Complete List of Terms and Definitions for OpenYale Course Midterm study cards

Terms Definitions
Dendrites Negative Inhibitory
Working Memory = Active conscious thought and short term memory
Evolution of brain (9 uses) Perceiving world
Communicating
Nutrition & Rest
Select/Attract Mate
Learn Physical/social environment
Make Decisions
Choose Allies/Enemies
Figure out desires/beliefs of others
Plutchnik 8 primary emotions cone. (not agreed-upon, emotions too subjective and descriptions affected by culture and language)
Dendrites Positive Excitatory
Availability Bias Using info most available to us, like murders on rise because on news. We never think of heart attacks because not reported as much. Also letter D experiment (always guess as 1st letter instead of 3rd, even though 3rd is more prominent-1st easier/avail)
Reward Contrast Effect Good food vs. bad food reward rats learn difference and respond in kind.
2 sensory areas of brain Motor - band vertically behind frontal lobe.
Somatosensory - band just behind Motor and in front of Parietal Lobe.
Vygotsky Private Speech in kids Ages 4-7, speech becomes internal for planning, then as adults words dissolve into pure mental symbols
Long Term Memory Stored history about location, events, autobiography
Language birth to 4 mos. Preference for melody of own language (even at 4 days), but sensitive to ALL phonemes.
Inductive Reasoning Infer new principle by clues, like wake up, see wet ground, must have rained.
Genital stage Puberty through adulthood - culmination behavior is either healthy or not or combo?
Kinesthesia Your internal feeling of your own body
All languages share 3 things Syntax-rules for combining (grammar)
Morphology-words
Phonology-basic sounds
Ferdinand de Saussure The arbitrariness of the sign (morphology). We can assign any sound for any thing.
Affect The feeling associated with the emotion. Pleasure or Displeasure OR Arousal or Not (activation or deactivation).
5 Experiential analyses of behavior/experience Learning, Cognitive, Social, Cultural, Developmental
William James on Emotion Peripheral Feedback Theory-body changes first then CAUSES emotions-body reacts to stimulus first.
Language 12 mos. First words, actions, properties, word order. Lose openness to all phonemes of different languages - preference for only own language now.
Left side of Brain is generally associated with... Verbal skills on this side of brain...
Labile memories Easily disrupted memories
Damage to Where/How CAN see it but can't move toward grabbing or handling it easily
Emotions serve/cause Serve adaptive functions for evolution and reproduction.
Cause peripheral bodily changes in heart, blood, muscles, etc.
Social Learing in Food (specialized learning) eating what others in the group eat.
Free-floating emotion No object emotional feelings, or MOODS
Oral stage 1st year (breast feeding - don't wean too early or you may fixate...)
Short Term Memory Limited, held in consciousness.
Peter Salovey - Love's 3 components (need all 3 to qualify) INTIMACY-felling of closeness, connectedness, bonding
PASSION-drive that leads to romance, physical attraction, sex
COMMITMENT DECISION-one loves another and commits to maintain love
Retrograde Amnesia Loss of capacity to recall long-term memories before accident
Francis Crick Astonishing hypothesis a person's mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cells, glial cells, and the atoms, ions, and molecules that make them up and influence them.
Self-conscious Emotion Directed at self at object. Pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment.
Visual recognition basis of Context Far away tree you can recognize leaves. But not without seeing tree because too far and small.
Priming Memory primed by previous experience, outside of episodic memory. Must be part of semantic memory of concepts, unconscious, associations, etc. Subliminal flashing is a type of priming.
Size constancy Size and distance are readable even in objects we don't know, because of distance cues
Extinction Giving conditioned stimulus with no pairing of unconditioned stimulus (food) and cond. response goes away over time.
William James Metaphysical memory philosophy Man's ability to separate properties from the object and link to other objects - SUNSET=HERO'S DEATH but for a dog SUNSET=DINNER TIME
Why everything is NOT adaptive evolution distinguishes between adaptations/by-products/accidents/mistakes/evolutionary dead-ends. Debate is more what is adaptive vs. what is a mistake sweets(mistake)/snake-fear(adapt)/arts (unsure)
Generalization Cond. Response can happen to similar conditioned stimuli to the original
Gap between Axons Synapse
Heuristic Experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning and discovery. "Rule of thumb."
"Selective Looking" experiments for "Core Physical Principals" Object permanence - show baby possible act and impossible act and baby stares longer at impossible act - has concept of object permanence.
Ekman on Emotion Facial expression feedback - force a smile, feel happy.
William James on psychological science Our natural actions seem obvious, but are worth studying and NOT obvious from a psychological science point of view
a priori Knowledge Inborn operational rules (Darwin defined these as part of survival development (behavioral tendencies/anatomical changes all the FUNCTION of behavior)
Regression additional defense mech. of retreating to an earlier stage of development...
Cerebral Cortex Outer bark of brain, largest 4 main lobes.
Aristotle's Association by Similarity (memory) Associated because they have one or more property in common (apple and rose are red) (but is a derivative of contiguity because was contiguous at some point)
Word Categories 2 year old can extend meaning of a ball to apply to all balls, etc.
Piaget's Operations Reversible actions - On/off/on - child can think about this with Operational Schemes.
What is still accepted of Freud today? The unconscious.
Promoting Cooperation Accountability, reputation, reciprocity. We automatically help without considering reciprocity because more efficient to just help.
Positive Punishment adding a punishment to decrease response
Repression (Basis for other defense mechanisms)- repression is when anxiety-producing thoughts are pushed or kept out of the conscious mind, but can leak in and get distorted by the conscious to be more palatable.
Piaget milk in 2 glasses test is what concept? Conservation (test for it)
Consummate love and monogamy - more than one partner possible? Evolutionarily - Yes
Socially - No
Eye convergence eyes turn in to focus on object and give depth, but only useful very close
3 Biological analyses of behavior/experience Neural, Genetic, Evolutionary
Visual recognition basis of Motion Still frame of body with lights on it in dark not recognized. Then just 2 frames of movement is instantly recognized
Social working/contribution Individual cooperation/solution
Chemical that jumps synapse Neuro-transmitters
Perception (Bloom) Is hard, involved educated (unconscious) guesses about the world
Punishment Opposite of reinforcement
Memory Elaborative Rehearsal (Elaboration) Understanding meaning or attempting to - we remember more when prompteb by meanings than by simple visual or sounds related to words only.
Are grammatical rules learned implicitly or explicitly Implicitly - we don't have to be able to state or understand the rules.
Lateral inhibition neighboring neurons to certain shades are inhibited near change points
Inferring 3d from 2d info Very Hard, mathematically impossible, so we solve it with unconscious assumptions about how the world works.
Peter Salovey - Why we love who we love -7 ideas (More interesting 4.2) Gain-Loss Effect (GAIN-love over and over is tiring/mild love grows we respond)(LOSS-always negative can't hurt over and over/start high then neg HURTS
MISATRIBUTION OF AROUSAL (the chemical rush of the moment can affect love/caffeine/climbing mountain)
Stroop interference effect The colored words test with words written differently than colors are seen, mus decipher
Damage to What area of seeing Can't see it but can grab and handle it.
Semantic Memories Explicit memories of word, fact, belief meanings.
Non-kin altruism Grooming/warning cries/shared child care/food sharing/reciprocal altruism - benefits outweigh the costs
Elementary stimulus features (sight) Any object's properties which stimulate vision identification. Seen by "feature detector" neurons.
Food Aversion (specialized learning) Uncond. stimulus - Nausea comes much later than in classical conditioning.
Stimuli are restricted - smell and taste work but looks don't scare us.
Why don't apes have similar language to us? We split 5 to 10 million years ago. Time enough for evo change.
Dualism - Body Actions controlled by Body and not by soul (except thoughts)
6 parts of Neuron Cell body, cell nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals.
Autism Condition, mostly affecting boys, about 1/1000, lack of social connectedness, language impairment, mindblindness, treating people as objects.
Modal-model of the brain (info-processing) sensory input->SENSORY MEMORY BOX (unattended info quickly lost)->attention->WORKING MEMORY BOX(short-term)(maintenance/rehearsal circle)(unrehearsed info quickly lost)-><-encoding/retrieval(back and forth)=>LONG TERM MEMORY BOX (some lost over time)
Is everything learned? (actually) No - some things are innate.
Limitation of functionalist thinking Some traits are not useful
Chunking (organizational memory) Large numbers of items grouped together in smaller units, sentences for EADGBE, etc
Most children competent with language by what age age 3 to 4 competency with (before tying shoes)
Some traits side effects of nat. selection for other traits Belly buttons for umbilical cord
Art/culture/music for mating or communication
Mental Associations memory retrieval Long-term retrieval using associated memories (which are primed)/the stimulus is a RETRIEVAL CUE for that memory
Multiple Memory Systems - facts Explicit Semantic and both Implicits are OLDER than Explicit Episodic. Also, damage in HM proved in testing that Explicit and Implicit memory damage can be separate.
Altruism to Kin Humans-babies are cute to us/baby-face bias in adults. A baby's cry is balanced to get attention but not annoy too much to get it killed
Evolved Mechanism Weaknesses/strengths Guilt-good for preserving relationship but bad if crippling
Simon Baron-Cohen Psychologist specializing in Autism: "Males are just slightly autistic versions of females."
Predictable World Bias We are strongly predisposed to see order in the world where there may be none (superstitions and gambling hope)
new neurons grow (especially where?) yes, hippocampus
Overextending of words Saying all round things are balls. Because child does not know words for other items, and also sometimes applies one or a few prominent features of 1st object to others.
Menand Everything is biological but after that it's all up for grabs because people are more interesting than that and evolution/bio may not answer things like culture/art
3 Freudian Unconscious elements Id, Ego, Superego
Altruism to babies Babies don't imprint magically, but attach over time.
Response The behavior result of a stimulus
Cooperation a group size Larger group, less cooperation
Smaller group, more and harder work
Pictorial Cues Occlusion, relative image size, linear perspective, texture gradient, horizon, lighting
3 broad memory ideas (Bloom) Autobiographical
Language
Physical
Autonomic Nervous System behavior Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (conservation of energy)
Peter Salovey - Why we love who we love -7 ideas (More interesting 4.1) Competence (with blunders/pratfall effect)
Physical Attractiveness (attractive person's opinions have more impact on us)
Babies and encouragement Babies do not need adults to encourage examining things
Freud - Humans social stance is... Asocial and only pulled together by sex aggression.
Negative Punishment removing reward to decrease response
Discriminative Stimulus stimulus that teaches discrimination of when reward will come (tone on-food when press, tone off-no food when press)
Axon Path of firing
Sibling Non-Attraction ideas Proximity/Similarity-why we don't lust after siblings/evo-bio says built-in incest-avoidance/is Ultimate(deep)/Proximate is just the "EEWW"factor. Being raised together/seeing Mom care for sib.
Accommodation example sucking Change way mouth sucks bottle after sucking breast
Piaget's Assimilation New experiences incorporated into existing schemes. Must be related to existing scheme.
Sensory Neglect Don't know you have a part of your body
All emotions - Not noise but complex motivational systems crafted to deal with natural and social environment.
Acquired Psychopathy Damage caused loss of what's right and wrong
Law of complementarity Pair of wavelengths can be found that when combined produce white
Physiology Empiricism - everything is mechanical.
Subcortical reactions 1-Flashed images
2-Also if visual damaged, image can still get to amygdala and cause emotional reaction-this may account for irrational emotions and conscious reasoning may not help.
Language 18 mos. Learn words faster, 2 word sentences, function morphemes like a, the, of in, appear for kids.
What does it mean to say Morphemes are discrete? Morphemes need another morpheme added to it to gradate it - like big must become bigger to change it. If you change to Huge, it is a different morpheme.
Cotard Syndrome Person believes they are dead physically or figuratively, and/or are putrefying.
Sensory Memory Residue Lasting effect of event in senses
Longer echoic effect in sound than other senses - how we keep up with passages
Gestalt Principals of Perceptual Grouping 2 PROXIMITY-3 sets of dots instead of 21
SIMILARITY-lines versus dots in group
CLOSURE-things behind things
GOOD CONTINUATION-wiggly X we see 2 lines.
COMMON MOVEMENT-groups seen as 1 if move together
GOOD FORM-simple uncluttered form seen as 1 (crosse
False Eyewitness Memory Suggestibility AFTER the fact shapes memory - film of car accident - when viewers later asked about "crash" or "impact," description different - broken glass, speed higher for "crash."
Smile types Greeting-"Pan Am" smile-fake-hello
Happiness-Full up to eyes-"Duchene Smile"
Coy/appeasement smile-(some evidence)
Smiles are CONTAGIOUS
Creole/Pidgin Mixed language created from 2 mixed cultures - a new grammar is often created as a full language within one generation.
Vygotsky Apprentice Conceipt Child learns to perform and function by behaving in a way valuable to his culture.
Karen Horney - Humans social stance is... Social, need for security, to soothe anxiety.
Resistance Forgetting, arguing, cancelling appts. - can show progress toward unconscious...
Sensory Memory prolongation of all 5 senses
1 sec for sight
10 secs + for hearing
Mostly unconscious but if we use attention it is stored (may be stored somewhat anyway)
Positive Reinforcing Giving something positive (increases good behavior)
Bartlett - Pre-existing beliefs - schema and script SCHEMA-generalized mental representation or concept of any given class of objects, scenes, events
SCRIPT-is a schema involving events in time (birthday is games, cake, sing, candles, presents...)
4 Heuristics we use to solve problems (1) Framing Effects (& loss aversion)-How a question is framed, we hate loss, choices relative to a reference
Ignorance of Base Rates-describe a nerd and ask if he is engineer or lawyer - people say engineer even though he is lawyer
Babies interacting vs. controlling environment Want to control more
Contours and exaggeration to see objects our brain exaggerates the contrast of contours to help us detect objects
Genetic Drift Traits with no real need, like nose shapes or schizophrenia in Sweden
Opponent-process theory Opposite colors excite different neurons differently. (this is why we see opposite when bright color is suddenly taken away)
Greeting Smile (apes) To say "Don't Attack" - eventually became "Let's be friends."
Carl Rogers theory Humanistic - each person decides what is true and worthwhile for a meaningful life. Client-centered
Why Study Evolution? 1 It is relevant, interesting, tells us what's innate or not, can address ancient/modern problems/chess and adapt/not-adapt timelines/truths. Chess is NOT adapted - too modern.
Three primary law 3 colors mixed from 3 parts of wavelengths can match any color seen by eye
Multiple Memory Systems - EXPLICIT Explicit (1)episodic-own past experience, personal, memory of self dong it "THINKING BACK TO IT" (2)semantic-Not tied to experiences, like word meanings, schemas, facts, ideas acquired THROUGH experience. "JUST KNOW IT"
The Astonishing Hypothesis Behavior and Mind is THE BRAIN
D'arcy Thompson's answer to why we study development? "Everything is the way it is because it got that way."
Consciousness The experiencing of one's own mental events in such a manner that you can report on it to others.
Hobbes Materialism - no spirit or soul, only a mechanism. Physiology (empiricism).
Hierarchy of Language (4 parts) 1-Sentence
2-Phrases
3-Words(Morphemes)
4-Vowels & Consonants (Phonemes)
Displacement Redirected unacceptable unconscious desire, like suckling for older kid, so kid chooses lollipops. Also "sublimation," where aggression is best as a trial lawyer instead of beating people up.
Central Executive Coordinates mind's activities and bringing in of new info from sensory and long term memory
Understanding encodes memory best Beyond maintenance rehearsal, add meaning and understanding and it lasts. Elaborative Rehearsal and Retrieval works here - make it detailed and hard - SEARCHING STRATEGIES.
Descartes/dualism Material Body and Immaterial Soul
Photoreceptors Light sensitive cells
Piaget's 4 stages/schemes of development PART 2 7y-12y-CONCRETE OPERATIONAL SCHEMES-Reversible actions, also know that ball of clay is same size as sausage roll of clay. Correct about milk/2 glass experiment.
12y-adult-FORMAL OPERATIONAL SCHEMES-Conservation of substance/theories/like unbeating egg
Spatial Sketchpad Visual and spatial - mental images of items used in memory
Amygdala Attached to front of Hippocampus and is another part of the Limbic System. Controls basic drives and emotions, smell, emotions into action along with Hippocampus.
3 types of Neurons Sensory (senses)
Motor (muscles and glands)
Inter- (carry messages in central nervous system and organize them)
Vaillant's "mature defense" Suppression - means and avoidance of negative thinking but the negativity is conscious and available, like in humor...
Folk theories, Flat Earth, "Natural" Opposite of scientific approach
Morphemes Symbols, smallest meaningful unit of a language which stand for objects, events, ideas, characteristics, relationships
Hippocrates The first philosopher/doctor to say Brain = Mind (rather than heart = mind)
Cones Deal with bright light - 6 million
Additive color mixing Using colored lights to mix colors
Explicit Learned, conscious
Hippocampus Wraps around basal ganglia. Controls basic drives and emotions, smell, emotions into action along with Amygdala.
Vygotsky Collaboration and Dialogue in mental development Converse socially first, then privately internally. "ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT" is diff between what child can do alone and can do in collaboration with a MORE COMPETENT OTHER.
Permanent Learned Attention Can't be unlearned - reading, seeing, listening
Transduction The stimulus from the environment which generates electrical changes in neurons.
Magendie Reflexes
Memory Encoding Rehearsal Goes into long-term memory storage
Capgras syndrome (or delusion). The person thinks that friends and loved ones have been replaced by identical impostors. Can lead to violence.
What does it mean to say Morphemes are arbitrary? Morphemes need not connect to object - Dog and Chien are not related to an aspect of the dog.
Visual and Verbal Brain Prefrontal Cortex lights up when either of these is held - area is hub of Central Executive portion of working memory
Preference for own language begins when? In utero
Learning Experience at one time alters behavior at another time
Attention physiology Unattended stimuli DOES activate brain. Attention MAGNIFIES that area of brain.
Long Term Memory Fed by Working Memory - Unlimited and dormant until called upon (as retrieval) (and always encoding is rehearsed/attended/needed)
Brainstem parts bottom to top Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Rationality and Heuristics A new concept is that we are NOT rational thinkers, but have evolved instead to reason using rough & ready heuristics. Not always good...
Why study multiple personality disorder? Helps us define what "self" is.
Words in brain Working memory of words is similar area of brain to actual speaking and listening to words
Discrimination training can fine tune generalization to get back to specific stimulus/response training by withholding food reward.
Disease organisms Colds (sneeze), toxoplasmosis (rats less afraid of cats, cats eat rats, spread disease), syphilis (causes arousal), rabies (dogs bite other dogs)
Wernicke's area mid side - problems with appropriate words, use connectors and no nouns... also trouble understanding bigger words...also sentence my have structure by missing words to make sentence meaningless
Trichromatic theory RGB receptors
Confirmation Bias Our proclivity to say Yes, so science experiments should strive to DISCONFIRM.
Ego Self - mediator of id and superego, reality and logic (at least consciously)
Not Universal Fears (new) Guns/cars/electrical outlets
4 behavior analysis questions 1-What env. conditions needed for full devel.
2-What internal mechanisms involved in producing it
3-What consequences has it in daily life
4-why did evolution choose these genes
2 problems with creationism 1-pushes back question of where did creator come from
2-evidence for evolution-fossils/vestigial characteristics/continuity with other animals-also occasional poor design (God makes mistakes?)
Willhelm von Humboldt "The infinite use of finite media" Combinatorial system using recursion. Fred likes Wilma. Barney thinks Fred likes Wilma, etc. Infinite.
Evolutionary Psychology is like reverse engineering - the mind evolves, not behavior, but the mind controls behavior
a posteriori Knowledge Acquired (one needs a priori to get posteriori)
Phallic stage 3 to 5 years - genital fixation, masculinity in males, attention in females, oedipus...
Change Blindness (in attention) attention to one thing can limit attention to others so you may miss a major change or event
What makes up the way we are? Genes, environment, interaction.
Pretense Make-believe play. Age 2 to 4 understand fake play even if don't understand false belief, especially if done in make-believe voice.
Slot Machines Partial reinforcement effect - and/or - variable ratio
Paley Theologian who coined Creationist Design
Empiricism Human behavior and thought derive from sensory experience (physical and solar environment).
Irving Biederman-Recognition-by-components theory 36 geons, or shaped components, form all objects
Grammatical Morphemes articles (a, an the), conjunctions (and, but), prepositions (in, of) - some prefixes (re-) and suffixes (-ed)
2 learning theories of children by whom? Piaget - child acting on physical world
Vygotsky - child interacting with others, sociocultural
Association by Contiguity 2 stimuli/sensations happening close in time or at same time elicit thoughts of each other.
Peter Salovey - Why we love who we love -7 ideas (Big 3) Proximity (close in space)
Similarity (opposites don't attract)
Familiarity (people we know)
5 ways Play differs from non-play 1-Context is impossible-attack yarn as prey where no prey would ever be
2-Drive state absent-no real fear, anger, hunger
3-Repetition-don't usually attack more than once
4-Differing sequences-fight, play, run from yarn
5-Social play signals-play face
Psychopathy Lack of moral understanding.
Which side of brain comes up with conscious narratives for our actions, even if irrational... Left side of brain can narrate in this way...
Schachter's Theory of Emotion Cognition PLUS feedback (James +1)
Psychology The science of behavior and the mind.
Neurons Nerve cells in the brain.
Piaget's "Scientist Child" Child learns by acting on objects and environment
Ultimate Games (cheaters) $100 - Proposer asked to split anyway he wants, but if not taken neither gets anything. If Responder is offered less than 50%, he usually walks, neither win (punishing proposer for "cheating")
Rational person easier to exploit (if they take less).
Sechenev/Pavlov Reflexology - every behavior is a reflex caused by environmental stimuli.
Prosopagnosia Face-blindness
Phonological Loop Holding verbal information, digits remembers, span of short term memory
Proprioception Awareness of one's own body.
Language 7 mos. Babbling
Reflex stimulus-response system mediated by the nervous system
Why is Dualism now considered wrong? The mind is what the brain does (physical) and is not the soul. The mind is material.
Lions and genes New lion takes over pride, kills or chases males, kills babies, and females actually spontaneously abort - to protect new leader's genes
Place Learning Birds hiding seeds (spatial memory/hippocamus), salmon returning to river (smell)
Content Morphemes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs (main meaning of sentence)
Negative reinforcement Removing a negative(increases good behavior)
BF Skinner "Skinnerbox" - Reinforcer is reward
Binocular disparity each eye sees object slightly differently due to spacing of eyes - and brain processes into one object and depth is created
Species-typical Behavior Evolutionary but ALSO influenced by learning
Universal Fears (ancestral/ancient) Spiders/snakes/heights/storms/large animals/darkness/blood/strangers/humiliation/deep water/leaving home alone
Do animals need reinforcement/punishment to learn? No - innate exploration exists - rats do it anyway - only faster with food.
Rhodopsin The photochemical eyes' rods use
Solid memories Not easily disrupted memories
Developmental Psych Psychology studied from childhood through adulthood as to development, growth and learning.
Ann Freud concept Defense mechanisms - to escape anxiety in consciousness
One Trial Prisoner Game 2 players either confess or stay silent.
Basal Ganglia Sits both sides of Thalamus. Controls slower deliberate movements like walking or pickup up objects, including ADJUSTING hand as it moves (direct feedback).
Evolutionary use of the Unconscious Deception - complex lies we tell ourselves and others create signals for survival. It is best when we send those signals without us knowing about it. Others sense it.
Network Models of memory organization Vast network of mental concepts linked by association, like a web. Closer (more related) links feed faster.
Subtractive color mixing Pigments absorb certain wavelengths
False Beliefs Inability to believe something which is not true - Age 3. But at age 4 you can (Maxi puts cup in blue cab, leaves, mom comes in moves it to red cab, maxi back -- 3 yr thinks maxi will look in red, 4 yr thinks maxi will look in blue.
Hypothalamus At front of Limbic System, just below front of Thalamus. Regulates internal environment of body - influences autonomic nervous system, certain hormones, hunger, thirst, sleep, metabolism.
Stimulus An event in the environment
Analogy in species specific study
(OK for psych just for inferences about ultimate function) 		Analogy is any similarity which comes from CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, 2 different species develop common characteristics (birds, bats, insects) (share gross form/func but not detail/mechanism)
Catharsis explosive release of unconscious memory (release from hysteria...)
Misconceptions about evolutionary psychology 2 Protect our children-Ultimate is evolution to protect genetic heritage
Proximate is psychological based on emotion and love
Source Confusion (false memory) Actual memory is confounded by cross-examiner and retelling, etc.
Isolation in young age psychosis - monkeys showed signs and one killed own baby - early attachment is critical
BEFORE CONDITIONING
Neutral stimulus----no response
Uncond. stimulus---Uncond. Resp.
DURING CONDITIONING
Neutral stim---uncond. stim--uncond. resp.
AFTER CONDITIONING
Conditioned Stim.---Condit. Resp. 		Classical Conditioning Chart
Aphasia Language Damage (left)
Social Psych Study of how we act in groups.
Neuroscience Study of the mind by looking at the brain.
Memory The change within an individual, brought on by learning, that can influence the individual's future behavior.
Superego Guilt, internalization of society's moral standards
4 lobes of brain Frontal (front)
Temporal (inside lower)
Parietal (top/back)
Occipital (lower back)
Transference unconscious feelings about someone can be experienced consciously toward the therapist - also can be a breakthrough or opening...
Spock A wrong theory of emotions - without emotions we do nothing at all...
Premack We divide things into THINGS WHICH MOVE and THINGS WHICH DON'T and we assign psych properties to former and not latter.
Rods Deal with dim light - 120 million
Observational learning Watching someone else with stimulus and goal (press lever for food). Or, act aggressive or gentle.
Modules People, objects, artifacts (used in sociology, intuitive biology)
Cultures of Honor Can't rely on law.
Resources easily taken.
Excessive violent retaliation essential to keep resources. American south, Scottish Highlanders, Bedouin, Cowboys
Piaget "Genetic Epistemology" The origins of knowledge.
Piaget's Accommodation The expanding of a scheme to allow for the assimilation. But assimilation should be for something not TOO easy and should require accommodation for mental growth.
Anterograde Amnesia Loss of capacity to form new long-term memories after accident
Vygotsky Language role in kids As communication, then as symbols for thinking
Elbesfeldt "Eyebrow Flash" Happy surprise to see you.
Blind kids do it too. Cultural differences in use like dialects, but we all recognize it in own culture more easily
Implicit Automatic, natural, unconscious
Innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) The mind - Universal Grammar is an innate property of the human mind. Critical period is 1 - 10 yrs old.
Baby Development of Chomsky/Fodor Separate Modules - modular is separate and partially pre-wired systems for social and physical reasoning. Innate knowledge and constrained development.
Babies and native language - how/when do they distinguish phonemes? Up to 6 mos. babies distinguish ALL phonemes all languages. After 6 mos. they only distinguish own language. This is why Americans can't roll r's in French well, or Asians can't say l's easily.
Chomsky negative on Behaviorism? Behaviorism in humans too vague because it is unfalsifiable.
Clinical Psych Study of mental health and illness.
4 Heuristics we use to solve problems (2) Availability Bias-murder/shark attacks on news more so more dangerous than potato salad (wrong)
Confirmation Bias-we try to confirm hypothesis rather than deny
False Childhood Memories More subject to suggestion especially if paired with visual imagery suggestion, not just verbal or thought suggestion.
Pre-attentive processing way of dealing with sensory competing needs - unconscious determines relevance to survival and top-down processing helps from working memory, like a gate
Apraxia Motor control issues
Dualism - Soul Thoughts controlled by Soul
Iterative Trial Prisoner's Game Play more than once - best to cooperate each time.
Control Processes (memory) Attention-flow of info from sensory(lots) to working memory (limited because busy!)
Encoding-move from working into long-term, memorizing/non-deliberate (like reading or ideas)
Retrieval-long term back to working-remember/recall-active,automatic,trigger
Reading is different from language. More difficult and not natural and fully learned.
2 Explanations of Behavior Ultimate-evolutionary level, what the behavior does for survival (songbirds sing at mating time in spring because it's mating time)
Proximate-mechanism of immediate conditions (songbirds sing spring because earlier sunrise stimulates brain & testosterone
Gestalt Principals of Perceptual Grouping 1 We perceive whole organized patterns and objects - "The whole is different from the sum of its parts."
Relational vision What you see that you interact with in some way.
Visualization Encoding (memory) Add visual info clues to verbal info to encode better - example, the mental walk, attach landmarks to each item to remember and walk the landmarks, look at each and recall.
Classical Conditioning A form of learning based on the formation of new reflexes
Species-typical Behavior and LEARNING Walking & Talking are species typical, but to an extent must be learned to fully develop
Visual Agnosia can see but does not know what he is seeing
Altruism (social emotion) Animals are NOT merely survival machines. Kindness would not be needed otherwise. We take care of offspring to reproduce, but are also kind to non-kin.
Cooing and Babbling equal what phonemes? Coos = vowels
Babbles = consonants
Mindblindness Inability to understand or recognize what is or could be in another person's mind.
Involuntary Attention (harder) naming colors of letters when written as other colors (experiment)
Number of grammatical sentences under 20 words? 1 x 10 to 30th power
What is the new theory of timing in classical conditioning? Putting cond. stimulus BEFORE unconditioned stimulus causes PREPARATION. (old way was simultaneous)
Anal stage 1 to 3 yrs - anus pleasure, toilet training - mistakes can lead to compulsion...
Cognitive Psych A computational approach to the mind as to language and objects.
Right side of Brain is generally associated with... Spacial skills on this side of brain...
Visual Form Agnosia Can't see shape
Bottom-up control Sensory areas send input to brain
Nativism Knowledge and rules of operation native to the mind (inborn).
Priming with Anmesiacs Prime amnesiac, then ask them to guess and they will remember better because many amnesiacs have episodic damage, not semantic
Parallel Axons Tracts - nearby clusters of neurons and axons carry similar or related functions - easier to map the brain.
What can babies do at 42 minutes old? Learn, see, smell, imitate!
Baby Development of Freud/Piaget General Changes in how we think
Core Physical Principals - Empiricists Locke/Berkeley say it is learned
Phobias are both... classically conditioned and/or evolutionary
Altruism beats cheaters how? Gene A - bats accept blood/share blood
Gene B - accept blood/don't share
Gene B WINS, but is BEATEN because bats punish cheaters - otherwise altruism would not evolve - but it does.
Unconscious Depth Processing The reason optical illusions in 2d on paper trick us (size, etc)
Habituation Decline in magnitude of response to stimulus after several repeats
Visual Object Agnosia Can't identify item
Dual tasking Easier to dual task phonological and visuo-spatial than to do 2x one of them.
Skinner on Language Behavioral and learned
Cerebellum Wraps around Brainstem. Controls fast, coordinated movement and skills - like sports and musical instruments. Happens too fast for thought.
Artificial Selection (vs. natural) Existed for years as breeding before Darwin introduced natural selection
Misconceptions about evolutionary psychology 1 Why do we eat? Because we are hungry and it tastes good (proximate - psychological) Ultimate might be survival, but that is not psychological. Same with spreading seed - we don't WANT to psychologically - proximate is horny/psychological.
Functionalism Why we do what we do is Survival. Funtionalism tried to attempt to explain behavior in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual.
Altruism 2 If evolution happens at genetic level - selfish genes lead to altruistic behavior - because there is no distinction between oneself and another
Aphasia Language issue (talking or understanding)
Deductive Reasoning Logical proof if certain premises true, like mathematics (we are biased to use Inductive over Deductive, i.e. use real world knowledge BEFORE doing the math)
Modulation of Sensation in Neurons Number and Frequency of neurons firing
Evolutionary Psych and Darwin Our cognitive mechanisms evolved for survival and reproduction, shaped by natural selection to solve certain problems.
Compensatory Reactions The body feels a stimulus and prepares and compensates - like drugs or being pushed, etc. Conditioned Stimuli trigger responses that prepare us for a biologically significant event.
Language 7 yrs. to puberty Ability to learn language recedes and to master new language recedes.
Unconscious Inference - Herman von Helmholts Take visual features and whole and infers what is present. We infer contours to try and make most sense of vision (relates to "good form")
Are mental states unscientific? No - other sciences us unobservables - complex organisms need to be observed with internal representations.
Social Dilemma Benefits the individual/hurts the group
Fear A non-social emotion (can be social), but fear of falling off a cliff is not social
Projection Put own feelings onto others. Feel unconsc. angry, so we say other person is angry.
Shadow When we see an object in shadow we assume it is brighter than it is because we are not really seeing it as its actual brightness so how do we know? We fill in the logic.
Broca's area front side - speaking/understanding complex sentences
How do we explain baby development? Neural maturation and accumulation of knowledge.
Explicit Memories We know them
Episodic Memories Explicit memories about events in life-2yrs old a little/more between 3-4. Must be able to encode memory into language, and that usually means talk by child AND adult. Self talk will not encode memory.
Removing Amygdala causes what? Psychic Blindness - can see things but indifferent to significance.
Instinctive free will in language is: We can create and understand sentences we never heard before.
Implicit Memories We don't know them but they affect behavior, like riding a bicycle.
Selective Listening and viewing Conscious attention sorting sensory input
Amygdala and Emotion Assesses emotional significance of stimuli.
CORTICAL (slower) eyes back to visual cortex to amygdala with processing
SUBCORTICAL (fast) eyes directly to thalamus to amygdala before processing
Innate biases Snakes, rats, spiders - can be taught observationally. But blocks and flowers as stimuli did not work. Cannot fake or teach non-innate bias fears.
Psychodynamic Therapy Concept Mental problems arise from unresolved mental conflicts - contradictory motives and beliefs.
2 Spinal Cord tracts Ascending (up to brain) and Descending (down to muscles)
(some reflexes controlled only by spinal cord - no brain)
Spontaneous Recovery After extinction, response can come back partially
Long Term Memory Explicit/Implicit Conscious - what I had for dinner
Unconscious - ride a bike
Psychosexual Stages Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
Rationalization Can't face own feelings so explain away with opposite explanation - can't face sadistic feelings, beats kids, then says it's fatherly duty...
Piaget's schemes Mental blueprints for actions
Multiple Memory Systems - IMPLICIT Implicit (1)procedural-motor skills, habits, unconsciously learned rules, practice (2)priming-Sensory input activation from long-term memory - unconscious.
Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem. Is a relay station for Sensory and Motor pathways.
Aristotle's Association by Contiguity (memory) Associated because they occurred together in the person's previous experience (napkin and plate)
Environmental Change A force for natural selection. Environment changes, so we adapt, if it did not change we would not need adaptation. But Environment DOES change. Does NOT cause mutations. But promotes natural selection
About emotions and why they are good 1-emotions are evolved mechanisms that set goals and priorities
2-shaped by cultural context/different triggers and baselines
3-BUT have universal roots
Phineas Gage example of why emotions are good - he lost many of his (or control of them)
Contextual Stimuli (for memory recall) Rooms, smell, settings helps recall priming if originally studied in that context.
Memory Construction Distortion Encoding a memory is fragmented and we fill in gaps based on what happened or what we THINK happened. As time passes, harder to distinguish actual and what we THINK happened. Called DISTORTION.
Dichromatic vision blindness of one color, usually red or green
Working Memory Short-term and conscious
perceive, feel, compare, compute, reason. Fed both sides by sensory AND long-term memory (past experiences) - lots of info in and out of consciousness.
Psychodynamic "Cure" Unconscious emotions move to conscious so change can occur (instead of constant conflict).
Top-down control Brain feedback to sensory areas
John Bowlby Object Relations Theories is... How you are treated by parents - if inconsistent you seek approval...
John Watson Father of Behaviorism
Reaction formation Conversion of a frightening wish to its opposite - hates mother unconsciously so consciously feels intense love for her//acts homophobic because unconsc. is attracted to men.
Overjustification Effect Reward given for something already enjoyable - then taken away - interest level on enjoyable act drops BELOW where it was before experiment.
Involuntary Attention Naming colors
Display rules of facial expression Management of expressions is cultural
Expressions seem universal
So the LANGUAGE of emotions may be cultural but not the expressions.
Food Preference (specialized learning) Rats and humans self-select varieties at slow, tested pace to fit nutritional needs. (doesn't work with processed or sugar-laced foods)
Illusory Lightness Differences Challenges the Inhibition model of illusory controls at the neuron level.
Agnosia Recognition (psychic blindness)
Ashley Montague on learning Man has no instincts - all is learned, everything is adaptive WRONG
G.L. Thorndike Puzzle boxes - "Law of Effect" - Responses that have a satisfying effect occur more frequently than unsatisfying
3 foci of Behaviorism 1-Learning - everything is experience-no human nature.
2-Anti-mentalism - Internal mental states unscientific because unobservable.
3-No Species Differences-rats' learning same as humans.
Evolutionary use of Habituation Adaptive mechanism to keep us focusing on new objects and events.
2 types of dreams Manifest - what you know
Latent - hidden symbolism
Early Speech Sounds - define Babies treat speech as special - choose it over music - choose mom's voice over other voices.
Flashbulb memories Like 9/11, big memories, the more you talk about them they can change subtly
Operant Conditioning Responses that produce an effect, like hitting a lever and getting food. Operant = instrumental
Freud - repressed unconscious memories defend against what? Anxiety (defended against by what? - Freud...)
Why are nonverbal signals different from morphemes? Nonverbal signals are not arbitrary - actions look like what they are.
Also not discrete - big can be said out loud as BIG so pronunciation changes its meaning instead of added morpheme.
Attention (Bloom) we attend to some things and not others, miss a surprising amount, attention helps choose what gets in from all the sensory input
Piaget's 4 stages/schemes of development PART 1 Birth-2y-SENSORIMOTOR SCHEMES-thought and overt action are the same.
2y-7y-PREOPERATIONAL SCHEMES-ability to symbolize objects/events that are absent/use saucepan as raygun-No reversible action knowledge (really?) Not able to do milk/2 glass experiment.
Brainstem function Instinctive behavior patterns (where it resides in brain)-balance, breathing, heart-rate
Average speaker knows how many morphemes? 60,000 - 100,000
Multi-language person can know 300,000
Corpus Callosum Neural axons which connect left and right hemispheres of brain.
Visuals in brain Visual-spatial is similar area as actual vision and "what" and "where/how" pathways.
Violence Murder mostly based on insult, curse, petty infraction.
In warring societies turning cheek not adaptively positive.
Differs culture to culture.
Social Referencing Babies look at caregiver's expression for clues as to danger of own actions
Phineas Gage Pipe through head, no immediate effect, later behavior matching damage to frontal/prefrontal lobe.
Which comes first, word comprehension or word production. Word comprehension precedes...
Amnesia 2 types 1-Amnesia about past
2-Amnesia hindering forming NEW memories
Faces Universal, implicit, not learned, even the blind use their faces like everyone else. Some subtle cultural differences only.
Assimilation example sucking Suck breast then suck bottle
Phenomenal vision What you see that you construct with sight.
Social predictors for babies Babies stare longer at surprising social and illogical action. They learn to predict logic and illogic in social settings. Also don't understand deception.
Expert Memory (expertise effect) use logic of expected info from long-term memory for efficient chunking of new info. Architect can remember whole idea and design/novice can't. Same with chess moves for pro player.
Homology in species specific study
(best for psych study) 		Homology is any similarity that exists due to the different species common ancestry (share genes so similar in construction)
Happy Smile (apes/humans) All is safe, playing. People laugh louder and more when aggressively playing to signal all is safe.
Prefrontal Cortex and Emotions Essential for conscious experience/reaction to emotions (unlike amygdala unconsc.)
Prefr. Labotomy destroys conscious/emotions/organize lives.
Prefr. Right - neg emotions
Prefr. Left - positive emotions
Altruistic Punishment All players benefit and usually stops cheaters (bats not sharing blood) Neuro images show anger at cheater and pleasure at cheaters' punishment
Stephen Jay Gould's answer to why we study development? "Is a zebra white with black stripes or black with white stripes?" The answer is in embryonic development.
Classical conditioning The learning of an association between one stimulus and another stimulus.
Joint Visual Attention Babies watch for cues from adults and their objext
Core Physical Principals - Nativists Descartes/Kant say it is innate
Who attached Skinner's language concept and why? Chomsky because Skinner was too simplistic and unscientific.
Consolidation (of memory) The transition from Labile to Solid memory (at accident, memories closest to memory are lost and less so as go back in time)
Hierarchical Memory Organizational technique
2 Nervous System Hierarchies Sensory - perceptual hierarchy - somatosensations derived from whole body.
Motor - control hierarchy - cranial and spinal nerves - skeletal or autonomic (skeletal moves/autonomic modulates like heartbeat - automatic)
Evolution has no foresight - 3 ideas No future plan
No route - Amoeba and humans of equal value as best adapted to environment
No Morals - nature is neither good nor bad
Latency stage 5 years to puberty - repress sexuality (because of oedipus?)
"Law of Effect" More response if rewarded, less if not.
Memory (Bloom) many types, the key is organization and understanding, can't trust some memories, even sometimes wrong about Past AND NOW.
A.I. Minsky "People are meat." So he assigned Vision to a grad student - but vision is too complex and not part of the "meat" idea.
Personal/Social Identity 2 different aged people introduced as part of "same town" will cooperate more than if not or as individuals as diff. age. Groups are more hostile than individuals
Vestigial characteristics (good and bad at times) grasp reflex may be neutral or good
hunger for sugar can be hurtful
Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) The social world baby is in. Motherese and frequency of interactive talk helps baby learn faster. But also other cultures who DON'T talk to baby carry baby everywhere and babies learn from listening to others - just as fast.
Tit for Tat Winning strategy to the prisoner game. First time you meet, cooperate. Rest of time, do what other did to you previously.
Top-down processing in language We fill in gaps - when we know what something is we hear it that way.
Shaping rewarding for each behavior CLOSER to goal, and adjust until you get the behavior
Memory Maintenance Rehearsal hold info in working memory
Humanistic Therapy 1-People have ability to make adaptive choices in their behavior for survival and well-being.
2 - people need to feel accepted and approved of by others
Alfred Adler main concept Drive to feel competent based on helplessness and inferiority of childhood...
Anne Treisman - Feature integration theory of perception Parallel processing of primitive features (color, shape)
Serial processing of of integration of features, spatial objects, secondary objects
Hysteria a symptom used to keep things unconscious - but if memory is released, catharsis can happen
Chomsky OK with Behaviorism how? In non-verbal animals and for training purposes and learning mechanisms.
Id Pleasure Principal
Babies and detail Find unique properties of objects
Partial Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (nth), Variable Ratio (nth average), Fixed Interval(time), Variable interval (time averages).
Epistemology The theory of knowledge. The nature, scope and limitations of knowledge. How do we know what we know? What is knowledge? ...etc.
Limitation of Duality/Descartes Descartes puts thoughts (soul) out of the bounds of science (so it's a limit to psychology's birth)
Wilhelm Wundt "Founder" of psychology.
Darwin quote on language: "Man has an instinctive tendency to speak..."
Natural Selection Darwin's Dangerous Idea
What is a criticism of Freud? He is not wrong and perhaps not right, so perhaps not scientific (like astrology can't be wrong)
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval (Recall and Recognition) 		Getting new info in
Hording the info
Getting info out (pull out and recognize)
Haldene's Math (altruism) Would you lay down your life for your brother? No, but you would for 3 brothers, 5 nephews, 9 first cousins.
Why Study Evolution? 2 What sorts of differences in humans show up in psychology - study through evolutionary theory - age, sex, culture - also morning sickness and fish sick vs. alcohol no-sick - alcohol too new
Elaborative Rehearsal (encoding) for memory adding complex connections to item to cue or prime. Montpelier capital of Vermont. Mont is like mountain, which vermont has. Also sounds like mountain peeler, so wind peels snow off mountain. Vermont has snow. This works.
Imprinting Bird babies following first face as mother. If wait too long, chance is lost. But if happens is IRREVERSIBLE.
Social Pressure (false memory) Person EXPECTS you to remember, so you do, even if vague. You turn it into an actual memory the more you repeat it. Also possible to get pressured that a real memory is WRONG and did not happen.
Grammatical rules for child (plurals and past tense) Child may use s and ed endings incorrectly a lot, but knows the rules. (comprehends before producing usage correctly)
Habituation in babies They look at new stimuli longer than what they are used to.
Baby's respond to Parents Skinner - cupboard theory - needs food.
Bowlby - comfort and fear of strangers
Harlow - cloth mom vs. wire mom (comfort)
The 2 streams of visual processing What (objects)-eye to occipital down around to temporal
Where/How (spatial/movement/interaction)-eyes to occipital up around to parietal
Romantic love similar to infant/parental security and anxiety-avoidance
marital success is understanding of the other's unexpressed emotional needs
Social emotions of the prisoner's dilemma Gratitude and Liking of those who cooperate and motivated to be nice in future.
Anger and Distrust to those who betray us/we do same in future
Guilt when we betray someone who cooperates, so we behave better in future.
The Hard Problem of Consciousness Mechanism or humanistic/spiritual values
Limbic System Hippocampus, Amygdala. Separates old brain from new brain.
Long Term Memory HUGE CAPACITY, but we don't remember everything in there. No one knows how big.
Emotion A subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object.
5 Defense mechanisms Repression, Displacement (with sublimation), Reaction formation, Projection, Rationalization
Mutations role in natural selection Generally hurtful to survival, but sometimes helpful, multiplied which increases offspring and passed on
Exploration learning Learning environment safety, reducing fear, latent learning simultaneously while actively learning.
Chomsky and language development It's like growing organs (but you must interact)
2 types of Drugs that affect Neuro-transmitters Agonists-increase neuro-transmitters
Antagonists-slow down neuro-transmitters