Archaeology 190B Freschetti
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Archaeology 190B Freschetti

Terms Definitions
Great pyramids of Giza 4th dynasty Khufu Khafre Menkaure
Thin figurines Malt'a Serbia, Pavlov Czech, Gagarino Russia, Petrkovice Czech
Cultural phases of the UP Aurignancian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian
Paleolithic Interglacial Period northern Europe still covered in icesheet 16000 BC
Golan Hya Nim, earliest H. Sapiens
Robert Carniero warfare hypothesis populations in pockets, scramble for resources, development in social complexity
Trophyism - Cave art Eaton after killing, celebrate and represent kill
Explanation of tool assemblages, Bords Binford and Dibble Bordes = cultural difference Binford = Different activities Dibble = Different Use stages
Large Carnivore Faunal Age Distributions Hunting and scavenging predators prey on different health individuals Neandertals favor prime adults
Coexistence of Neandertals and modern Hmans, South France Cro- Magnon different species Foix - example of valley civilization H. Sapiens sites always on hillsides
Aurignacian 34,000 to 27,000 years ago post-Levallois tools, blade technology Vogelherd votive sculptures 37,000 years ago Hohlenstein Stadel = cave bears
Sympathetic magic- Cave art Breuil empody specific animals to hunt
Uruk Site 250 hectres, Kullab and Eanna Tell = mound occupied in layers
Le-trois Freres caves Shamanistic beliefs
Pompeii Premise How accurate are other sites if Pompeii is primary source of data relate archaeological record to daily life
Archaeological indicators of food production tools storage permanent structures large settlements dung pens field systems, irrigation ground clearance art
Information/Communication system - cave art Conkey
r-selected resources small, reach sexual maturation quickly, produce lots of offspring
Parietal Art 99% France and Spain and Portugal
Sexual Symbolism - Cave art Leroi Gourhan hunting vs hunter male vs female
Key plants in South West Asia Wheat and Barley
Golden Man, Kazakhstan 500-400 BC national symbol of kazakhstan
Morphological changes in neanderthals Shorter, more robust: clavicle length brachial index bi-iliac breadth Facial Differences: Prognathic Face Lack of chin
Mesolithic period period of time and technology, varies Southwest Asia = 9000 to 8000 BC Europe - 7000 BC to 6500 BC
McDermott & McCoid found Wollendorf Venus, hypothesize self-portrait
Domestication Biological process of changing the genetic and physical characteristics of plants and animals as they become dependant on humans for reproductive success
Social Hypothesis Barbara Bender Farming encouraged because allows surpluses, allowing trade and currency
Warka Vase Uruk artifact, looted from Baghdad museum
structuralism - Cave art Claude levi strauss binaries
Hallmarks of the Upper Paleolithic 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
Ampitheatre Rome first civ. to make social life public advertisements and propaganda preserved
Complex, Specialized Hunter Gatherers Delayed Return - Woodburn (kill large animals, process game) Logistical Collectors = Binford (specific forays for specific food Elaborate Hunter-Gatherers (Dale and Marshall)
Eblaite site of writen historical and administrative documents in Sumerian and local Eblaite language
Jamestown - dessemination of coper Cheifdom of tribe manipulating British colonists to gain power copper for corn iron tools valued John smith - elevates value of copper
Domestic animals smaller than wild animals leadable morphology selected for
Jarmo 7000 BC foothills of Zagros Mts.
Entoptic phenomena within the eye, hallucinogenic trance drugs
Agriculture Intentional management (cultivation and herding) of domesticated plants and animals, involving changes in the use of earth and environment toward productive ends
Function of Temples Institutionalized venue for consumption of surplus Reiteration of Ideological control Administrative, iconic center of city
Human figurines Venus figurines, archtypical plump, steatopygia, fertility symbols Barma Grande - Italy, Stone Dolni Vestonice - Czech Rep, Ceramic Willendorf - Austria, limestone Lespugue, France - Ivory
UP Social Behavior Storage, Shelter, Trade, Fire, Art, Burials
Mousterian Flake Based Levallois technique - Prepared core, consistent flaking, direct pressure Bifaces Rare
H. Sapiens technoogy glue and hide for spearhead
K-selected resources large, do not reach sexual maturity quickly, produce few offspring, invest much care
Agricultural transition in SouthWest Asia following Younger Dryas 9,000 - 8,000 BC
Sedentism more stable habitations, use of less territory and localized in adaptation
Shanidar Iraq cave, flower burial, evidence of caring for injured
Peche Merle Inaccessible, elaborate and large images
Neolithic period revolution of social and political structures, centered around agricultural revolution
NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Kennewick Man
Population changes in mesolithic Simple generalized hunters to complex specialized hunters
Origins of Agriculture Fertile Crescent, China, Meso America, Eastern US, Andes
Pigments Red = ochre or hemalite Black = charcoal or manganese oxide Yellow = ochre White = gypsum
Jamestown English settlers in 1607
Pompeii Bathhouse marks arrival as major roman city, citizens had short work day
Re-warming after younger Dryas Dry Steppe areas, temperate deserts 8,000 glacial ice sheet contracting
Aegyptiaca 280 BC, King list Dynasty 0 = Scorpian King
3rd Dynasty Pyramid Technology Step pyramid of Djoser
Disadvantages of Agriculture More labor/more involved, less rich diet, risk-crop failure = famine, population growth, territorial restrictions and political structure, social organization hierarchy
Cannibalism cutmarks, burning, splitting, Krapina Croatia , ate marrow
Mousterian levallois technology, core/flake based
Middle Paleolithic "Art" Quneitra, Golan Heights, nonfunctional markings
Alta Mira Spanish cave, mammal paintings
Abu Hureya Hilly Flanks Natural/wild habitat of barley, wheat, goats
La Chaise cave environment reflects adaptations, meat diet, 2,000 years of cave inhaition
Middle Paleolithic Sites Shanidar Cave, Iraq = "Flower Burial" Le Moustier - Lower Shelter Burial, with tools
Upper Paleolithic Environment Europe more habitable
Slavery in the US - Lack of objective accounts Lack of objective accounts of slavery Lack of documentation and hard data Unwillingness to confront historical realities of slavery
Younger Dryas Cold Period 12,000 BC to 10,000 BC consolidated populations
Egyptian timeline 10,000BP rainfall patterns shift, humans on nile 5,000 BC full time farming 4-3100 pre-dynastic
Marginal Environ, "Edge" hypothesis Lewis Binford Farming detrimental, rising populations meant some had to develope farming in order to maintain food source
Bamiyan Buddhas Afghanistan, ownership of the past, destroyed by Taliban in 2001
Uruk 4000BC worlds first city, Sumerian Move into river valley - develop irrigation
Carl Sauer Jamestown, cultural geographer
adl-adl spear throwing aid
Natural Habitat "Hilly Flanks" hypothesis Robert Braidwood domestication took place in areas where people encountered wild ancestors of domestics, hilly flanks of fertile crescent
Rachis evidence of domestic vs wild wheat wild - rachis to be brittle advantage domestic - rachis less brittle advantage
Uruk Temple Design Tripartite design is standard faced with limestone stone cones - prosperity, imported
Gravettian 27,000 to 21,000 years ago More elaborate art
Co-Evolutionary Hypothesis David Rindos, Jared Diamond Two or more species adapt together, strong symbiosis
Alan Thorn Argument that Neandertals were not different species, anatomy vs. Culture
Volcanic Eruption Plinian Phase first phase, top blows off, no time to react Pelean Phase ash and smoke over area, time to react
Simple,Generalized hunter gatheres Immediate return = Woodburn Foragers = Binford Non-elaborate hunter-gatherers = Dale and Marshall
Domestic technologies shift across continents, made staples
Alan's cave, Australia 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, hostile terrain, scratch marks deep down
Giuseppe Fiorelli Method of filling decayed cavities with plaster of paris
Historical archaeology what we know from records
Mobilary art votives, figures, etc
Ziggurat monumental architechture - need for slave labor
'Ain Mailaha 13,000 - 11,000 BP earliest known village, 200-300 people no associated with agriculture
Advantages of farming feed more people per unit of land accumulated more material culture
Specialized hunter-gatherers hunt r-Selected resource organisms larger, sedentary group much material culture, storage of food
Palette of Narmar 3100 BC King Menes Unifies upper and lower kingdom crowns of egypt lower = helmet upper = pin
Parietal art cave art
Pompeii slave quarter 400 slaves per household, 1 out of 3 in empire was slave ,could ern freedom, becomes part of large, extended family
Grotte Chauvet First cave art Representation of movement, bulls, rhinos
Egypt Sema-Tawy land of papyrus and lotus
Multi-regionalism vs. out-of-Africa Hybrid model = most ecumenical
Mark Cohen Demographic Hypothesis need to increase productivity As population increase, rise in sedentarism, greater stress on environment
Marcellin Boule 1909, hairy low stature description of Neanderthals
Pompeii Bay of Naples, Mount Vesuvias Vesuvias erupts = 79 AD
Pliny the Younger 17 years old, lives in herculaneum
Cave Art sites Altamira, Spain Lascaux, France Grotte De Niux, France (deep caverns Grotte de Cosquer - France (submerged, Auks)
Domestic Uruk architecture crowded, organized housing, complex hierarchy
Generalized hunter-gatherers use K-selected resource organisms small, mobile group size limited accumulation of material culture, immediate consumption
Natufian Phase evidence of sedentary villages, pre-agro culture
Hallmarks of the mesolithic opening of new environments, rise in material culture, rise in warfare, rise in status diferentiation
Slaves prevalence of buttons animal bones in stews
Cylinder seals inscribed in the round, used as administrative seals, supported by texts
Important plants in Uruk Wheat, barley
"Out of Africa Theory" modern humans originated in Africa, replaced throughout world
Earlier forms of writing Uruk, 3200 - 3000BC
Fertile Crescent 10,000 BC = rye, wheat, barley PPNA - Pre-Pottery Neolithic Area
Lascaux 17,000 years ago Carved horse freize, saliva as bonding for pigment
Oasis Hypothesis V. Gordon Childe Habitable areas in near east reduced to oases control and domestication is survival in competition
r/K selection theory the selection of traits in organisms that allow success in particular environments
Karl Wittfogel Irrigation Hypothesis transition from dry to irrigated farming
Classic Neandertals 130,000 to 30,000 years ago Europe and Western Axsia Cranial capacity from 1300 to 1600 cc
Multi-Regional evolution theory populations throughout H. Erectus diaspora evolved locally and at the same general time
Chickens domesticated in southeast asia, spread out coast of peru by AD 1400