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Definitions |
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Estrogen has a negative feedback on __
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LH and FSH
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How is day one of the menstrual cycle determined
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First day of menses
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__ have a higher baseline level of prolactin
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Pregnant women
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When a woman stops having periods what is the first thing to check
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Pregnancy
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LH stimulates __
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Follicular production of estrogen, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
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What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium
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Induces glandular secretion
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What are the three major estrogens
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Estradiol, estrone, estriol
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What happens to FSH and LH during luteal phase
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They are suppressed to low levels
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Levels of prolactin are elevated in what pathologic disorders
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Pituitary adenomas, secondary amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hypothyroidism, PCOS, anorexia, paraneoplastic syndromes, disease of hypothalamus and pituitary stalk, renal failure
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LH is secreted in a __ manner
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Pulsatile
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Monoclonal antibodies can detect very small levels of hCG __ after conception
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3-7 days
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LH surges by day__ of normal 28 day cycle
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11-13
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__ is unique to the developing placenta and some tumors
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hCG
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How is FSH measured in the urine
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24 hour collection
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LH levels are __ with pituitary failure, hypothalamic failure, severe stress, anorexia, malnutrition, severe illness, pregnancy, hemochromatosis, sickle cell anemia, hyperprolactemia
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Low
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Levels of progesterone rise rapidly after __
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Ovulation
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Levels of progesterone continue to rise for __ after ovulation then decrease after menses occurs
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6-10 days
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How do the ovaries respond to FSH
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Produce estradiol
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LH levels are __ with gonadal failure, precocious puberty, pituitary adenoma, menopause, PCOS
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Elevated
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LH stimulates __
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Ovulation
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Which estrogen is measured in serial studies in pregnancy beginning 28-30 weeks gestation
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Estriol
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What produces progesterone in pregnancy
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Progesterone
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What situations cause a surge in prolactin
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Breast stimulation, pregnancy, nursing, stress, exercise, sleep
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What is the best time to obtain single specimen to determine LH level
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11am-3pm
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Physiologically most important type of estrogen
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Estradiol
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Levels of estrogen are low with what
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Failing pregnancy, turner’s syndrome, hypopituitarism, hypogonadism, stein-leventhal syndrome, menopause, anorexia
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Levels of estrogen are elevated with what
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Precocious puberty, ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, gonadal tumor, normal pregnancy, cirrhosis, liver necrosis, hyperthyroidism
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Concentration of hCG are typically lower in __
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Ectopic pregnancies
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Increase in FSH begins approximately __ days before onset of menstruation and is necessary for follicle/ovum formation
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2
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LH surge indicates __
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Ovulation
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What is the estrogen produced in the placenta, and is an index of fetal well-being
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Estriol
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Stimulation test done to evaluate the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
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Progesterone withdrawal test
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Levels of prolactin should be measured __ hours after waking
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3-4
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In a state of estrogen deficiency, __ FSH is secreted
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More
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Estrogens are catabolized by the __
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Liver
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When are progesterone levels decreased
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Preeclampsia, threatened abortion, placental failure, fetal demise, ovarian neoplasm, amenorrhea, ovarian hypofunction
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What is the major estrogen circulating during menopause
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Estrone
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What role does FSH play in the menstrual cycle
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Promotes maturation of germinal follicle, causing estrogen secretion and allowing ovum to mature (follicular phase)
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Estrogen has a __ feedback on LH release
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Negative
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Plasma LH surge proceeds ovulation by __
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24-36 hours
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What is the major estrogen present in pregnancy
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Estriol
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Estrogen causes __ of endometrial glands
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Proliferation
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When do prolactin levels naturally rise
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Late in pregnancy, initiation of lactation, every time the infant suckles
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What is required to stimulate ovulation
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LH
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Levels of FSH are __ with secondary gonadal failure (stress, malnutrition/anorexia, severe illness, hyperprolactemia, pregnancy)
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Low
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What happens to progesterone if fertilization and implantation do not occur
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Production diminishes rapidly
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Progesterone initiates the __ phase in the endometrium
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Secretory
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Which estrogen is measured to determine menstrual and fertility problems, menopause status, and sexual maturity
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Estradiol
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Levels of FSH are __ in primary gonadal failure (castration, alcoholism)
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Elevated
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How can estrogen be measured in the lab
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Serum, urine, salivary
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FSH is secreted in a __ manner
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Pulsatile
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Estrogen has a __ feedback on FSH
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Negative
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Corpus luteum produces __ after ovulation
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Progesterone
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Why would you perform a testosterone assay
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Evaluate ambiguous sex characteristics, precocious puberty, female virilization syndromes, tumor markers, hirsutism, male infertility/hypogonadism, monitor antiandrogen treatment
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Corpus luteum has a lifespan of __ days unless pregnancy occurs
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13-14
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