word)
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223. What are some basic language processing effects and what researchers look at them?Two things...
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1. Frequency effects (Just & Carpenter)2. Predictability effects (Ehrlich & Rayner)
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270. What makes up the oculomotor system?Three things...
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1. Labile Stage2. Non-labile stage3. Saccade generation
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189. What is the oculomotor system?
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Neural systems that program and execute saccades
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271. How many stages does programming have?Which one can be canceled and why?
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-Programming has 2 stages-Labile stage can be canceled if familiarity check signals movement to next word (how we skip words)
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190. How long does it take to program saccades?
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180-230 ms
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225. Describe the two conditions of the experiment to illustrate frequency effects.
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-Condition 1 used high frequency words-Condition 2 used low frequency words
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265. What is parafoveal preview?
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The word immediately to the right of the fixated word can sometime be identified (e.g., skipping)
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214. In the following sentence identify where fixation occurs:"Exercise may spark creative thinking"
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Eye movements in reading
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263. What are two problem with these two hypotheses?
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1. Spillover effects (contradicts immediacy)2. Parafoveal preview (contradicts eye-mind)
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