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Definitions |
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A cell membrane is primarily a ___ bilayer.
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Lipid.
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How many ATPs are produced per glucose aerobically?
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30
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Write the reaction catalyzed by PDH complex.
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pyr(cyto) -> pyr(mito) + NAD+ + CoASH --PDH Complex--> acetylCoA + NADH + CO2 + H+
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Which type of enantiomer of amino acids is used to make protiens?
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L-amino acids.
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The inhibition of a pathway by its product is known as ___ inhibition.
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Feedback
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Can H+ ions cross the inner mitochondrial membrane without any help?
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No.
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List an allosteric regulator of PFK-1.
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Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate.
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What carries electrons from complex III to complex IV?
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Cytochrome C
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In what part of the cell does fatty acid biosynthesis occur?
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Cytoplasm.
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A sigmoidal v vs. [S] plot is indicative of an ___ enzyme.
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Allosteric.
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TorF: Water has an unusually low boiling point.
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False.
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What is the distinction between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
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Anabolic pathways create large molecules from smaller ones.Catabolic pathways degrade large molecules to form smaller ones.
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TorF: Branching enzyme is involved in glycogenesis.
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True.
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What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
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A strong acid has a very low pH and a conjugate weake base.A weak acid has a pH closer to 7 and is the conjugate of a strong base.
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Write the overall reaction of glycolysis.
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D-glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 2Pi -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O + 2H+
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Which complex of the electron transport chain does not pump protons out of the mitochondrion?
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Complex II
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What lipoprotien is secreted by the liver as a means of transporting lipids to the tissues?
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VLDL
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What type of weak chemical interation is most responsible for the formation of an alpha-helix?
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The alpha-helix is formed in the secondary structure by hydrogen bonding, allowing the hydrophobic parts to get away from the water.
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The following structure is characteristic of what specific class of lipids?
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terpene
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What is the primary buffering system of blood?
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Bicarbonate.
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Writhe the Michaelis-Menten equation.
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V= Vmax[S] / Km + [S]
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Do cis or trans double bonds predominate in naturally-occurring fatty acids?
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Cis.
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The following Lineweaver-Burk plot is indicative of what type of enzyme inhibition? (Increasing I)
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Competitive inhibition
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Is hormon-sensitive TAG lipase in adipocytes activated or inactivated by phosphorylation?
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Activated.
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List 2 of 4 major classes of small biomolecules.
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Fatty acids and sugars.
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Write the 4 steps of beta-oxidation.
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DehydrogenationHydrationOxidationCleavage
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Which of the following is absorbed by intestinal cells?
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Monoacylglycerol.
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What is the linear form of starch called?
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Amylose.
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List 2 ketone bodies.
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Acetone and Aceto acetate.
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Write the reaction for the biosynthesis of palmitate.
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8Acetyl-CoA + 14NADPH + 14H+ + 7ATP -> Palmitate + 14NADP+ + 7ADP + 7Pi + 8CoASH + 6H2O
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What is the Bohr effect?
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The dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin is enhanced if pH decreases.
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Diagram the Cori cycle?
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Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Lactate -> Pyruvate -> Fructose-6-Phosphate -> Glucose again. From the liver to the muscles.
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What are major characteristic of life?
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CellularInformation BasedComplex and DynamicAdapts and EvolvesOrganized and Self-Sustaining
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TorF: Fructose is converted in the liver into glycolytic intermediates.
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True
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A titration curve for an amino acid without an ionizable side chain has how many pKa's?
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Two
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If deltaG for A->B is -2.3kJ/mol, and deltaG for B->C is 1.8kj/mol, is A->C spontaneous?
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Yes it is spontaneous. deltaG
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TorF: When citric acide cycle activity decreases, citrate is transported from the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm.
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True.
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TorF: Aspirin inhibits formation of at least some eicosanoids.
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True.
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Draw a generic TAG.
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Ch2-O-C(db to O)-R'Ch -O-C(db to O)-R"Ch2-O-C(db to O)-R"'
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TorF: If a molecule loses hydrogen it can be considered to have been oxidized.
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True.
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TorF: All enzymes have a pH optimum of 7.
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False.
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THe free energy of the transition state of a reaction is known as the ___ energy.
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Activation.
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Diagram a micelle.
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Polar heads with nonpolar tails surrounded by pentagonal water molecules.
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alpha and beta designations are used to distinguish between what types of stereoisomers?
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Anomers.
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Which type of membrane transport does not require ATP hydrolysis?
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Passive.
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Which are larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells.
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TorF: ATP serves as an intermediate in the flow of free energy from endergonic pathways to exergonic pathways.
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False.
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How does malonylCoA inhibit beta-oxidation?
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Fatty Acid Transport.
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TorF: Chylomicrons scavage excess cholesterol and return it to the liver.
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False.
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What are the monosaccharides found in maltose, and what is their glycosidic linkage?
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2 D-Glucose molecules Linkage: alpha (1,4)
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List an amino acide with a polar side chain.
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Valine.
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List 2 pieces of evidence supporting the chemiosmotic theory.
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Respiring mitochondria expels protons.Substances that inhibit ATP synthesis also dissipate the proton gradient.
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The location on an enzyme where catalysis occurs is known as the ___.
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Active site.
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List 2 mechanisms of enzyme regulation.
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Allosterism and Gene Regulating.
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TorF: Prokaryotes have nuclei.
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False.
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If the y-intercept on a Lineweaver-Burk plot is 0.5, what is the numerical value of the Vmax?
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Vmax = 2
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Amino acids, once incorporatied into proteins, are known as amino acid ___.
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Residues.
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Define amphoteric.
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A molecure that can act as both an acid and a base.
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List a way to denature a protein.
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Add extreme salt concentration.
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Which complex of the electron transport chain uses O2 as a substrate?
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Complex IV
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A carbohydrate with an aldehyde functional group is known as an ___.
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Aldose.
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What effect does glucagon have on glycogen phosphorylase activity in the liver?
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Glucagon increases the glycogen phosphorylase activity.
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Define catalyst.
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A catalyst lowers the free energy of activation in a reaction and speeds the reaction.
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Is HMGCoA reductase activated or inactivated by phosphorylation?
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Inactivated.
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Is the hydrophobic effect primarily caused by changes in enthalpy, entropy, or both?
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Entropy changes.
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The bond linking amino acids in a protein is known as a ____ bond.
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Peptide
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N-linked oigosaccharides are attached to proteins through what type of amino acid side chain?
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The amide group of asparagine.
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Define primary structure of a protein.
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The amino acid sequence (genetic information).
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What is the mathematical definition of Km?
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Km= K(-1) + K(2)/ K1
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Amphipathic
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A biomolecule with polar heads and nonpolar tails are made into a micelle to keep the nonpolar hydrophobic tail away from the water molecule.
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The 1st Law of Thermodynamics.
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Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
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TorF: The number of reactions of central importance in biochemistry is relatively large.
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False.
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Define amphibolic.
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A pathway that has both anabolic and catabolic processes.
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Proteins that are embedded in or span a cell membrane are known as ____ membrane proteins.
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Integral
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What is the shorthand notation for the following shorthand notation: CH3...13 times...
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14:0
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List 2 of the 6 classes of enzymes.
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Ligase and Lyase.
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In what parts of the cell does cholesterol biosynthesis occur?
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ER and Cytoplasm.
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What are primary functions of metabolism?
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Growth and developmentSynthesis of moleculesRemoval of waste productsMembrane transport
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Write the equation for the Gibbs free energy change.
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deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS
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List the 2 major factors determining the buffering capacity of a buffer.
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1. Concentration2. H+: HA ratio
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TorF: Both the electrical potential (charge imbalance) and the proton gradient (H+ concentration imbalance) represent free energy that can be used for ATP synthesis.
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True.
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Which of is on average the strongest bond?
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Ionic interactions.
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List 2 of the 8 functions described in class for proteins.
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Metabolism and Nutrients.
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Which of the following is not usually found as a component of mammalian cell membranes?
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Nucleic Acid.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of biological membranes?
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Information based.
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What is the drawback to the glycerol phosphate shuttle?
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It dissipates it's ability to produce ATP.
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One of the factors causing ATP hydrolysis to be so exergonic.
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The products of ATP hydrolysis are more stable than ATP because of resonance hybridization.Hydrolysis of ATP reduces electrostatic repulsion.
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