Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Black Saga 401-600

Terms Definitions
407. He became the first black person to hold a major judicial position when he was elected associate justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1870. Name him. Jonathan Jasper Wright
471. President Theodore Roosevelt infuriates many in the South when he invites this famous black educator to dine with him at the White House. Southern newspapers attacked the President and his guest. For example, the Memphis (Tennessee) Scimitar, said Ro Booker T. Washington
459. In 1896, 130,344 African Americans were registered to vote in Louisiana and formed the majority of registered voters in 26 parishes. The next year, a law passed in Louisiana effectively barred blacks from voting and became a model for other southern "Grandfather" clause
532. Countee Cullen's Color, Claude McKay's Harlem Shadows, and W.E.B. Du Bois' The Gift of black Folk were important publications that contributed to what movement in the 1920s? Harlem Renaissance
468. In 1900, blacks outnumbered whites in seven large American cities--all in the South. They included Savannah, GA; Montgomery, AL; Jacksonville, FL; Shreveport, LA; Vicksburg, MS; Baton Rouge, LA; and _____________. Charleston, South Carolina
476. Twenty-nine black intellectuals, headed by W.E.B. Du Bois, organized this movement in Fort Erie, Canada in 1905. It demanded the abolition of all forms of racial discrimination and was a direct response to Booker T. Washington's cautious approach to Niagara Movement
494. Between 1915 and 1920, nearly one million African Americans had moved from the agricultural South to the crowded urban cores of the North. What is the name given to this mass movement of people from the South to the North? The Great Migration
595. In 1946, this baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Monarchs threw 64 consecutive scoreless innings, possibly unmatched by anyone in professional baseball. In 1948, he became the first black player to pitch in the American League. In one season he won Leroy "Satchel" Paige
512.In the 1920s, what place was sometimes called the "capital of the African American world"? Harlem
550. This African American received as many as 61 patents. In 1935, he developed the first automatic refrigeration system for trucks--an invention that changed the eating habits of the entire nation. He later developed air conditioning units for military Frederick McKinley Jones
530. During most of American history, labor unions prohibited blacks from becoming members. A. Philip Randolph organized a labor union in 1925 for a group of black workers to help them get higher wages and better working conditions. This was the first bla Railroad Sleeping Car Porters
446. This was the first bank organized and administered by blacks (without fraternal organization connections) in 1888. Name the bank. Capital Savings Bank of Washington, D.C.
584. This African American graduated from the Teacher’s College of Columbia University,with a master’s degree in religious education. He succeeded his father as pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem in 1938 when he was just 20 years old. Name Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
451. In this city and state, one of the oldest black-owned newspapers, The Afro-American, is still published. John Henry Murphy, Sr. established it in 1892. After serving in the Civil War, Murphy worked as a white washer, porter, janitor, postal employee, Baltimore, Maryland
500.In the October 6, 1917 issue of the Literary Digest, the editor commented on a new music that is gaining acceptance in the country: “A strange word has gained widespread use in the rank of our producers of popular music. It is used as an adjective d jazz
547. This choreographer was a pioneer in restoring the African and Caribbean heritage to dance in America. It was her featured role as “Georgia Brown” in Cabin in the Sky that allowed others to see her as a great artist. Because of her choreography an Katherine Dunham
470. He was the only black congressman sworn in when the Fifty-fifth Congress met on March 15, 1897. He was the last black person to be elected to Congress for another 28 years. After leaving Congress in 1901, he founded a black town in Cape May County, N George Henry White; Whitesboro, NJ
436. Booker T. Washington is one of the most famous African American educators. In 1881, he established a college to train black teachers. He himself had graduated from Hampton Institute in that year. In 1896, Washington became the first African American Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama
567. Native Son, a "black protest" novel became an immediate bestseller in 1940. As a result, the author became internationally renowned and the first black writer to have a novel become a Book-of-the-Month Club selection. In collaboration with Paul Green Richard Wright
424.On June 2, 1875, Pope Pius IX named this African American to be bishop of Portland, Maine, making him the first African American Catholic bishop in the United States.Name him. James A. Healy
552. In 1935, this African American became the first black Democrat in the U.S. Congress, breaking a long tradition of only black Republicans in Congress. He beat Oscar DePriest in the Illinois First Congressional District to take his seat in the U.S. Hou Arthur W. Mitchell
482. This African American leader grew up in Boston, was the only black student in his high school, and after graduating, entered Harvard College in 1891. He became the first black to be honored with membership in Phi Beta Kappa, an honorary group of stud William Monroe Trotter
490. W. C. Handy, founder of one of the first black-owned music publishing companies, is often called the "father of the blues" because he wrote some of the most notable and lasting blues songs. Two songs have city names in their title. Name the titles of "Memphis Blues" (Tennessee) and "St. Louis Blues" (Missouri). Also, "East St. Louis Blues" (Illinois)
527. This track and field athlete of the University of Michigan won the broad jump at the Olympic Games in Paris. He became the first black athlete to win an Olympic gold medal. Name him. DeHart Hubbard
401. In 1869, this amendment to the Constitution was ratified. This amendment said that the right of citizens to vote shall not be denied on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Fifteenth
435. This state began the modern racial segregation movement in 1881 with the introduction of the "Jim Crow" (segregated) railroad car. Name the state. Tennessee
health and that he should not be retired from military service. It did not help his cause and he was forced to retire because of "high blood pressure." He later served as Professor of Military Science at Wilberforce University, Ohio. Name him. Colonel Charles Young
524.This street in Memphis was once the home of wealthy cotton planters before the Civil War. In the 1920s it became a center of the black neighborhood. Here black musicians flourished, including W.C. Handy. The Daisy Theatre located on this street attrac Beale Street
American to new generations of music lovers. The composer’s songs were featured in the movie, The Sting, starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. Name the composer. Scott Joplin
430. In 1879, between 20,000 and 40,000 former enslaved blacks migrated to Kansas seeking a new life on land made available by the 1862 Homestead Act. These blacks moved from Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Georgia. Because they were the only labor s Exodus of 1879 (Exoduster Movement)
473. Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state. Claflin,Spelman,Xavier, Howard,Prairie View Sate,Langston,Bethune-Cookman,Cheyney,Hampton,Coppin State, Wilberforce,Morehouse,Meharry Medical, Alcorn State Tuskegee,Fisk SC, GA, LA, D.C., Texas, OK, FL, PA, VA, MD, Ohio, GA, Tennesee, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennesee.
556. He became the first African American to serve as a U.S. federal judge. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him to the federal district court in the Virgin Islands in 1937. Name him. William H. Hastie
559. In 1939, this actress won the first Academy Award (the Oscar) ever given to a black performer. She earned the Oscar as best supporting actress for her role in Gone with the Wind. Name her. Hattie McDaniel
492. In 1914, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) created a “medal” to award each year “to acknowledge the highest achievement by an American Negro”. The medal was named for a generous donor and chairperson of th Joel E. Spingarn;springarn Medal
540. She was called the "First Lady of Jazz". Her first big break came in the 1930s when she began singing with Chick Webb and his band at the Harlem Opera House. She would become the top female jazz singers--a title she held until her death. Who was she? Ella Fitzgerald
403.This black cowboy was born in Texas in 1870 and became famous when he joined the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Wild West Show. He was one of main attractions when he sank his teeth into the steer’s upper lip and threw the steer to the ground by his bite Bill Pickett
429. By 1878, this African American was one of the most gifted music composers of his time. In fact, he wrote and composed "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny"--the song that once was the official song of the state. This composer wrote more than 500 songs, inc James Bland
538. In the 1920s and 1930s this city becomes a jazz center and the development of a certain style of jazz. This style includes solo improvisations and special playing of the brass section. This new style was showcased by the Count Basie Band which was or Kansas City, Missouri (Kansas City jazz)
575. In 1941, this President issued Executive Order 8802 that prohibited employers from discriminating against African Americans in the war industries and in government services because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Order came in response Franklin Roosevelt
423. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was introduced in the U.S. Congress by two Radical Republicans in 1870, however it did not become law until March 1, 1875. The Act promised that all persons, regardless of race, color, or previous conditions full and equa Charles Sumner and Benjamin Butler
562.He was the first African American military General in the regular U. S. Army. Name him. Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.
479. In 1906, the first black fraternity was founded at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Today, it has a membership that exceeds 75,000, and promotes academic excellence and supports community service activities. Name the fraternity. Alpha Phi Alpha
597. This African American had been a writer and scholar before he founded Opportunity, the journal of the National Urban League. He became the first black president of Fisk University in 1946. Name this person. Charles S. Johnson
528. In 1925, this African American philosopher, writer, professor at Howard University and the first African American Rhodes scholar (1907), created the term "New Negro". The term taken from his book, The New Negro, conveyed a renewed confidence and prid Alain Locke
411. Alonzo Ransier and Richard Gleaves of South Carolina, A.K. Davis of Mississippi, and Oscar Dunn, P.B.S. Pinchback, and C.C. Antoine of Louisiana all served in this high state political office during Reconstruction. What office did they hold? Lieutenant Governor
489. In 1912, this black person, born to farmers in Clarendon Hills, Jamaica (1889), published his first two volumes of poetry: Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads. He had moved to the United States to study agriculture at Tuskegee under George Washingto Claude McKay
409. On July 15, 1870, this state was the last former state of the Confederacy to be readmitted to the Union. It finally met federal requirements for readmission, including ratifying the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas Georgia
438. This African American invented the "shoe-lasting machine", a machine that revolutionized the shoe industry and made Lynn, Massachusetts the "shoe capital of the world." His invention cut the price of shoes by more than 50 percent, doubled wages, and Jan Matzeliger
447. In the latter years of the 1800s, southern states implemented a system where they leased black convicts from their prisons to businesses and planters to build railroads, clear swamps, work mines, cut timber, and tend cotton. Companies and planters ha convict lease system
519. In 1921, Henry Pace organized the Pace Phonographic Corporation. It was the first record company owned and operated by an African American. What was the label used by the company on its records? The Black Swan
445. This African American is credited with many important inventions (more than sixty patents) related to railway systems and electrical industries. His patents were sold to General Electric, Westinghouse, and American Bell Telephone. Thomas Edison offer Granville T. Woods
425. In 1876, perhaps for the first time in American history, African Americans were enrolled in educational institutions in this state in greater numbers than whites. For example, there were 89,800 African Americans enrolled in schools compared with only Mississippi
480. This African American frustrated and dominated his opponents in the boxing ring with superb boxing skills, much the way Muhammad Ali did many decades later. He was not “the good natured, black animal” that the press called him, but rather a well- Jack Johnson
466. In 1898 three African Americans, Dr. John Merrick, Dr. Aaron M. Moore and Charles Spaulding, founded a company in Durham, North Carolina that became the “world’s largest black-owned business” and won Durham the reputation of “Capital of the b North Carolina Mutual Insurance Company
587. This talented first baseman, known as the “black Lou Gehrig” played 17 years with the Homestead Grays, the longest term of service with one team in Negro leagues history. During his career in the 1930s and 1940s, he batted .341 and ranked among t Walter “Buck” Leonard
529. This poet, born in Baltimore, became an influential voice of the Harlem Renaissance when he published his book of poetry, Color, in 1925. His later works included Copper Sun, another book of poetry and One Way to Heaven, a novel. As a young boy, he w Countee Cullen
431. In 1879, this newspaper, considered the oldest continuously printed black newspaper in the country, was founded. Name it. Los Angeles Eagle
483. The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, the first professional organization of black women, was organized in 1909. Its most important goal has been the professional recognition of black nurses and the improvement of the quality of their Martha M. Franklin and Ada Thoms
496. In 1915, the first Black Catholic College in the United States opens in New Orleans, Louisiana. Name it. Xavier University
484. This important civil rights group was organized in New York City on February 12, 1909. Its purpose was to advance the civil rights of African American people and to protect the rights of all people. This organization has become one of the major civil National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
521. Robert Douglas from Harlem, formed the first all-black, black-owned professional basketball team. This team dominated the game during the 1920s, beating every team, including the Boston Celtics. Over 26 years of play, the team posted 2,318 wins and o New York Renaissance, referred to as the Rens 522.
Smithsonian Institution. Name this artist. Henry Ossawa Tanner
576. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt announced a $350 million emergency shipbuilding program that resulted in 2,750 Liberty ships being built in the nation’s shipyards by the end of World War II. Seventeen Liberty ships were named after African Am Robert S. Abbot,John Merrick,Robert J.Banks, John Murphy,George Carver,Edward A. Savoy,William Cox,Harriet Tubman,Frederick Douglass,Robert Vann, Paul Dunbar,James K. Walker,John Hope,Booker T. Washington,James Weldon Johnson,Bert Williams,George Lawson.
592. In 1944, a black woman brought suit after being arrested and fined $10 for refusing to move to the back of a bus. This woman refused to give up her seat in a crowded Greyhound bus to a white couple. The bus driver drove the to the nearest jail in Sal Irene M. Morgan (later Irene M. Kirkaldy); Morgan vs. Commonwealth of Virginia
508. In 1918, he became the first black person to earn a first mate’s license on a U.S. Navy ship. In 1942, he became the first black captain of a U.S. merchant ship. Name him. Hugh Mulzac
She became the 1st African woman lawyer when she graduated from Howard University Law School in 1872. Barriers to setting up a law practice were too difficult to overcome at the time so she became a teacher in the Brooklyn, New York schools. Name her. Charlotte E. Ray
553. In 1935, this African American educator and political advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt established the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) to fight racial and gender discrimination. The organization grew rapidly, and in the 1970s, it was on Mary McLeod Bethune
498. Marcus Garvey founded this organization that grew to more than six million members in the U.S. and other countries. The organization worked to increase black pride and to develop economic and educational self-help programs. Over time, it had a church Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
457. In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, was decided on a vote of 8-1. The decision upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine and began the age of Jim Crow. The Court said that the State of Louisiana was within its rights to arres He sat in a railroad car reserved for whites.
421. On May 17, 1875, the first “Kentucky Derby” horse race was held at Churchill Downs, in Louisville, Kentucky. The purse was $2,850. The first jockey to win a Kentucky Derby was a black person who rode the horse, Aristides, to victory. Who was he? Oliver Lewis; 13
417. This African American author compiled the histories of as many as 100 fugitives a year between 1850 and 1860 as he helped them escape to freedom. He documented their stories in his 1872 memoir, The Underground Railroad--a book that recognized the bra William Still
441. In 1887, he obtained Patent No. 315,368 for the "telegraphony," a device that received and transmitted Morse code or voice messages between moving trains and between trains and stations. His invention reduced the number of accidents. Name this invent Granville T. Woods
588. Name one of the founders of CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) who spoke these words: "There are three ways in which one can deal with an injustice. (a)One can accept it without protest. (b)One can seek to avoid it. (c)Resist the injustice nonviolent Bayard Rustin
474. In 1904, this African American was the first of his race to enter the Olympics and win a medal. Name him and the track and field event in which he participated. George Poage, hurdles
545. This African American poet was one of the leading writers of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote more than 30 books on the African American experience, including Black Thunder, a book about the 1800 slave rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser. He was also a Arna Bontemps
502. This African American scientist and inventor presented his invention at the Second International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety. His breathing helmet and smoke protector (later called a gas mask) won First Grand Prize in 1914. Name this inventor Garrett Morgan
420. In 1874, this African American became a priest and was installed as president of the oldest Catholic university in the United States. He was the first African American to head a predominantly white university. Name him and the college, now a universi Father Patrick Francis Healy, Georgetown University
537. When Chicago's voters elected him to the U.S. Congress in 1928, he was the first African American Congressman since 1901 and the first elected from the North. Name him. Oscar De Priest
520. A number of race riots occurred after World War I. On May 30, 1921, an incident in this town sparked widespread anger between whites and blacks. As many as 200 African Americans and 50 whites were killed. One account noted that the riot was unequal i Tulsa, Oklahoma
568. On April 7, 1940, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp to honor this African American for his contribution to the overall well being of black Americans and the country, in general. This was the first stamp issued to honor an African American.Name t Booker T. Washington
509. Because so much blood was shed in the 26 race riots during the summer of 1919, it has been called what? Red Summer
405. Many black people left Southern states in the 1870s and 1880s to escape poverty and abuse in favor of independence and land in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. In 1879, for example, as many as 6,000 people left South Carolina, Mississippi, T 1862 Homestead Act; 160 acres
427. The end of Reconstruction occurred when the North abandoned black Americans to southern whites who immediately began campaigns of violence to reestablish their power. In what year did this occur? 1877
487. This major organization was founded in 1911 from a merger of three organizations--the Committee for Improving the Industrial Conditions of Negroes in New York, the National League for the Protection of Colored Women, and the Committee on Urban Condit The National Urban League
506. This military regiment won the Croix de Guerre (the Legion of Honor) from the French government for their bravery in World War I. The Germans called them "Hell Fighters," but they referred to themselves as "Black Rattlers." This black regiment joined 369th Colored Infantry; Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts The Croix de Guerre was also awarded to the first African American combat pilot who had joined the French Foreign Legion and fought with France’s Flying Crops. name him.
591. The United Negro College Fund was founded to help all-black colleges and universities. It raised $760,000 in its first year to support these educational institutions. It was founded by then president of Tuskegee Institute. Name him. Frederick Douglass Patterson
517. Although women and African Americans were barred from being commercial or military pilots until World War II, this woman became the first African American woman to hold a pilot’s license. She had to travel to France to get it. Both women and Africa Bessie Coleman “Bess the Brave”
478. This African American attended Hampton Institute and later, Kent College of Law in Chicago, receiving an LL.B. (law) Degree in 1898. After practicing law in the Midwest for five years, he returned to Chicago and in 1905, founded the Chicago Defender. Robert Abbott
443. This African American, a successful Kansas politician, moved to Oklahoma Territory in 1887 and later became the founder of two all-black towns, Liberty and Langston. He envisioned Oklahoma Territory as an all-black state. President Benjamin Harrison Edwin P. McCabe
583. This African American was first refused admission to the U.S. Army Air Corps because he was black, so instead he enlisted into the regular Army. In May 1942, when he learned that the Army Air Corps had changed their policy, he was accepted for pilot Lee A. Archer
580. This African American musician, born in Montgomery, Alabama, formed his own band at the age of 17. His first hit came in 1941 with "Sweet Lorraine" and a string of hits followed: "I Love You for Sentimental Reasons", "Mona Lisa", and "Those Lazy, Haz Nat "King" Cole (Nathaniel Adams Cole)
564. Between 1900 and 1940, the movement of large numbers of African Americans from the South to places in the Northeast, Midwest, and West dramatically changed the demography of this country and most particularly the demography of the African Americans. 77 percent in the South; 11 percent in the Northeast; and 12 percent in the Midwest and West.
448. He was born on March 12, 1864 to former slaves in Mays Lick, Kentucky. In 1889, he graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the third African American to graduate. He first served with the Buffalo Soldiers in the 10th Cavalry in Nebras Colonel Charles Young
515. In 1920, three African American women received a Ph.D. degree. Eva Dykes received the degree in English from Radcliffe College; Georgiana Simpson received a Ph.D. in German from the University of Chicago and the third received a Ph.D. in economics fr Sadi T. Mossell
523.In the 1920s, this theatre in Harlem became the most prestigious black entertainment center of the country and continued to be until the 1960s. Some say that no black entertainer became successful without playing in this theatre. At one time, aspiring Apollo Theatre
501.On October 14, 1916, this African American, a sophomore student who played tackle and guard for the Rutgers University football team, was benched when the team from Washington and Lee University refused to play the game against an African American. Th Paul Robeson
488. This African American was a member of Admiral Robert E. Peary's expedition to the North Pole. Some records show that he was the first person to reach the Pole and placed the American flag there. In 1912, he wrote of his experiences in A Negro Explore Matthew Henson
585.On 12/7/41, the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii. This African American, assigned to the U.S. Navy as a cook and not trained to use the big guns due to widespread racial discrimination. Name hero and ship. Dorie Miller; USS Arizona
463. What black inventor designed a device that allowed railroad cars to be coupled more easily? A New York railroad paid him $50,000 in 1897 for his invention. It became known as the "jenny coupler" and was one of the most important inventions that made Andrew J. Beard 464. This African American composer and pianist released one of his finest works, Maple Leaf Rag, in 1899. He was best known for his ragtime music. He later wrote an opera, Treemonisha. Almost 100 years later, this composer’s music was red
455. In 1895, this black woman organized the National Federation of Afro-American Women which later merged with the Colored Women’s League to form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). She became one of the organization’s vice president. T Josephine Ruffin
rather extensively thereafter--Lyrics of the Hearthside (1899); Lyrics of Love and Laughter (1903); Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow (1905); as well as novels. He toured England for a series of readings and was praised by the British. Although he grew tired Paul Lawrence Dunbar
561. This African American sociologist graduated with honors from Howard University,received a master’s degree from Clark University, and a doctorate degree from the University of Chicago. He published some of the most important work at the time on the E. Franklin Frazier
458. This African American activist was born the year of the Emancipation Proclamation (1863). She graduated from Oberlin College, taught at Wilberforce University, and later became principal of Washington Colored High School. In 1895, she became the firs Mary Church Terrell
542. In the 1930s, this African American became widely known as the “Father of the Gospel Song” because of his important role in the development of African American gospel music. Although he started his career as a blues pianist and songwriter, he lat Thomas Andrew Dorsey
599. In 1947, this African American sculptress produced her much celebrated I Am a Negro Woman series of sculptures, prints, and paintings. She had graduated from the University of Iowa in 1941 with a degree in sculpture and accepted an invitation to work Elizabeth Catlett
493. This African American believed strongly that the black educated class had an obligation to “uplift” the African American masses. He founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and Culture in 1915, and later began publishing the Journal of Carter G. Woodson
543. In 1930, this foundation built its 500th black school. As early as 1883, it had contributed $25,000 for the construction of buildings at Tuskegee Institute and schools in Macon County, Alabama. Over a period of time, this foundation contributed appro Julius Rosenwald Fund
570.This African American is cited as the most widely praised artist of the 20th century. His paintings of the lives, dreams, and struggles of African Americans are among the most respected of any artist.One of his paintings is on the cover of Black Saga. Jacob Lawrence
531. This black artist of the Harlem Renaissance is perhaps best known for his four murals at the Schomburg Center for Black Culture in New York City, illustrating James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones and much of Alain Locke's The New Negro. He grew up Aaron Douglas
534. The American Bar Association (ABA) expelled William H. Lewis, a graduate of Amherst College and the Harvard Law School, from its organization in 1912 when leaders discovered he was black. They defended their action by claiming that the association wa National Bar Association
497. After experiencing settlement problems and growing racism in Kansas, many African Americans moved into another region where they settled more than 30 towns between 1890 and 1916. These towns included Arkansas Colored, Boley, Liberty, Lincoln (later c Oklahoma
402. This is one of two states to have two African Americans serve in the U.S. Senate.Hiram R. Revels and Blanche K. Bruce served during Recontruction. What state did they represent? Mississippi
565. In 1940, the U.S. Army announced the formation of a training school for black pilots. Called the "Home of Black Aviation," the school was located in the same town as a famous black college founded by Booker T. Washington. What is the name of this tow Tuskegee, Alabama
467. In 1900, only five cities had more than 50,000 black residents. Four of them were Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. Name the fifth. New Orleans
541. This famous jazz singer’s sad life is described in her autobiography, Lady Sings The Blues. She appeared with Count Basie’s orchestra and had many hit records including "God Bless the Child." She was called “Lady Day.” Who was she? Billie Holiday
598. In 1946, this athlete was the first black person to play modern professional football. He played with the Los Angeles Rams. Name him. Kenny Washington
536. As a child, this five-year old African American girl appeared as a singer in a church program. She later became an entertainer in nightclubs and vaudeville. Her Broadway debut was in Africana in 1927 which was followed by a national tour in As Thousa Ethel Waters
450. On May 4, 1891, Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a noted African American physician opened the first training school for black nurses in Chicago. Dr. Williams also performed the first successful open-heart operation in this hospital. Name the hospital where Provident Hospital
418.She was the first black woman to graduate from a New York State medical school--New York Medical College for Women. In 1873, she became the first female African American medical doctor to be formally certified. She later founded several hospitals. In Susan McKinney Steward
481. In 1908, a race riot occurred in this city, hometown of Abraham Lincoln. It took place on the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. Black people were lynched during this riot near Lincoln's home and only two miles of his burial place. Name the city. Springfield, Illinois
594. This group of black soldiers served in the U.S. Army Air Force. During their period of active service, they amassed one of the most impressive records of any airmen--150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, one Legion of Merit, one Silver Star, fourteen Bro Tuskegee Airmen
558. She became the first African American female judge when, in 1939, she was appointed to the New York City Court of Domestic Relations. She was a graduate of the Yale Law School in 1931. Name her. Jane Matilda Bolin
469. In many large U.S. cities, wealthy African Americans developed their own residential districts because racial discrimination laws prohibited them from living among whites of similar wealth. In Atlanta, this district becomes the premier residence for Auburn Avenue Distric called Sweet Auburn
600. The first modern major league baseball game in which a black player participated occurred on April 10, 1947 when this player took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers.He had previously attended Pasadena Junior College (now Pasadena City College) in CA. Jackie Robinson
433. This African American, a former professor of the University of South Carolina, argued that African Americans should leave the South in order to escape the harsh treatment by Southern whites. The exodus would carry African Americans to better economic Richard T. Greener
This migration was part of a much larger movement of African Americans out of the South. Over the 1900-1930 period, about how many African Americans moved from the South primarily to urban centers of the North? 4 million
432. This African American opposed the movement of African Americans out of the South because he believed that the government should protect citizens wherever they live, and that leaving the South was no permanent remedy for the plight of the Negro. He fe Frederick Douglass
557. This African American woman became the first black woman lawmaker when she was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature in 1938. Name her. Crystal Bird Fauset
439. This African American is one of the most famous horse jockeys in American history. He obtained his jockey apprentice license at the age of 12 and won his first major race in Louisville, Kentucky in 1875. In 1884, he won six major races, including the Isaac Murphy
516.In 1920, this African American intellectual, educator, poet, and civil rights activist became the first black Executive Secretary of the NAACP. He became an effective organizer for the NAACP, increasing its membership and the number of chapters. His s James Weldon Johnson
551. African American writers such as Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison advanced their careers with funds from this federal project. Between 1935 and 1939, this project,established by President Franklin Roosevelt in his New Deal plan, funded many artists. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
415. This African American was born in Canada, the son of fugitive slaves who had escaped from Kentucky. He attended school in Canada and then in Scotland where he apprenticed with a mechanical engineer. He invented the lubricator cup in 1872. Name him. Elijah McCoy
577.In 1941, this black man, at the age of 22, earned his doctorate degree in mathematics from the University of Illinois. The son of a railroad worker, he was the only black person at the University of Illinois at the time and became one of the top stude David Blackwell
413.Faced with near financial ruin during the period 1870-1915, this black University (founded in 1866) in Nashville, Tennessee sent singers on tour across the country and throughout the world to earn money. Started originally by a Freedmen's Bureau offic Fisk Jubilee Singers
549. This African American writer studied black folklore. Among her notable books are Tell My Horse (1930), Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), Mules and Men (1937), and Their Eyes Were Watching God (1938). Name this important African American writer. Zora Neale Hurston
426. In 1876, the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church established the first all-black medical school in the United States. Three other African-American medical schools: Howard University Medical School, Shaw Medical School, and the Meharry; Nashville, Tennessee
571. In 1940, this U.S. President signed the Selective Service Act, allowing Blacks to enter all branches of the U.S. Military Service. Name him. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
419. In 1874, Reconstruction was rapidly ending. However, in this year, five African Americans were elected to the U.S. Congress. Blanche K. Bruce was Senator from MS. Four others were elected to the House of Representatives. These were Jeremiah Haralson, Robert Smalls; South Carolina
408. In 1870, this African American was the first of his race to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and take his seat. He was born a slave but became free after his father bought his family’s freedom. He was drafted by his home state to ser Joseph Hayne Rainey from South Carolina
404. In the 1870s, many black migrants joined the major exodus from Kentucky and Tennessee to settle in organized communities in Kansas. "Dunlap" and "Singleton" were the names of two of the towns they created. Name a third town and the most famous. It is Nicodemus
589.John Johnson published the first copy of Negro Digest on 11\1\42. It became the first successful black-owned successful general magazine. Out of this came the Johnson Publishing Company now one of the largest black-owned business. Name two magazines. Jet and Ebony
572. In World War II (1941-1945), blacks served admirably in many sectors of the armed forces despite widespread discrimination. The U.S Navy admitted racial prejudice when more than 258 black sailors at this ammunition storage port were court-marshaled a Port Chicago, California Also,about 8.7 percent of the total U.S.forces.
560. In February 27, 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) denied an African American opera singer permission to perform in Washington, D.C.'s Constitution Hall. At the time, she was one of the most celebrated opera singers in the world. Fi Marian Anderson
573.Jacob Lawrence helped to lay the foundation for other African American artists seeking to display their individuality. One of Lawrence’s series of art depicted the political and social struggles of African Americans. This art work (series) was prese The Migration of the Negro
510. In 1919, this athlete became the first black person to play professional football for a major team (the Akron Indians). He previously had been the first black football player to play in the Rose Bowl. Name him. Frederick "Fritz" Pollard
465. Rosamond Johnson, trained at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, and his brother James Weldon Johnson, wrote a song that is often called the “Black National Anthem.” It was written in 1901. Name it. Lift Every Voice and Sing
499. He worked as a field hand to earn money to attend Harvard University. In 1915, he graduated from Harvard Medical School, with honors and fourth in his class. Barred from an internship at hospitals around Boston, he did his internship at Freedmen’s Louis Tomkins Wright
460. In 1896, this African American was selected director of agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. Here, he began to teach and experiment with agricultural production.He was one of the first soil scientists to encourage crop rotation, and he develo George Washington Carver
514. Although the NAACP and the Urban League, two major civil rights organizations, were established to protect the rights of all people, particularly blacks, their main opponent in American society was an organization that had been established in Pulaski Ku Klux Klan
574.This African American leader, President of the National Negro Congress, called for a united front against discrimination, racism, and segregation in American life. He advocated the use of tactics like “mass demonstration, such as parades, picketing, A. Philip Randolph
442. In 1887, Isaiah Thornton Montgomery and other former enslaved African Americans founded this town. They hoped that their new community would give African Americans the freedoms they could not find in white towns. Montgomery had been enslaved on the p Mound Bayou, Mississippi
596. In 1946, she earned the title of "Queen of Gospel" when her recording of "Move Up A Little Higher" sold more than 8 millions copies. She appeared on radio, TV, and toured Europe several times. She appeared in Carnegie Hall in 1950. She sang at Presid Mahalia Jackson
525. In 1923, Governor J.C. Walton declared war on the Ku Klux Klan by placing his entire state under martial law. When Walton called out the National Guard to put down the Klan's rebellion against state authorities, many legislators called for his resign Oklahoma
507. This African American was a pioneer filmmaker. In 1918, he produced and directed Birthright, the first full-length black film. He made many movies, including The Homesteader and Body and Soul, the latter starring Paul Robeson. Name him. Oscar Micheaux
546. This African American was a gifted child and attended Tuskegee Institute at age 13. He later attended the Horner Institute of Fine Arts in Kansas City, Missouri and earned a Master’s Degree from the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago. In 193 William Levi Dawson
526. In 1924, the first Negro League World Series was played In Kansas City, Missouri between what two teams? Kansas City Monarchs and the Hilldale Club of Philadelphia (Monarchs won).
581. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), a non-violent action-oriented civil rights group, was founded by James Farmer, Bayard Rustin and others in Chicago, Illinois in 1941.Farmer became the group’s national director in 1961. CORE successfully used a t "sit-ins"
428. In June 1877, he became the first black person to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. For four years he had been excluded from activities and ignored by white cadets. After joining the Tenth Cavalry in 1878, serving in OK state. Henry O. Flipper
410. Of the 20 African Americans who served in the U.S. House of Representatives during Reconstruction, which state sent the largest number (8)? South Carolina
486. In 1910, this woman established a hair-products manufacturing company that eventually employed about 3,000 workers. In her early life, she had worked as a washerwoman and invested her wages to develop a hair conditioner for women. She is the first Af Madame C. J. Walker
434. She was the first African American woman to receive her Registered Nurse (R.N) degree from a nursing program in the United States--the New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1879. Name her. Mary E. Mahoney
440. On May 1, 1884 this baseball catcher made his professional major league debut with Toledo in an American Association game. As a result, he became the first black player in organized baseball history. Name him. Moses Fleetwood Walker
456. In 1895, this educator, author and black social activist became the first African American awarded a Ph.D. degree (Doctor of Philosophy) from Harvard University. He wrote his dissertation on the African slave trade in the United States. He had previo W.E.B. Du Bois
449. This black artist was the son of a college-educated minister, teacher, and former slave. His son's artistic interests developed in Philadelphia where the family lived. Here, he painted and drew constantly as a teen. In 1880, he enrolled in the presti Henry Ossawa Tanner
461. When George Washington Carver, the first African American on the faculty at Iowa State University, left to create a department of agriculture at Tuskegee Institute, he arrived to find no laboratory and no equipment. His new department included an int “movable school”
462. In 1897, Edwin P. McCabe founded this town in Oklahoma and named it in honor of a well-known black educator, inspector-general for the Freedmen's Bureau, and U.S. Representative from Virginia. Name the town. Langston
454. Barred from the American Medical Association, black doctors organized the National Medical Association in Atlanta in 1895. Some black doctors had been educated at white medical schools; most, however, had received their education from these black med Leonard Medical School at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC; Flint-Goodridge Medical College in New Orleans, LA; Meharry Medical School in Nashville, TN; and Howard University School of Medicine in Washington, DC.
535. Although Howard University was established in 1867 to educate African Americans, the first African American president was not appointed until June 1926. He remained president for 34 years. Name him. Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
569. On June 5, 1940, Frederick O’Neal and Abram Hill formed a theater in Harlem. It produced several plays on Broadway and launched the careers of several noted actors and actresses including Harry Belafonte, Sidney Poitier, and Ruby Dee. Name the thea The American Negro Theater
554. This African American athlete, born on an Alabama sharecropping farm, won three individual and one team gold medal in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany. He became the first Olympian ever to win four gold medals. Adolf Hitler left the stadium Jesse Owens
518. One of the most popular black musicals to open on Broadway was produced by Eubie Blake, a ragtime pianist and composer, and Noble Sissle. It was the first Broadway show to be written, produced and performed by blacks, and was the first to include jaz Shuffle Along
566. At Tuskegee, Alabama, the nation’s first black military pilots were trained by a person who is frequently called ”the father of black Aviation.” He taught himself to fly in the 1920s and was most instrumental in teaching black pilots in the 194 Charles Alfred Anderson
579. This African American was the commander of the Booker T. Washington, the first Liberty ship named after an African American. In his autobiography, he stated the following: “If there was ever a moment when the real meaning of democracy could and had Hugh Mulzac
513. In 1920, Andrew "Rube" Foster, an African American pitcher, and other African American team owners met in this city to organize the Negro National Baseball League (NNBL). Name the city. Kansas City, Missouri
503. This African American singer broke the color barrier in concert halls for black classical singers. In 1917, he was the first black person to sing in Symphony Hall in Boston and later was the first black to give a recital at Carnegie Hall in New York. Roland Hayes
477. Booker T. Washington visited this all-black town in 1905, just prior to Oklahoma statehood in 1907. He described it as a thriving town of approximately 2,000 residents, "with two banks, two cotton-gins, a newspaper, a hotel, and a college-- the Creek Boley
437. In 1882, this scientist received a patent for his invention of the first incandescent electric light bulb with a carbon filament. It was considered an improvement of Thomas Edison’s electric lamp. This scientist/inventor contributed so many inventi Lewis H. Latimer
593. Jackie Robinson broke the color line in modern major league baseball when he signed to play for the Montreal Royals, a Brooklyn Dodgers Triple A affiliate team in the International League in 1945. Before that, he played for a team of the National Neg Kansas City Monarchs
533. He was the first African American author to have a long-running Broadway hit. It happened when his play, Mulatto, opened at the Vanderbilt Theatre on October 24, 1935 and ran for 373 performances until December 9, 1937. It was one of the most success Langston Hughes
412.Baseball reached the little town of Cooperstown, New York during or shortly following the Civil War. Among the many people playing the game was a young man of African American descent named John Jackson. He played so well that he became a star basebal Bud Fowler
422. In 1875, the U.S. Congress passed a Civil Rights Act and President Ulysses Grant signed it into law. Eight years later, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. What did this Civil Rights Act prohibit? discrimination in public accommodations (hotels, theaters, and public carriers)
475. She earned a degree from Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, but was rejected to be a Presbyterian missionary. She moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, became a teacher and decided to open her own school. With desks made from packing crates from a nearby d Mary McLeod Bethun
480. This sorority, established at Howard University in 1908, was the country’s first black sorority. Its primary goal is to improve quality of life for blacks throughout the world. Today, it has chapters in 46 states. Name the sorority. Alpha Kappa Alpha
563. In 1940, approximately five million blacks lived in a broad stretch of land in the South.Here, 180 counties had majority black populations and another 290 had proportions of black ranging from 30 to 50 percent. What was the name given to this area? Black Belt
544. In 1931, this African American became the leader of the NAACP. As executive secretary during World War II, he traveled to the South to investigate the lynching of blacks.Name this leader. Walter White
524. In 1923, this African American female was called the "Queen of the Blues" after she recorded "Down Hearted Blues," a song written by Alberta Hunter and Lovie Austin.The song sold 800,000 copies almost immediately--the first major hit for Columbia Rec Bessie Smith
472. In 1903, she became the first black woman to head a bank. She presided over the St. Luke Bank and Trust Company in Richmond, Virginia. She took $9,000 of initial deposits and increased bank holdings to $376,000 in a few years. The Bank helped many bl Maggie Lena Walker
414. This African American was sworn in as the first black governor of Louisiana after governor Henry C. Warmoth was impeached "for high crimes and misdemeanors" in 1872. He had previously been a delegate to the Republican convention that nominated Ulysse P.B.S. Pinchback
505. In 1917, as many as 10,000 people marched down Fifth Avenue in this city in a silent protest sponsored by the NAACP against lynching. Name the city where the march took place. New York City
444. The first African American bank, True Reformers’ Bank, opened in this city in 1888. The bank was supported by a fraternal organization. Name the city. Richmond, VA
548. This African American poet published his first volume of poems, Southern Road, in 1932. Some claim that his poems capture Black dialect better than even Paul Laurence Dunbar. After attending Dunbar High School in Washington, D.C. and being exposed to Sterling A. Brown
504.This African American was born in Jacksonville, Florida in 1871. When he graduated from Atlanta University, he became a school teacher in Jacksonville, Florida. He later became a lawyer, and in 1912 published the Autobiography of An Ex-Colored man. James Weldon Johnson
582. The first class of pilots trained at the U.S. Army’s training school for black pilots at Tuskegee, Alabama included Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a West Point graduate, and Lts. George Roberts, Mac Ross, Charles DeBow, and Rodney Curtis. What was the nam 99th Pursuit Squadron, commonly known as the "Black Eagles"
452. This African American woman, educated at Rusk College, became part owner and editor of the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight where she wrote articles about the lynching of black people. In 1892, she was driven out of town and her publishing business Ida B. Wells-Barnett
491. He was the first black sprinter to hold the title "world's fastest human" by co-holding the world's record in the 100-yard dash (9.6 seconds) in 1914. During the previous two years (1912 and 1913) he held the AAU Championship in the 200-yard dash. Na Howard P. Drew
485. The Crisis is a major magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Who was the first editor of the Crisis? W.E.B. Du Bois
586. This African American was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for heroic action aboard the USS San Francisco in the Solomon Islands. He died in the Battle of Guadalcanal. In 1942 the first U.S. naval vessel commissioned and named for a black person w Leonard Roy Harmon
590. This African American was one of the most successful stage actors on Broadway. On October 19, 1943, he starred in the title role of Othello, a production that ran for 296 performances and set the record for Shakespearean drama on Broadway. He is also Paul Robeson
578. The first Liberty ship named after an African American was built and launched in 1942. It was christened by a famous African American Metropolitan Opera singer who had been barred from performing at Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Booker T. Washington and it was christened by Marian Anderson
406. In 1870, this person was the first African American to receive a degree from Harvard University. He was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1876 and became a dean of Howard University's Law School in 1879. Name him. Richard T. Greener
511. He learned the piano at the age of six. He dropped out of school in his teens to pursue a musical career and, by 1919, was considered one of New York’s top pianists. In 1922, he recorded "Birmingham Blues" and "Muscle Shoals Blues". He wrote many h Thomas Wright “Fats” Waller
555.In 1937, Joe Louis, the son of Alabama sharecroppers, earned the title of heavyweight boxing champion of the world by defeating Jim J. Braddock. Known internationally as the “Brown Bomber”, how long did he retain the world heavyweight boxing champ 11 years
495. In 1915, the first African American to win the NAACP's Spingarn Medal contributed significantly to the sciences despite racial prejudice. A noted zoologist and marine biologist, he taught at Howard University for 32 years and spent more than 20 summe Ernest Everett Just
539. In 1929, three historically black colleges agreed to affiliate and offer an exciting new intellectual experience for black students. It would be the first historically black college or university to offer graduate degrees for African Americans. John Atlanta University