Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Modern European History Ch 1 Indepth: Spain, England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire in the 14th and 15th Centuries

Terms Definitions
Martin Luther's Reformation in Germany What challenge did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) face in addition to his struggle with King Francis the First of France (1515-1547)?
Religion. Queen Isabella's (1474-1504) and Tomás de Torquemada's (1420-1498) motivations for the Spanish Inquisition were primarily concerned with what?
Pope Martin the Fifth (1417-1431) in Rome Where and who was the pope after the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
The Council of Constance in 1414 to 1418 What was the second attempt to end the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
King Philip the Fourth From 1285 to 1314, who was king of France?
1492 In what year did the Spanish acquire Granada?
In some places, there were anti-Jewish riots called "pogroms," and many Jews were massacred. What happened to Jews during the Black Death?
The Burgundian lands, as well as their conflicting claims in Italy. What did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) and the Valois King Francis the First of France (1515-1547) fight over?
He established royal control over it. What did King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) do to the French judicial system?
The Valois King Francis the First of France (1515-1547) With whom did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) struggle with over the Burgundian lands and Italy?
1516 In what year was the Concordat of Bologna issued?
1480 When did the Spanish Inquisition begin operating?
He was the Hapsburg heir to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. King Charles the First of Spain (1516-1556) was heir to what other throne?
They strove to increase it at the expense of the nobility and towns. As rulers, Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) took what stance towards the importance of royal power?
Caused a temporary economic decline and hastened an economic revolution. Economically, the loss of the population caused by the Black Death did what?
A free peasantry came into being, although the peasants still had to pay rent and taxes for their use of the land. In Western Europe, how did the Black Death affect peasants?
Pope Boniface the Eighth Who was pope from 1294 to 1303?
A bitter struggle. What relationship did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) grow to have with the Valois King Francis the First of France (1515-1547)?
1303 In what year was the "Crime of Anagni," in which Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303) was arrested in response to the Unam Sanctum by King Philip the Fourth of France's (1285-1314) agents in his summer home and died not long afterwards?
The royal administration, finances, and army. King Francis the First of France (1515-1547) helped centralize and strengthen what?
Spanish Moslems What were the Moors?
Pope Urban the Sixth (1378-1389) Following the death of Pope Gregory the Eleventh (1370-1378), which pope was elected in Rome?
Sicily and the port cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa Where did the Black Death hit within Italy in 1347?
Avignon Where did Pope Clement the Seventh (1378-1394) reside?
Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) expanded his domains by acquiring part of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. How did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) expand the Hapsburg domains he inherited? What territories did he add?
The Spanish Inquisition Queen Isabella (1474-1504) worked with Tomás de Torquemada (1420-1498) to establish what?
King Francis the First of France (1515-1547) and Pope Leo the Tenth (1513-1521) What two figures brought about the Concordat of Bologna (1516)?
The Hapsburg domains in Central Europe, customarily referred to as Austria. What domains did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) inherit from his paternal grandfather, Emperor Maximilian the First (1493-1519)? What are these domains customarily referred to as?
It authorized the French king to nominate bishops and other high officials of the Catholic Church in France, thereby giving the monarch administrative control over the church. What did the Concordat of Bologna (1516) say?
England (France's enemy), the Holy Roman Empire, Portugal, and Italy What countries supported the Rome papacy during the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
Superstition and hysteria The Black Death intensified what, psychologically, in European society?
Switzerland, Germany, and Eastern Europe What three areas did the Black Death hit within months of hitting Italiy in 1347?
Trade routes; rat-infested ships. How did the Black Death spread from China to Europe?
Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) King Charles the First of Spain (1516-1556) also had what other title?
Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity during the Inquisition. What were Marranos?
It was increasing. What was happening to the power of the nobility in the Holy Roman Empire during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
By decree. King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) made laws and levied taxes in what manner?
The Council of Pisa in 1409. What was the first attempt to end the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
Because of the king's frugality, he did not depend on Parliament for grants of money, and the power of Parliament decline. What effect did King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) have on the English Parliament?
He rejected the authority of the papacy and the hierarchy of the church as unscriptural and unnecessary, and denounced the wealth and corruption of the clergy. John Wycliffe (1328-1384) denounced and rejected what?
He preferred diplomacy to force. What philosophy did King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) have in regards to foreign affairs?
They gained control over it and used it as an instrument of royal power. What relationship did Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) have with the Catholic Church in Spain?
Practitioners of witchcraft, and Jews. The Black Death caused increased persecution and fear of what two groups?
The Universal Spider King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) earned himself what nickname?
The Golden Bull of 1356 designated three ecclesiastical and four secular electors. What groups did the Golden Bull of 1356 designate to be electors? How many were there in each group?
Philip the Fair What was King Philip the Fourth of France (1285-1314) nicknamed?
King Francis the First (1515-1547) Who was king of France following King Louis the Twelfth (1498-1515)?
He was bishop of Bordeaux in France before being elected as Pope Clement the Fifth (1305-1314) after Pope Benedict the Eleventh (1303-1304) died. Who was Betrand de Got?
The first of the two dukes of Burgundy defeated by King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483). Who was Philip the Good (1419-1467)?
In effect, the Golden Bull made the princes of the empire virtually independent rulers of their domains. What effect did the Golden Bull of 1356 have on the authority of the seven princes it addressed?
Five; and only once in the final twelve years of his reign. How often did Parliament meet while King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) was king?
73 (1305-1378) How many years did the papacy reside in Avignon?
Religious unity Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) believed what was key to political unity?
France Following Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Eastern Europe, where did the Black Death hit in 1348?
The chief antagonists were the house of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose, and the house of York, symbolized by a white rose. The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) was primarily a struggle between what two houses?
A group of religious fanatics who would beat and whip themselves in the belief that such mortification of the flesh would lead God to intervene on humanity's behalf. During the Black Death, who was the group of people called "flagellants?"
It shifted their attention away from the much-needed reform of the Roman Catholic Church and contributed to the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. The papacy's active involvement in the political and cultural life of Renaissance Italy contributed to what?
It was well on the way to becoming an absolute monarchy. What direction was the monarchy taking as the reign of King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) drew to a close?
They increased the power of the crown and resulted in a substantial increase in royal income. What effect did King Louis the Eleventh of France's (1461-1483) actions during his reign have on royal power and income?
Strong national monarchies developed in England, France and Spain; but, the Holy Roman Empire continued disintegrating: the Hapsburg emperors found a substantial power base in their personal domains. Overall, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, what happened to the governments of England, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire?
It declared that resistance to the will of the pope was resistance to the will of God. What did the bull Unam Sanctum, issued in 1302 by Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294 - 1303), say?
Increased it. King Francis the First of France's (1515-1547) failure to summon the Estates General into session and the Concordat of Bologna (1516) did what to royal authority?
Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294 - 1303) Who issued the bull Unam Sanctum in 1302?
King Richard the Third's (1483-1485) two young nephews, sons of Edward the Fourth, were murdered. One was the lawful king, Edward the Fifth, and the other was duke of York. Henry Tudor, an illegitimate Lancastrian, challenged Richard the Third in the Batt What brought the end of the War of the Roses (1455-1485)?
Castile From what kingdom was queen Isabella (1474-1504)?
He wove intricate webs of political and diplomatic intrigue. Why was King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) nicknamed the Universal Spider?
Pope Gregory the Eleventh Who was the pope from 1370 to 1378?
Italy King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498) invaded what country in 1494?
1347 When did the Black Death first strike in Europe?
1356 In what year was the Golden Bull issued?
1409 In what year(s) was the Council of Pisa?
Pope Gregory the Eleventh (1370-1378) Who was the first pope to move back to Rome in 1377?
King Louis the Eleventh Who was King of France from 1461 to 1483?
It was when King Philip the Fourth of France sent agents to Italy in search of Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294 - 1303) to arrest him as a response to the Unam Sanctum. He was found in his summer home in Anagni and arrested in September 1303, but was soon s What was the "Crime of Anagni" in 1303?
1455 to 1485; 30 years. Through what, and how many, years was the War of the Roses?
The Renaissance, the Reformation, the revival of capitalism, and the age of exploration. What are four other factors that contributed to the emergence of Modern Europe?
1609 In what year where Moriscos expelled from Spain?
Rome Where did Pope Martin the Fifth (1417-1431) reside?
Aragon From what kingdom was king Ferdinand (1476-1516)?
Two thousand During Tomás de Torquemada's (1420-1498) fifteen years as inquisitor general, about how many people were burned at the stake?
They were often charged of practicing Judaism in secret and were persecuted and/or expelled from the country. How were Marranos treated during the Spanish Inquistion?
Pope Leo the Tenth Who was the pope from 1513 to 1521?
The authority of the French and English monarchies. The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) weakened what?
King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498) Who was king of France following King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483)?
The Burgundian holdings, including the Franche-Comté and the Netherlands. What did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) inherit from his paternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy (1457-1482)?
Pope Clement the Seventh (1378-1394) The election of who sparked the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303) Who issued the bull Claricos Laicos (1296)?
Italy Where did the Black Death first strike in Europe?
The upper middle class. From what group did King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) primarily chose his advisers?
Pope Benedict the Eleventh (1303-1304) Who was the new pope immediately following Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303)?
As many continued to practice Islam in secret, they were persecuted. How were Moriscos treated during the Spanish Inquisition?
1377 In what year did Pope Gregory the Eleventh (1370-1378) move back to Rome?
Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) failed to win a decisive victory over the French, but he succeeded in warding off the French threat to Naples and acquired the Duchy of Milan. How did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) emerge from his warring with King Francis the First of France (1515-1547)?
The period in time in which there were two popes, one at Rome and one at Avignon, each claiming to be the true vicar of Christ on earth. (1378-1417) What was the Great Schism?
It became one of Europe's best. How was the Spanish army affected by Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504)?
Pope Martin the Fifth (1417-1431) Who was elected as pope by the Council of Constance (1414-1418)?
1302 In what year was the bull Unam Sanctum issued by Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294 - 1303)?
He arranged for the marriage of his eldest son, Arthur, to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the future Holy Roman emperor Charles the Fifth. However, Arthur died, so King Henry the Seventh (1485-1509) arranged for Catherine to marry his younger son instea What did King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) do to maintain good relations with the Habsburgs?
1492 In what year did Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) order that all Spanish Jews either convert to Christianity or leave the country?
King Ferdinand (1479-1516) was of Aragon and Queen Isabella (1474-1504) was of Castile, and their marriage created the basis for the union of their kingdoms. In 1469, the future king Ferdinand (1476-1516) and future queen Isabella (1474-1504) got married. Why was this significant?
Lollards What were John Wycliffe's (1328-1384) followers called?
He continued it. What stance did King Louis the Twelfth (1498-1515) take on the invasion of Italy his predecessor, King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498), began?
Pope Clement the Fifth (1305-1314) Who was elected pope after Pope Benedict the Eleventh (1303-1304)?
1414 to 1418 In what year(s) was the Council of Constance?
He achieved remarkable success in restoring order and stability in England, and passed on a strong monarchy to his successor. What effect did King Henry the Seventh (1485-1509) have on England?
They revolted, thereby losing their freedom of religion. They were then forced to convert ot Christianity or leave the country. In 1501, what did the Moors do to change the minds of Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) on religion?
He continued it. What stance did King Francis the First of France (1515-1547) take on the French invasion of Italy, began by the predecessor of his predecessor?
The king of Bohemia, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg, and the count palatine of the Rhine. Who were the four secular electors designated by the Golden Bull of 1356?
Promoted a decline of serfdom and the manorial system. How did the Black Death affect the current economic systems?
An English "heretic;" leader of the Lollards. Scholar at Oxford University. Who was John Wycliffe (1328-1384)?
It worsened the situation. Neither Gregory the Twelfth or Benedict the Thirteenth would give way, so now, with Alexander the Fifth, there were three popes. What impact did the council of Pisa (1409) have on the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
A Bohemian "heretic" who embraced Wycliffe's ideas. Leader of the Hussites. Who was John Hus (1369-1415), and who was he influenced by?
It was a struggle between members of the nobility and the landed gentry, who sided with the two contending houses primarily for reasons of their own selfish interests. The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) was generally a struggle between what two groups?
Its power and prestige was declining. What was happening to the status of the papacy during the late Middle Ages (late 13th century)?
While strong national monarchies formed in England, France, and Spain, the Holy Roman Empire was disintegrating as the power of the nobility increased at the expense of the emperor. What was happening to the ruling authority of the Holy Roman Empire in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
To help finance his war against England. Why did King Philip the Fourth of France (1285-1314) demand the French clergy pay taxes?
King Henry the Seventh Who was king of England from 1485 to 1509?
The victims were tortured and had their property confiscated. What two things were done during the investigations of the Spanish Inquisition?
It prohibited the taxation of the clergy without papal approval. What did the bull Claricos Laicos (1296), issued by Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303), say?
The poor, whose crowded living conditions encouraged spread of disease. The wealthy benefited from better housing and food and being able to escape into the countryside. What economic type of people were most devastated by the Black Death?
They lost all of their territorial holdings in France, except the port of Calais on the English channel. How did the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) end for England?
Moslem What religion was Granada primarily before Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) acquired it?
England What country was John Wycliffe (1328-1384) native to?
He arranged for his daughter to marry the Scottish king. Scotland had supported France during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). How did King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) improve foreign relations with Scotland? Why did he want to?
He chose his ministers primarily from the prosperous middle class. How did King Henry the Seventh (1485-1509) reduce the power and influence of the English nobility?
Never. How many times did the Estates General meet under King Francis the First of France (1515-1547)?
Holy Roman Emperor What title was customarily conferred to the members of the Hapsburg dynasty beginning in the early fifteenth century?
He preferred diplomacy to (expensive) wars. What philosophy did King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) have in regards to foreign affairs?
He was tried, condemned, and burned at the stake in 1415, despite having been promised safe conduct. What happened to John Hus (1369-1415) when he appeared before the Council of Constance (1414-1418)? What was this in spite of?
Avignon in France Where did the popes begin occupying in 1305?
Frenchman Pope Clement the Seventh (1378-1394) was elected by group of French cardinals that declared the Italian Pope Urban the Sixth (1378-1389) was elected under duress and was thus invalid. Pope Clement the Seventh (1378-1394) was elected by who, and why?
The ideas of the Protestant reformers in the sixteenth century. The thought of John Hus (1369-1415) and John Wycliffe (1328-1384) foreshadowed what, and when?
He increased the centralization of royal administration and finances and strengthened the army. King Francis the First of France (1515-1547) had what effect on the royal administration, finances, and army?
Rome Where did Pope Urban the Sixth (1378-1389) reside?
England and France. The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was between what two countries?
The Duchy of Burgundy, as well as Picardy; he also succeeded in adding the provinces of Anjou, Maine, and Provence to the French royal domain. After the defeat of Philip the Good (1419-1467) and Charles the Bold (1467-1477), what did King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483) gain?
King Charles the First (1516-1556) Who became king of Spain following the death of King Ferdinand (1476-1516)?
They promised religious freedom. What stance did Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) take on Granada's Moslem religion when they first acquired the state?
The nobility, the towns, and the clergy Who did the Cortes represent?
The decrease in the supply of labor substantially increased wages for skilled artisans. How did the Black Death affect the wages in towns?
Pope Clement the Fifth (1305-1314) Who was the first pope to occupy Avignon in 1305?
He was a Hapsburg who was both Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain. Who was Charles the Fifth (1519-1556)?
He actively encouraged trade and chose his ministers primarily from the prosperous middle class. How did King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) win middle class support?
He translated it into English. What did John Wycliffe (1328-1384) do with the Bible?
The Golden Bull What was issued in 1356 that contributed to this disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire?
Modern Europe Overall, what do historians call what Europe was developing into during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
The Cortes What was the consultative assembly in Spain during the reign of Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504)?
They used force to suppress revolts and rebellions domestically. Both King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) and King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) used force most in what kind of situations?
Tomás de Torquemada (1420-1498), a Dominican priest and the queen's confessor Queen Isabella (1474-1504) worked with who to establish the Spanish Inquisition? What was her relationship with him/her?
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand the First (1558-1564) What did the younger brother of Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) become?
The Hapsburg dynasty Beginning in the early fifteenth century, the imperial title of the Holy Roman Empire was customarily conferred to the members of what dynasty?
France was a strong state with a population of 16 million, compared to England's 5 million. How was the population of France at the end of King Louis the Eleventh's (1461-1483) reign compared to England's?
The political and cultural life of Renaissance Italy. During the fifteenth century, the papacy became actively involved in what?
Spain and England After hitting France, what two places did the Black Death move on into?
That the Bible was the only source of Christian doctrine. John Wycliffe (1328-1384) insisted what?
France. As a continental country, it could not avoid war as readily as England could. In terms of susceptibility to wars, who was more vulnerable: France, or England? Why?
1337 to 1453; 116 years. The Hundred Years' War began and ended in what years? How long did it last?
The Lancastrian man who emerged victoriously from the Wars of the Roses and became King Henry the Seventh (1485-1509). Who was Henry Tudor?
The Council of Constance (1414-1418) What or who did John Hus (1369-1415) appear before in response to charges of heresy?
The cardinals under Pope Gregory the Eleventh (1370-1378) before his death elected Pope Urban the Sixth (1378-1389), an Italian, out of fear for the roman mob. Pope Urban the Sixth (1378-1389) was elected by who, and why?
They were the Moors who converted to Christianity under Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504). Who were the Moriscos?
The continuing problems of the Roman Catholic Church reduced its power and influence, after having been the central institution of European life during the Middle Ages. Overall, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, what happened to the Roman Catholic Church?
He was enraged, sent agents to Italy in search of the pope- Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303), found him in September 1303, and took him prisoner, although he was quickly set free. This event is known as the "Crime of Anagni." What was King Philip the Fourth of France's (1285-1314) response to the Unam Sanctum?
The title of Holy Roman emperor brought with it little power, but Emperor Charles the Fifth's (1519-1556) personal domains made him an extraordinarily powerful ruler. How powerful was Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556)? What brought him this power, or lack of it?
King Philip the Second of Spain (1556-1598) Who did the son of Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) become?
The Estates General What was the consultative assembly in France during the reign of King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483)?
Thickly-populated urban areas. Somewhere between 33 and 65 percent of the urban population died. What type of area was most devastated by the Black Death?
Betrand de Got, bishop of Bordeaux in France. Who was Pope Clement the Fifth (1305-1314) before he was elected pope?
As infrequently as possible. How frequently did Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Isabella (1474-1504) allow the Cortes to convene?
Castile Where did the Spanish Inquisition begin operating in 1480?
He reduced their power and influence. How did King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) affect the nobility?
An "act of faith," the elaborate public ceremony in which sentences of the Inquisition were announced. Some time after the auto-da-fé, executions (usually burning at the stake) took place. What was an auto-da-fé?
The second of the two dukes of Burgundy defeated by King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483). Who was Charles the Bold (1467-1477)?
An efficient centralized bureaucracy. King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) worked to organize what?
He was very frugal, balanced the budget well and built up a large surplus in the royal treasury. How was King Henry the Seventh of England (1485-1509) economically?
1296 In what year was the bull Claricos Laicos issued by Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303)?
Fifteen years How many years did Torquemada (1420-1498) serve as inquisitor general?
He wasted the financial resources of the French monarchy by invading Italy in 1494. How was King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498) economically?
The Duchy of Burgundy and Picardy. What territories did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) claim that had belonged to King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483) in the late fifteenth century?
That the French clergy pay taxes. In 1296, what did King Philip the Fourth of France (1285-1314) demand?
A long conflict between the Valois kings of France and the Hapsburgs. The invasion of Italy by France started by King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498) and continued by King Louis the Twelfth (1498-1515) opened the doors to what?
Granada In 1492, what did the Spanish acquire?
Pope Benedict the Eleventh Who was the Pope from 1303 to 1304?
They were expelled from Spain. What happened to the Moriscos in 1609?
It provided that the Holy Roman emperor would be chosen by seven princes of the Holy Roman Empire, who were designated as electors. What did the Golden Bull of 1356 say?
He expanded them. What did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) do with the domains inherited from his paternal grandfather, Emperor Maximilian the First (1493-1519)?
The archbishops of Cologne, Trier, and Mainz. Who were the three ecclesiastical electors designated by the Golden Bull of 1356?
It ended it. What impact did the Council of Constance (1414 to 1418) have on the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
1378 to 1417. 39 years. When was the Great Schism? How long did it last?
Fleas covered in plague bacteria. How did the Black Death spread from infected rats to humans?
The Duchy of Burgundy, as it lay between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and its dukes ruled not only it, but the Franche-Comté (the Free Country of Burgundy) and most of the Netherlands. What territory presented the greatest threat to French unity and the authority of King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483) during his reign? Why?
Aragon Where did the Spanish Inquisition begin operating in 1487?
The religious life of Catholic Europe. The Great Schism (1378-1417) negatively impacted what?
The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy What was the period of time in which the papacy resided in Avignon (1305-1378) called?
1494 King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498) invaded Italy in what year?
Once, in 1468. How many times did the Estates General meet during the reign of King Louis the Eleventh of France (1461-1483)? In what year(s)?
King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483) recovered France from the devastation of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) and reestablished France as the leading power in Europe. How was France affected by the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), and what influence did King Louis the Eleventh (1461-1483) have on the aftermath?
It was a response to King Philip the Fourth of France's (1285-1314) continued insistence to tax the clergy, despite the Claricos Laicos (1296). What was the bull Unam Sanctum, issued in 1302 by Pope Boniface the Eighth (1294 - 1303), issued in response to?
A civil war in England. What was the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)?
They represented a religious and national revolt and won the support of Czechs of Bohemia, who objected to German domination of their homeland. What movement did John Hus (1369-1415) and his followers represent?
He viewed it as a useful weapon against rebellious nobles and churchmen. How did King Ferdinand (1476-1516) view the Inquisition?
Alexander the Fifth Who was elected as pope by the council of Pisa (1409)?
France and its allies; including Scotland and the Spanish Kingdoms of Castile, Navarre, and Aragon What countries supported the Avignon papacy during the Great Schism (1378-1417)?
King Louis the Twelfth (1498-1515) Who was king of France following King Charles the Eighth (1483-1498)?
Spain, the Spanish Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. What did Emperor Charles the Fifth (1519-1556) inherit from his maternal grandparents, King Ferdinand (1476-1516) and Queen Isabella (1474-1504)?
China Where did the Black Death first sweep through early in the fourteenth century?
An epidemic of the bubonic plague that devastated Europe in the mid-fourteenth century. What was the Black Death?
The Hussite Wars between his followers and the papal forces continued in Bohemia for several years, despite John Hus's (1369-1415) death. What happened to the Hussite movement when John Hus (1369-1415) died?
The bull Clericos Laicos What was Pope Boniface the Eighth's (1294-1303) response to King Philip the Fourth of France's (1285-1314) demands for clergy taxation in 1296?