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Daisy Cave
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CA * 9,100-10,400BP
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Blackwater Draw Site
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New Mexico
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Kobuk River
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AK - Onion Portage, Kobuk River - North
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Danger Cave
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UT or NV?
* Jesse Jennings - 1957
o Coined Desert Culture Tradition- naïve -- people did change, consumed similar foods for 9,000 years b/c of environmental constraint but changes in other times; no dramatic changes like developing ag but more subtle changes definitely present
* 10-10,300 BP
* Found coprolites -- pinworms in coprolites -- interesting b/c thought to be parasites brought over by Europeans, not known in North America; turns out that’s not the case. Significant b/c they can cause starvation through absorption of available nutrients.
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Wally's Beach Site
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* 1997, reservoir drained (dam repairs)
* Footprints and bones of mammoth horse (with cut marks), camel, muskox, caribou
* Clovis-style spear points with horse-blood residue
* 11,350 BP
* Animals & people moving up into Southern Alberta after corridor opens up?
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Mill Iron Site
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Montana
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Wenatchee Cache
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(Richie-Roberts) Washington
* Cache of spectacular Clovis bifacial lithic points and bone rods (foreshafts)
* 2 fluted "knives/points" with red ochre staining on hafting area
* Artifacts rest on colvanic ash from ca. 11,000 BP eruption
* Big, not very functional, curated material, ritual context?
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Lindenmeier Site
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Colorado
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Tule Lake
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-CA
* Excavated by John Beaton (UCD)
* Rockshelter adjacent to Pleistocene lake
* 11,450 ± 350 from lowest levels
* Crescents, bifacial points, bone needles
* Faunal remains of mammal, fish, and birds (likely from foraging along lakeshore)
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San Miguel Island
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CA
* Daisy Cave: 9,100-10,400 BP
* CA-SMI-606: 9,200 BP
# Biface fragments, expedient stone tools, shell beads, bone fish gorge
# Boats required
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Broken Mammoth
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-Alaska late Pleistocene/early Holocene loess deposits, rich with calcium carbonate.
-Preserved butchered birds and other mammals.
-Stratigraphic context w/ human made tools
-Both complexes present
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Glenrose Cannery Site
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-BC
* Excavated in mid 1970s by R. G . Matson (UCD Alumnus)
* Deep shell-midden site
* Oldest component of the Glenrose Cannery site dates to ca. 8150 BP
o with 5000 years of continuous occupation following
* The earliest component is apparently characterized by land mammal hunting
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Nenana Valley
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AK - moose creek, walker road & dry creek sites.
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Charlie Lake Cave
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-BC
* 10,500 - 9,700 BP
* Fluted point, but stubby with two channel flutes
* Perforated bead
* Bison bones
* 2 articulated raven skeletons; 1 with blue microblade core
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Mt. Edziza
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NW British Columbia,Volcanic Complex,>10,700ft, Obsidian source (glass everywhere) - Had to come down Stikine River
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Anzick Cache
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Montana
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Tulare Lake
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-CA
Western Fluted tradition
* San Joaquin Valley, California
* Tulare Lake (ca. 50 km across)
* Buena Vista Lake (ca. 25 km across)
* Would have formed one large lake during floods (now drained for farmland)
* 20 fluted points (8 bifacially, 12 unifacially) collected privately
o None in primary context
* Horse, bison, and ground sloth have also been recovered on surface of the lake (at the same elevation as the points)
* Also Lake Mohave stemmed points associated with shellfish, birds, turtles, fish and deer
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Onion Portage
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American Paleoarctic tradition: has everything from American aleoarctic to historical occupation, Kobulk River, Stratigraphic Depth w/ microblades @ bottom
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Stewart's Cattle Guard Site
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Colorado
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Colby Mammoth Site
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Wyoming
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Bluefish Caves
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American Paleoarctic Tradition (upper levels)
Yukon
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Borax Lake
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Western Fluted Point tradition
* Near Clear Lake in Coast Ranges of California near Mt. Konocti
* Shores of dry lakebed, some soil disturbance and artifact mixing
* Excavated in 1930s & revisited by Vance Haynes in 1970s
* No radiocarbon dates, but estimated at ca. 11,000-12,000
* 20 fluted points most made of obsidian
* Lake Mohave stemmed points, crescents, scrapers & choppers
* Very old obsidian hydration rinds on fluted points (thicker than stemmed points)
o fluted older than stemmed?
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Bonneville Estates
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NV
* Ted Goebel (University of Nevada Reno)
* recent excavations, modern techniques
* Bryan Hockett (BLM)
* Ca. 10,800 BP
* Bonneville pluvial lake
* Amazing faunal preservation -- deer, rabbit/hare
o Also a lot of water fowl
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Fort Rock Cave
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-Oregon
- * First discovered by a student of Franz Boas -- Luther Cressman [1938] (The Sandal and the Cave, 1981)
* Fort Rock-style sandals dated to 10,500-9,300 BP(C14)
* Sagebrush Bark - twined, flat closed toe oldest shoes in America, sandals found in other caves as well
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Simon Cache
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-ID
o 1961
o 39 artifacts
o 5 Clovis points
o Covered with red ochre
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Namu Site
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Roy Carlson
-About 150 km north of the northern tip of Vancouver Island
-200 km east of Haida Gwaii
-Native fishing area (fishing weirs)
-9,000 years of occupation at this site
-Humic layer overlaying shell-midden deposit ca. 2000 BP
o Humanly deposited shell remains range from 5,000-3,500 BP (in one trench)
* Earliest occupation
o 9140 +/- 100 BP and 7800 +/- 200 BP
o bifaces; microblades; stone ring (charcoal for dating found here)
* Summary
o Deeply stratified shell midden occupied over 9 millenia
o Component 1A
+ ca. 9,700-9,000 BP (calibrated)
+ No organic remains
+ Leaf-shaped bifaces, core tools, cobble choppers and unifacial tools
# Roy Carlson -- Pebble tool tradition
+ Followed stratigraphically by NW Coast microblade tradition
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Anangula
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Umnak Island, ca. 8-9000 BP -clear evidence of maritime adaptation.
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Haida Gwaii
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Queen Charlotte Islands
* Now called Haida Gwaii
* Richardson Island, Southwestern Haida Gawaii
* Repeated deposition of sediments during rapid sea level rise resulted in exceptional stratification
* Tools
o Biface (spear point?) -- leaf shaped; Microblade
o Only a few grams of burned bone were preserved
* Component II
o NW Coast microblade tradition
o 8900-8500 BP
o Bifaces and microblades
* Component I
o 9300 - 8900 BP
o Leaf-shaped bifaces
o unifacial tools
o Hearths and post holes
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China Lake
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* NW Mohave Desert, California
* At least 10 surface sites with fluted points
* Found along shoreline of China Lake, which has been dated to 11,600 BP
* Mammoth, camel, and horse found on shore, but no direct association
* Lanceolate bifaces & crescents also recovered from surface deposits
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Mesa
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-Brooks Range Alaska
-Michael Kunz & Richard Reanier, -Hunting outlook 200ft above tundra -Hearths, tool debitage lanceolate shaped point, basal grinding . -
-51 carbon dates early Holocene. -Not ancestral to Clovis
-Mesa complex, Mesa, Bedwell -Spein Mt. sites 10.5-9.7 BP Implies connection to S. Paleoindian from Great Plains
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Drake Cache
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Colorado
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Brooks Range
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AK - Mesa Site
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Swan Point
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-Chuck Holmes
-Shallow loess deposition
-Culture zone 4 -Beringian tradition -Hearths in cultural zone 4: 13-14K cal BP
-Dated by ivory, horse molar, mammoth molar, burned residue. -burned bone to make fire. dated 14,020-12,500 BP
-Only site w/ horse in direct contact w/ humans in AK
-End & side scrapers, hammer and anvil stones triangular and teardrop shape points/knives
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Dent Site
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Colorado
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Tanana Valley
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AK - broken mammoth, swan point, mead and healy lake sites.
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Folsom Site
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New Mexico
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Mt. Konocti
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o Volcano in coastal range, basalt, rhyolite and obsidian source
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Kotzebue Sound
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AK - Trail Creek Caves, southern Kotzebue Sound -- West
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Kilgii Gwaay site
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-Excavated by Daryl Fedje (Parks Canada)
-Occupation about 9400 BP
-At ocean edge, but flooded within 100 years
-Waterlogged environment =excellent preservation
-Faunal remains; Three-strand braided cordage made of spruce root; wooden artifacts; wooden wedge (for splitting logs to make planks -- woodworking evidence); wood wrapped in split-root cordage (stake to tied down tent?)
-Summary
o >2000 lithic artifacts
o Primarily unifacial tools (unifacial stemmed projectile point
o No microblades
o Bear, otter, sea lion, harbor seal, birds, fish (e.g. halibut, lingcod, rockfish, skate, salmon, perch)
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Hell Gap Site
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Wyoming
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