| Terms |
Definitions |
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This is the most important quality that a drug can have.refers to the drug's ability to do what it is supposed to do.
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Effectiveness
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This system prodominates the body when under stress.
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Sysmpatheic Nervous System
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name given by mfg because of the chemical atributes
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chemical name
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The most carefully monitored drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may cause dependence
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controlled substances
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Disease caused unintentionally by drug therapy
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iatrogenic disease
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Which agency is in charge of enforcing the drug laws?
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Food and Drug Administion
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Often a shortened form of the chemical name.
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Generic Name
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Powder, usually pre-mixed with water, that will absorb some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body.
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activated charcoal
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Has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes
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intradermal
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"Fight or flight" activation of the ANS:
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blood flow shifted from cutaneous beds to skeletal muscle
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Drugs that are used used medical but have a high potential for abuse.
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Schedule 2 Drug Class
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The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system:
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Neuropharmacology
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When the drug is removed from the body
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elimination
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the ability of the drug (once bound) to activate the receptor and produce a response
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efficacy
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True or False:The efficacy of a drug is not related to its potency.
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True
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mimic or stimulate acetylcholine; stim. parasymp. NS
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cholinergics
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Most dangerous route for medication administration
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intraveous
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What a drug does to the body.
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Pharmacodynamics
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The study that deals with chemicals affecting the body's functioning
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pharmacology
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The generic name of a drug is:
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Not capitalized
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A chemical substance used for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease or for the prevention of pregnancy.
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drugs
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The passage of drugs across the placenta involves
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simple diffusion
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Patients who have a medical history of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis may carry:
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bronchodilator
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When is the best time to schedule an asthmatic patient?
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P.M.
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Which neurotransmitter substance is released between the postganglionic fiber and the effector tissue in the PANS?
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acetylcholine
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Which agency regulates vaccines and other biologic products?
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Public Health Service
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Preventive care.
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Prophylactic Therapy
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gives the exact makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure (it is not capitalized)
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chemical name
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The human systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or target sites
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distribution
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Beta-adrenergic effects on pulmonary arterioles:
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dilation
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Cholinergic activity on stomach acid secretion
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increase
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Which name is given to a drug when it is determined to be useful and will be commercially marketed?
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Trade Name
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the study of drugs in humans.
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Clinical pharmacology
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Determine drug dosage and pharmacokintinetics are done during this phase.
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Phase I Clinical Trials
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Number of half-lives required to go from one steady-state to another:
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4
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Occurs in an individual who has been previously exposed to the drug and has developed antibodies
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drug allergy
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Albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil):
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bronchodilation
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Primary use for alpha-2-selective adrenergic agonists:
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to reduce blood pressure
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Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination:
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kidney
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Which agent would cause mydrosis?
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adrenergic
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Subtypes of Cholinergic
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Muscarinic
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Studies of the drug on a small group < than a 100 with the disease and the reponses are studed.
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Phase II Clinical Trials
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How many generic names can a drug have?
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Only One
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The enzymatic alteration of drug structure
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Metabolism:
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Which category of drugs has the highest abuse potential?
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Schedule I
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Which phase of human testing of a drug involves a large number of patients and requires the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the drug.
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Phase 3
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Which route of administration is useful for emergencies, unconsciousness, lack of cooperation, or nausea?
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parenteral
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lies between the epidermis and the muscle
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subcutaneous tissue
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Beta 1 recpetors controls:
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Heart
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The adrenal medulla primarily releases 80% of this:
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epinephrine
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the medical use of drugs.
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Therapeutics
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The Parasympatheic NS system is sometimes called this:
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cholinergic system
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Has the longest absorption time of all parenteral routes
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intradermal
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Passage of drugs from blood into brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitutes a special aspect of membranal, transfer.
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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Agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Anticholinergic agents; Parasympatholytic agents
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All postganglionic neurons in the PNS release:
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Acetylcholine
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Most common mechanism of drug permeation
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passive diffusion
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These types of drugs are refered to as sympathomimetics as they mimic sympathetic stimulation.
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sympathomimetics
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Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase n velocity of conduction in AV node:
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Beta1
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Which category of drugs is the least abusive?
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Schedule
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Positive inotropic drug that at low doses specifically promotes an increase in renal blood flow:
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dopamine (Intropin)
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A very percise description of the drug's chemical composition, identifying the drug's atomic and molecular structure
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chemical name
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Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor:
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Beta1 and beta2
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This is a expected or predictable response a medication causes
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therapeutic effect
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Principal neurotransmitters of PNS:
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acetylcholine
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True or False:Drugs are bound irreversibly to plasma proteins.
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False
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Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the kidney:
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Beta1
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The movement of the drug by the circulatory system to the site of action.
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Drug distribution
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During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasodilation:
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skeletal muscle
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Prevent binding of other molecules to a receptor by their binding to the receptor?
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antagonists
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Which category (schedule) includes Morphine?
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Schedule II
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albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil),ipratropium (Atrovent)
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Bronchodilation
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Most postganglionic fibers in the Sysmpathenic Nerous system release:
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Norepinephrine
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This is unpredictable response
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allergic reaction
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Drugs prescribed to relax the smooth muscles of the bronchial tubes are called
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bronchodilators
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Ejaculation is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes:
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Alpha1
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The process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of administration in the body to the circulating fluids.
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absorption
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Low doses, this precursor of norepinephrine causes renovascular dilation:
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dopamine (Intropin)
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What phase of studies of a drug on a small group of healthy volunteers, to determine safe dosages.
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Phase I Clinical Trials
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The study of drugs
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Pharmacology
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The effects of the medications combined is greater than the effect of the medication when given seperately.
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synergistic effect
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any chemical that can effect living processes
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drug
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animal studies have not shown risk to fetus or in women if they have they have not been confirmed (Amoxil, Insulin, Prozac)
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Pregnancy Categories B
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Drug combines with receptor but fails to produce an effect itself. It prevents an agonist from illiciting a response (prevents it from happening). Has affinity but not intrinsic activity.
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antagonist
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An abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, or response different from the expected outcome
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idosyncratic effect
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Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor:
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Alpha1 and alpha2
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All preganglionic neurons both in the PNS and CNS release the nurohumoral subtance
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acetylcholine
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During this phase a placebo is used to determine ranges for effectiveness, safety and dosage range.
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Phase III Clinical Trials
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The regulatory functions of PNS affect
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Heart rate
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The adrenal medulla primarily releases 80% of this:
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Epinephrine
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These drugs that bind with a receptor to produce a therapeutic response
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agonists
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Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System:
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cholinergic
|
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Major neurotransmitter at sympathetic nerve endings:
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norepinephrine, noradrenaline
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Drug applied directly to a body site
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topical
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Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase force of contraction:
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Beta1
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located in presynaptic junction:
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Alpha2
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is done in human beings after FDA approval is given following the preclinical tests.
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Clinical testing
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Which type of administration produces the slowest onset of action?
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Oral
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Maintains body function integrity.
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Supportive Therapy
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effect of one drug added to another - same mechanism
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additive effect
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genetically determined abnormal response to a normal dose of a drug
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pharmacogentic disorder
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Major adrenergic effects on skin/mucosa arteriole vascular beds:
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constriction
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This extremely serious allergic reaction that occurs shortly after drug administration
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anaphylactic shock
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Which route of administration results in fast absorption, thereby producing rapid onset and a more predictable response?
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Injection
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The transport of materials out of the cell using a vesicle that first engulfs the material:
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exocytosis
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significant risk to fetus and the women
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Pregnancy Categories X
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The compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience
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psychological dependency
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These speicalized macromolecule that attatches or binds to the drug molecule
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receptor
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Using the FDA categories for classifying teratogenic drugs, which one of the following would be considered the least likely to cause birth defects?
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A
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Although no drug can be totally safe, proper usage can lessen the risks of adverse ffects
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Safety
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Drug delivery method LEAST suitable for long term (days to weeks) slow release
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time release capsule
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True or False:The route of administration of a drug affects both the onset and duration of response.
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True
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Implementation of “fight or flight” reaction is a functions of the :
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Interaction at the cellular level
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Drug action
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All postganglionic neurons in the PNS release:
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acetylcholine
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Powerful agonist at both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
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epinephrine
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The way in which the body affects a drug by the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion:
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pharmacokinetics
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the route by which it, or its metabolites, leave the body - e.g. in the urine via the kidney).
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elimination
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What studies of the drug on a large group with the disease studies are design to remove bias.
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Phase III Clinical Trials
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Any abnormal or unsusal reaction to a drug ex. sleeping pill makes you wide awake
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idiosyncrasy
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Copyrighted name selected bu the drug company selling the drug
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trade name
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The main route of administration of a drug to produce a local effect is:
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topical
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mandates FDA approval of any new drug before marketing.
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The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938):
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The way the body deals with a drug. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
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Pharmacokinetics
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The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect greater than that of each drug alone
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synergistic effect
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alpha-1 adrenergic receptor-mediated affecting precapillary resistance vessels of the skin, kidney, and mucosa
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Vasoconstrictive effects of epinephrine
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The effects of the drug on the body and the mode of drug action
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pharmacodynamics
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block secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine; antagonize the adrenergics; symp. depressant
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antiadrenergics
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Which agency regulates the manufacture and distribution of substances that have a potential for abuse?
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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During this phase drugs are determine for effectineness and side effects on a small group of people.
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Phase II Clinical Trials
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The combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone ex: alcohol + heparin=increased bleeding
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additive drug
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Administration of adrenergic agonist drugs induce responses of 'fight or flight'
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sympathomimetics
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The process by which a drug transferred from its site of entry into the body to the bloodstream
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absorption
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Response from the drug action.
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Drug effect
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The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect less than that of each drug alone
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antagonistic effect
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Most common mechanism of drug carrier-mediated transport
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ATP transportation
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Dopamine beta hydroxylase catalyzes:
|
dopamine to norepinephrine
|
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Which law shortened the time required for developing and marketing of new drugs?
|
Drug Reguation Reform Act
|
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Administration of adrenergic antagonist drugs prevent the responses of 'fight or flight'.
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sympatholytics
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Beta 2 receptors controls:
|
Lungs
|
|
digestive tract
|
Enteral
|
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Lipid soluble substances move across the lipoprotein membrane by way of:
|
Simple diffusion
|
|
The Parasympatheic NS system is sometimes called this:
|
Cholinergic system
|
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Which phase of human testing of a drug involves a large number of patients and requires the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the drug.
|
Phase 3
|
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If gut motility is increased then drug absorption is
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decreased
|
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Activates alpha receptors:
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phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine
|
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beta-2 adrenergic receptor effects on systemic veins:
|
dilation
|
|
Contraction of bladder neck and prostate is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes:
|
Alpha1
|
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2 like drugs are combined and the result is the sum of the drugs effects. 1 + 1 = 2.
|
Synergistic effects
|
|
Immediate biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine
|
norepinephrine
|
|
This law required the regulation of narcotics distribution and categorizes them according to their medical usefullness?
|
Controlled Substances Act
|
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When the drug is given
|
administration
|
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Drugs that block stress related activity
|
sympatholytic
|
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These types of drugs are refered to as sympatholytics as they block or inhibit sympathetic stimulation.
|
sympatholytics
|
|
Subtypes of Cholinergic
|
Nicotinic
|
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This system is reponsible for the day to day function of the body
|
Parasympatheic Nervous System
|
|
Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination:
|
kidney
|
|
Parenteral administration of a drug refers to the giving of a preparation:
|
Intradermally,Intramuscularly, Intravenously
|
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Which agents can be used in the treatment of asthma?
|
adrenergic agents
|
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antagonize acetylcholine; depress parasymp. NS; similar to symp. NS stimulants
|
anticholinergics
|
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The principle area of intergration of the Autonomic Nervous system is?
|
Hypothalamas
|
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Drugs that are less potential for abuse than in Classes 1 &2
|
Schedule 3 Drug Class
|
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Which division of the ANS is designed to cope with sudden emergencies such as fight or flight?
|
SANS
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may cause harm to fetus, but may benefit the mother in life-threatening situation, another safe treatment is not available (tetracycline, Elavil)
|
Pregnancy Categories D
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Often used for drugs that are irritating, since there are few nerve endings in this deep tissue
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ntramuscular
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Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the living organism
|
drug
|
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They attach to a receptor and stimulate the cell to act.
|
agonist
|
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Which phase of human testing of a drug involves the postmarketing surveillance of a drug?
|
Phase 4
|
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the study of drugs and the way they interact with living systems
|
Pharmacology
|
|
Major alpha-adrenergic receptor effect on renin secretion:
|
decrease
|
|
Which division of the ANS is concerned with the conservation of body processes?
|
PANS
|
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Prevents blood pressure reduction seen with isoproterenol (Isuprel):
|
propranolol (Inderal)
|
|
Direct sympathetic effects on the heart are mediated by this receptor type:
|
beta repeptor
|
|
The hypersensitivity to a drug where the immune system views the drug as a foreign substance
|
allergic reaction
|
|
The trade name of a drug is:
|
Capitalized
|
|
Any any substance that causes abnormal developement of the fetus
|
teratogen
|
|
This Act concerned itself with drug abuse divided drugs into categories called schedules
|
The Controlled Substances Act (1970):
|
|
The action of sympathomimetic drugs on the liver causes an increase in blood glucose levels by a process called:
|
glycogenolysis
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that increase heart rate:
|
Beta1
|
|
Which route is commonly used for the administration of insulin?
|
subcutaneous route
|
|
Most common mechanism of drug active-transport
|
endocytosis
|
|
If the half life of a drug is 1 hour, how long would it take for the drug to be gone from the body?
|
5 hours
|
|
where the drug goes in the body after it has been absorbed)
|
distribution
|
|
This is severe responses to medications
|
adverse effect
|
|
Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the vascalture produces:
|
dilatation
|
|
The name given to a drug before it becomes official (not capitalized)
|
generic name
|
|
Agents that mimic the effects of the SANS are called:
|
Sympathomimetics; Adrenergic
|
|
The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name:
|
trade
|
|
What substances are released at the synaptic cleft in order to facilitate nerve-to-nerve or nerve-to-effector tissue communication
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
How long is a trade name protected by the Federal Patent Law?
|
17 years
|
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Which category of drugs is listed as high abuse with no refills?
|
Schedule II
|
|
Physiological effects associated with isoproterenol (Isuprel):
|
increased blood glucose
|
|
all other effects whether desirable or undesirable
|
secondary effects
|
|
Which phase of human testing of a drug involves the postmarketing surveillance of a drug?
|
Phase 4
|
|
Which category (schedule) includes Codeine and other sedatives?
|
Schedule IV
|
|
Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes contraction of skeletal muscle:
|
Nicotinic m (muscle)
|
|
Maintains current functions, does not prevent progression.
|
Maintenance Therapy
|
|
The length of a drug's effect.
|
duration
|
|
The hypersensitivity to a drug where the immune system views the drug as a foreign substance
|
allergic reaction
|
|
beta-2 adrenergic receptor mediated effects on skeletal muscle arteriole vasculature:
|
dilation
|
|
The Sysmpathenic NS system is sometimes called this:
|
Adrenergic system
|
|
Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes release of epinephrine:
|
Nicotinic n (neuronal
|
|
overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeatedly
|
addiction:
|
|
dilate the pupil
|
mydriatics
|
|
The main routes of administration of a drug to provide a systemic effect are
|
Oral, Parenteral
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that causes relaxation of uterine muscle
|
Beta 2
|
|
Occurs when the body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered
|
cumulative effect
|
|
Which organization determines which drugs can be marketed in the United States?
|
Food and Drug Administration
|
|
which consists of the brain and the spinal cord
|
central nervous system
|
|
The combined response of 2 drugs is less than 1 drug given alone. 1 + 1 = 0.
|
antagonist Effects
|
|
Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion General term having to do with actions of the body on the drug:
|
pharmacokinetics
|
|
Exists when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over a period of time
|
drug tolerance
|
|
Uses normal volunteers to evaluate drug metabolism and determine effects of drug on humans.
|
Phase 1
|
|
Brand name of a medication:
|
trade name
|
|
Term having to do with drug actions on the body:
|
pharmacodynamics
|
|
Which type of drug would you avoid if a patient has a peptic ulcer?
|
cholinergic
|
|
Predominant autonomic tone:
|
salivary glands: parasympathetic
|
|
The measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body (time to elimiante 50% of the drug)
|
half-life
|
|
When two formulations of drugs produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood and tissues, they are said to be:
|
Biologically equivalent
|
|
A drug that binds to a cell receptor and causes a response is called an:
|
agonist
|
|
This is undesirable drug effects
|
adverse reactions
|
|
Immediate synthetic precursor of norepinephrine:
|
dopamine
|
|
sympathomimetic; at low doses: increases renal blood flow:
|
dopamine
|
|
Causes cellular changes. Initiates biologic activity or efficacy.
|
intrinsic activity
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that promotes vasodilation
|
Beta 2
|
|
The following laws required that drugs must show proof of effectiveness?
|
Kefauver-Harris Ammendment
|
|
Schedule 5 Drug Class
|
Schedule 5 Drug Class
|
|
An order conveying the medication plans to others
|
prescription
|
|
Maintains current functions, does not prevent progression.
|
Maintenance Therapy
|
|
the tendency of a drug to bind to its receptor
|
affinity
|
|
Has limited action at alpha-adrenergic receptors:
|
isoproterenol (Isuprel)
|
|
name given by mfg because of the chemical atributes
|
chemical name
|
|
This allergic drug reaction causing collection of fluid in subq tissues
|
angioedema
|
|
cardiopulmonary effects of Isoproterenol (Isuprel):
|
positive chronotropism
|
|
The regulatory functions of PNS affect
|
Gastric secretions
|
|
A drug that mimics the body's own regulatory processes
|
Agonists
|
|
The ability for drugs to locate a receptor
|
Affinity
|
|
Enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis:
|
choline acetyltransferase
|
|
Refers to the route when drugs are administered by bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and includes injections, inhalation, and topical administration?
|
parenteral
|
|
Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System:
|
adrenergic
|
|
Requires that all new drugs be tested for safety
|
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938)
|
|
What type of administration involves the injection of solutions into the spinal subarachnoid space?
|
Intrathecal Route
|
|
Which category of drugs is the least abusive?
|
Schedule V
|
|
Which agency regulates the trade practices of drug companies and prohibits the false advertising of foods, nonprescription drugs, and cosmetics?
|
Federal Trade Commission
|
|
The dominant autonomic tone in the heart is:
|
parasympathetic, cholinergic, acetylcholine
|
|
End of life care, comfort measures.
|
Palliative Therapy
|
|
The following laws required that drugs be prescribed by a doctor and dispensed by a pharmacist?
|
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
|
|
Receptor mediated by acetylcholine:
|
cholinergic receptor
|
|
drug’s strength at a certain concentration or dose
|
potency
|
|
The phase of human testing that involves the use of a limited number of individuals who are given small then increasing doses of the drug to determine the drugs safety.
|
Phase I
|
|
Drugs that effect the body on the drug (absorption, distribution and elimation of drug)
|
pharmacokinetics
|
|
The breakdown of a drug into an inactive form
|
metabolism
|
|
When two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards established by the regulatory agencies, they are said to be:
|
Chemically equivalent
|
|
Principal neurotransmitters of PNS:
|
dopamine
|
|
The proprietary or brand name
|
Trade Name
|
|
The following law classifies drugs according to potential for abuse & usefullness in medicine from a Class 1 to Class 5?
|
Controlled Substances Act
|
|
The movement of a drug throughout the body after it has been absorbed into the bloodstream
|
distribution
|
|
When taking numerous drugs that can potnetially react with one another
|
polypharmacy
|
|
has the highest level of abuse potential for these medically accepted drugs
|
Schedule II
|
|
When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug
|
drug allergy
|
|
The following law established for accurately labeling of drug products?
|
Pure Food & Drug Act
|
|
written lower case
|
generic
|
|
The regulatory functions of PNS affect
|
Bronchial smooth muscle
|
|
Which phase of human testing of a drug involves larger groups of people and the reporting of any adverse reactions to the FDA?
|
Phase 2
|
|
Decreases bronchial gland secretion:
|
alpha-1 adrenergic
|
|
What are the FDA requirements that pertain to the substitution of trade name products with generic?
|
The active ingredients of the generic product must enter the blood stream at the same rate as the trade name product.
|
|
Epinephrine effects by the increased rate of the:
|
heart
|
|
The regulatory functions of PNS affect
|
Vision
|
|
A circumstance in which a drug should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient or offer no effect in improving the patient's condition or illness is called a (n)
|
contraindication
|
|
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension:
|
alpha receptor blocker
|
|
given upon approval by the FDA , sometimes shortened chemical name
|
generic name
|
|
When the drug is taken up by the body
|
absorption
|
|
Has affinity (to locate receptor) and has intrinsic activity (to create changes in a cell). Creates 3 bonds with receptors to bind with receptor and changes occur within cell.
|
agonist
|
|
Refers to the route used when drugs are placed directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral or rectal administration
|
enteral
|
|
Any any substance that causes abnormal developement of the fetus
|
teratogen
|
|
Schedule 4 Drug Class
|
Schedule 4 Drug Class
|
|
Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes activates parasympathetic nervous system:
|
Muscarinic
|
|
Most drugs and metabolites are excreted by:
|
kidneys
|
|
the study of adverse effects of drugs as they interact with living systems
|
toxicology
|
|
subcutaneous tissue
|
anaphylactic reaction
|
|
When the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one normal dose of drug before the next is given
|
cumulative drug effect
|
|
the largest effects that a drug can produce
|
Maximal Efficacy
|
|
End of life care, comfort measures.
|
Palliative Therapy
|
|
An action of a drug that is other than the desired action is called?
|
side effect
|
|
The process by which a drug is converted by the liver to inactive compounds through a series of chemical reactions
|
biotransformation
|
|
cause quieting and drowsiness - lower dosage than hypnotics
|
sedatives
|
|
Preventive care.
|
Prophylactic Therapy
|
|
Alpha 1 & 2 receptors controls:
|
Blood vessels & Pupils
|
|
Reactive cellular site on a molecule or cell; what the drug interacts with.
|
Receptor
|
|
An advantage of the oral route is the large absorbing area present in the stomach.
|
The statement is partially true (absorption occurs in the small intestine)
|
|
The undesirable reactions of a drug are called:
|
Adverse effects
|
|
produce their effects by preventing receptors activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs
|
Antagonists
|
|
The activities within the body after a drug is administered
|
pharmacokinetics
|
|
Regulation of body temperature is a functions of the:
|
Sympathetic Nervous System
|
|
A drug that interacts with the same receptor site as the agonist and competes with the agonist for action.
|
competitive antagonist
|
|
rugs that dilate the pupil
|
mydriatics
|
|
What type of administration produces the most rapid drug response, with an almost immediate onset of action?
|
Intravenous Route
|
|
by application onto the skin or associated membranes
|
topical
|
|
If a drug is a weak base, what happens if the pH of the site rises?
|
Drug CAN penetrate the tissues easily
|
|
A drug that has affinity for a receptor and when it combines with that receptor it produces an effect
|
agonist
|
|
Decreases blood pressure:
|
propranolol (Inderal
|
|
Number of half-lives required to go from one steady-state to another:
|
4
|
|
The regulatory functions of PNS affect
|
Bladder and bowel
|
|
The name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; often derived from the chemical name
|
generic name
|
|
Refers to the time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect.
|
Onset
|
|
Direct cardiac effects decrease heart rate; decrease contractility
|
parasympathetic
|
|
Activation of Alpha-1 receptors in the vascalture produces:
|
constriction
|
|
atropine (blocks ACh action on the heart)
|
antagonists
|
|
When drugs interact with each other and produce effect that is greater than the sum of thier actions
|
synergism
|
|
Uses patients to determine a drugs therapeutic effects, dosage range and safety
|
Phases 2 and 3
|
|
Regulation of cardiovascular system is a functions of the :
|
Sympathetic Nervous System
|
|
This system prodominates the body when under stress.
|
Sysmpatheic Nervous System.
|
|
Most postganglionic fibers in the Sysmpathenic Nerous system release:
|
norepinephrine
|
|
The elimination of drugs from the body usually through the kidney but also through sweat, breast milk, breath, feces
|
excretion
|
|
Adrenergic receptor subtype with minimal clinical significance:
|
Alpha2
|
|
If a drug is a weak acid and the pH of the site rises, what will occur?
|
Drug CANNOT penetrate the tissues easil
|
|
cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives
|
sedatives
|
|
Dilate peripheral blood vessels
|
vasodilators
|
|
A muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain.
|
Effector cell
|
|
Peripheral nervous system controls:
|
Somatic motor, Autonomic systems
|
|
2 drugs given together, one drug increases the effect of the other drug.
|
potentiation effect
|
|
Principal neurotransmitters of PNS:
|
epinephrine
|
|
Drugs activating this receptor are used in treating asthma:
|
beta2 adrenergic
|
|
Block stress related activity
|
sympatholytics
|
|
Primary site for drug metabolism
|
liver
|
|
Major neurotransmitter released at end organ effectors of the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system:
|
norepinephrine
|
|
Drugs which bind to and activate receptors
|
agonists
|
|
Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptor:
|
Dopamine
|
|
During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasocntriction:
|
skin and viscera
|
|
Principal neurotransmitters of PNS :
|
norepinephrine
|
|
When is the best time to schedule a diabetic patient?
|
AM
|
|
Function of cholinergic receptor subtype that promotes ganglia transmission:
|
Nicotinic n (neuronal)
|
|
Epinephrine effects on AV nodall conduction:
|
increased conduction velocity
|
|
These drugs join with a receptor to prevent the action of an agonist
|
antagonists
|
|
given by the mfg, something catchy having to do with what it does
|
brand, trade,
|
|
CNS depressant, interfere with nerve impulse conduction of pain perception
|
analgesics
|
|
A decreased response to a drug requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect
|
drug tolerance
|
|
Most common mechanism of drug permeation
|
passive diffusion
|
|
Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the vascalture produces:
|
dilatation
|
|
What type of drugs can be administered by inhalation?
|
Gaseous
|
|
how it is changed by the body - e.g. in the liver)
|
metabolism
|
|
Major neurotransmitter at autonomic ganglia:
|
nicotinic, acetylcholine
|
|
consists of network of neuronal connections between the brain and all parts of the body.
|
nervous system
|
|
What law establish the production of drugs that affect relatively few people?
|
Orphan Drug Act
|
|
During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasodilation of:
|
skeletal muscle
|
|
All preganglionic neurons both in the PNS and CNS release the nurohumoral subtance:
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
The adrenal medulla primarily releases 20% of this:
|
Norepinephrine
|
|
The principle area of intergration of the Autonomic Nervous system is?
|
Hypothalamas
|
|
unintended, secondary effects a medication predictably will cause
|
adverse effect
|
|
This law establish restriction on narcotics, NO importing, manufacture and sale?
|
Harrison Narcotic Act
|
|
Which category of drugs has a moderate abuse potential?
|
Schedule III
|
|
Dramatic decrease in systemic availability of a drug following oral administration is most likely due to:
|
hepatic "first-pass" effect
|
|
Nerves that release acetylcholine are called:
|
cholinergic
|
|
The two categories of neuropharmacologic agents are:
|
PNS drugs, CNS drugs
|
|
Vasoconstriction is a function of adrenergic receptor subtypes:
|
Alpha1
|
|
This drug increases heart rate, contributing to increase blood pressure:
|
Epinephrine
|
|
Drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax airway passages; it may be used to counter a severe allergic reaction.
|
ephinephrine
|
|
Primary site for drug metabolism
|
liver
|
|
Which category (schedule) includes Benzodiazepines?
|
Schedule IV
|
|
An action of a drug that is other than the desired action is called?
|
side effect
|
|
A circumstance in which a drug should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient or offer no effect in improving the patient's condition or illness is called a (n)
|
contraindication
|
|
Examples of beta-2 selective adrenergic agonists:
|
albuterol (Ventolin,Proventil)
|
|
Powder, usually pre-mixed with water, that will absorb some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body.
|
activated charcoal
|
|
Receptor activation mainly responsible for positive inotropism:
|
beta1
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that n Dilates renal blood vessels:
|
Dopamine
|
|
A desired or therapeutic effect
|
primary effect
|
|
Drugs not approved for medical use, that have high abuse protential.
|
Schedule 1 Drug Class
|
|
A drug that binds to a receptor site that is different from the binding site for the agonist.
|
noncompetitive antagonist
|
|
This system is reponsible for the day to day function of the body.
|
Parasympatheic Nervous System
|
|
Subtypes of Cholinergic
|
Nicotinic m
|
|
The time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug present in the circulation at any given time.
|
half-life
|
|
The name registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol (first letter is capitalized)
|
trade name
|
|
given upon approval by the FDA , sometimes shortened chemical name
|
generic name
|
|
antagonize acetylcholine; depress parasymp. NS; similar to symp. NS stimulants
|
anticholinergics
|
|
This amendment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act stipulates that a drug must prove useful before marketing. Started clinical trials.
|
Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962):
|
|
Neurotransmitter of preganglionic fibers
|
acetylcholine
|
|
The adrenal medulla primarily releases 20% of this:
|
norepinephrine
|
|
Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the living organism
|
drug
|
|
The removal of drugs from the body.
|
Excretion
|
|
The symp. nervous system stimulant, parasymp. nervous system depressant. behaves similarly to antihistamines while stim. the CNS
|
adrenergics
|
|
Which agent would cause miosis?
|
cholinergic
|
|
Disease caused unintentionally by drug therapy
|
iatrogenic disease
|
|
Significant respiratory tract effects of epinephrine:
|
beta-2 receptor-mediated bronchodilation
|
|
Positive chronotropic effects of epinephrine:
|
beta1 receptor activation
|
|
Which agents can cause an increase in salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (SLUD)?
|
cholinergic
|
|
mimic or stimulate acetylcholine; stim. parasymp. NS
|
cholinergics
|
|
The most common problems with transdermal patches includes all except:
|
Hematoma
|
|
The clinically desirable actions of a drug are called:
|
Therapeutic effects
|
|
Give an example of a physiologic effect caused by drugs.
|
lowering blood pressure
|
|
When are most drugs elilminated from the body?
|
4 -5 half-lifes
|
|
drug that binds to its receptor and prevents other drugs or substances from producing an effect
|
antagonists
|
|
Which category (schedule) includes Benzodiazepines?
|
Schedule IV
|
|
When the drug spreads through the body
|
distribution
|
|
The body's way of changing a drug so that it can be excreted by the kidneys
|
metabolism
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that causes bronchial dilation
|
Beta 2
|
|
Post market study of a drug with volunteer basis, after first three phases are review.
|
Phase IV Clinical Trials
|
|
the way the drug enters the body and reaches the bloodstream
|
absorption
|
|
Drug is released for general use, following a conditional approval granted by the FDA.
|
Phase 4
|
|
the potency of an agonist is the concentration of a drug that produces a pharmacological response and is determined both by affinity and efficacy.
|
potency
|
|
An abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by overresponse, underresponse, or response different from the expected outcome
|
idosyncratic effect
|
|
Prominent cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor type:
|
beta-1
|
|
The study of drugs and their action on living organisms
|
pharmacology
|
|
Activation of Alpha-1 receptors in the vascalture produces:
|
constriction
|
|
Most common mechanism of drug active-transport
|
endocytosis
|
|
Most common mechanism of drug carrier-mediated transport
|
ATP transportation
|
|
The name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; often derived from the chemical name
|
generic name
|
|
Epinephrine effects on respiration:
|
stimulation
|
|
Norepinephrine pressor response blocked by:
|
prazosin (Minipress)
|
|
The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary; may be the same as generic name
|
official name
|
|
Significant therapeutic use for dopamine:
|
treatment of cardiogenic/hypovolemic shock
|
|
Drug applied directly to a body site
|
topical application
|
|
The process by which a drug is made available for use in the body
|
absorption
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the heart:
|
Beta1
|
|
The effect produced at a certain dose of the drug that cannot be increased with a higher dose of the drug is the:
|
maximum effect
|
|
Which phase of human testing of a drug involves larger groups of people and the reporting of any adverse reactions to the FDA?
|
Phase 2
|
|
When new drugs are developed, they are first tested in animals
|
preclinical testing
|
|
Unexpected response; mimics a pathological disease
|
iatrogenic reaction
|
|
cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives
|
hypnotics
|
|
Intensive drug therapy used to sustain life.
|
Acute Therapy
|
|
drugs taken together (similar effect) produce effect that is > effects of each added together - different mechanism
|
synergistic effect (synergism)
|
|
Before generic drugs are marketed they must be shown to be:
|
Biologically equivalent
|
|
beta-1 selective receptor blocker:
|
metoprolol (Lopressor)
|
|
capitalized
|
trade name
|
|
The disadvantages of the parenteral route include all except:
|
Self medication is difficult, More painful
|
|
which connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
|
peripheral nervous system
|
|
The loss of effectiveness of the drug because the drug is going to pass through the liver and be broken down.
|
First pass effect
|
|
Rapid administration of epinephrine, with resulting significant systolic pressure elevation will cause this effect on heart rate:
|
decrease in heart rate
|
|
Cardiovascular characteristics of patients who might benefit from IV dopamine (Intropin) administration:
|
high urinary output
|
|
Occurs when the body cannot metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered
|
cumulative effect
|
|
Often used for drugs that are irritating, since there are few nerve endings in this deep tissue
|
intramuscular
|
|
Adrenergic agonists are also know as:
|
Sympathomimetics
|
|
Which category (schedule) includes Morphine?
|
Schedule II
|
|
Which agency stops misleading advertisements of non-prescription drugs?
|
Federal Trade Commission
|
|
What is the neurotransmitter substance released between the postganglionic fiber and the effector tissue of the SANS?
|
norepinephrine
|
|
The name registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol (first letter is capitalized)
|
trade name
|
|
Effective in reversing respiratory and cardiovascular effects of anaphylactic shock:
|
eprinephrine
|
|
Most likely to increase myocardial afterload:
|
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
|
|
cause sleep to occur - higher dosage than sedatives
|
hypnotics
|
|
The process by which drugs alter cell physiology
|
pharmacodynamics
|
|
When two formulations of a drug prove to have an equal therapeutic effect in a clinical trial, they are said to be
|
Therapeutically equivalent
|
|
ability of a drug to produce a more intense response as the concentration is increased
|
efficacy
|
|
The effect that occurs when drugs are given orally and are passed through the hepatic portal circulation, which inactivates some drugs.
|
first-pass effect
|
|
Isoproterenol (Isuprel): cardiopulmonary effects:
|
increases peripheral resistance
|
|
Drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax airway passages; it may be used to counter a severe allergic reaction.
|
ephinephrine
|
|
given by the mfg, something catchy having to do with what it does
|
brand, trade,
|
|
some produce unconsciousness and loss of sensation by blocking the conduction of impulse to the brain from nerves to which they are injected, or applied, producing no loss in consciousness
|
anesthetics
|
|
Nuremburg Code
|
Rights of human subjects to be protected in medical research?
|
|
The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect less than that of each drug alone
|
antagonistic effect
|
|
Most potent at beta adrenergic receptors
|
isoproterenol (Isuprel)
|
|
The name gives the exact makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure (it is not capitalized
|
chemical name
|
|
The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids, and intracellular fluids
|
distribution
|
|
The rate of drug absorption is greatest in the:
|
small intestine
|
|
sudden constriction of bronchiolar muscles, edema of pharynx, wheezing, SOB
|
anaphylactic shock
|
|
What book only lists FDA approved drugs and is the most used reference in a doctor’s office?
|
PDF
|
|
Primary site for drug metabolism
|
liver
|
|
The most carefully monitored drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may cause dependence
|
controlled substances
|
|
During "Flight or Fight" response Sympathenic NS will cause vasocntriction:
|
skin and viscera
|
|
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.
|
Absorption
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that controls the lungs:
|
Beta 2
|
|
The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name:
|
trade
|
|
Medication administered through the mucous membrane
|
sublingual
|
|
Drugs which bind to but do not activate receptors. In so doing these drugs block receptors from the effects of agonists
|
antagonists:
|
|
The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be obtained when a sufficient amount of a drug is administered
|
Efficacy
|
|
This name is chosen by the drug company so it is often short, catchy and easy to remember
|
Trade Name:
|
|
Drugs that have no accepted use in medicine, and have high abuse potential ( e.g. marijuana, LSD)
|
Schedule I
|
|
Alpha-adrenergic effects on pulmonary arterioles:
|
constriction
|
|
The process of the drug transferring from the site of entry into the blood stream.
|
Drug absorption
|
|
The Sysmpathenic NS system is sometimes called this:
|
adrenergic system
|
|
atropine (blocks ACh action on the heart)
|
antagonists
|
|
is associated with the preparation and dispensing of drugs
|
pharmacy
|
|
When naming drugs, which name is selected by the U.S. Adopted Name Council?
|
Generic Name
|
|
Maintains body function integrity.
|
Supportive Therapy
|
|
The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary; may be the same as generic name
|
official name
|
|
constrict the pupil
|
miotics
|
|
When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug
|
drug allergy
|
|
When taking numerous drugs that can potnetially react with one another
|
polypharmacy
|
|
A drug may have many different trade names, but will have only one generic name, making the generic name more conducive to communication.
|
Trade Name:
|
|
The symp. nervous system stimulant, parasymp. nervous system depressant. behaves similarly to antihistamines while stim. the CNS
|
adrenergics
|
|
Epinephrine effects on the heart:
|
coronary vasodilation
|
|
During what phase a drug is approved for selling.
|
Phase III Clinical Trials
|
|
The need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose.
|
drug tolerance
|
|
Which category of drugs has a moderate abuse potential?
|
Schedule III
|
|
Most important organ for unchanged drug/drug metabolite elimination:
|
kidney
|
|
Intensive drug therapy used to sustain life
|
Acute Therapy
|
|
A very percise description of the drug's chemical composition, identifying the drug's atomic and molecular structure
|
chemical name
|
|
Cholinergic receptor type that mediates the decrease in heart rate:
|
muscarinic
|
|
Which category of drugs has the highest abuse potential?
|
Schedule I
|
|
What type of drugs would you avoid if a patient has asthma?
|
cholinergic agents
|
|
Which agent would increase saliva?
|
cholinergic
|
|
Which category of drugs is listed as high abuse with no refills?
|
Schedule II
|
|
The movement of drugs throughout the body.
|
Distribution
|
|
lowest risk – studies have not shown a risk to women or fetus (Synthroid)
|
Pregnancy Categories A
|
|
Most dangerous route for medication administration
|
intraveous
|
|
physiological or psychological need for a substance
|
dependency:
|
|
The name given to a drug before it becomes official (not capitalized)
|
generic name
|
|
Which agents are added to local anesthetic solutions to prolong their action?
|
adrenergic agents
|
|
What is the neurotransmitter substance released at the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fiber in the PANS?
|
acetylcholine
|
|
Copyrighted name selected bu the drug company selling the drug
|
trade name
|
|
Need to maintain normal function.
|
Supplemental Therapy
|
|
major route; Given into the cardiovascular circulation
|
parenteral
|
|
The phase of human testing that involves the use of a limited number of individuals who are given small then increasing doses of the drug to determine the drugs safety
|
Phase I
|
|
Which category (schedule) includes Codeine and other sedatives?
|
Schedule III
|
|
This is undesirable drug effects
|
adverse reactions
|
|
If a drug is a weak acid, what happens if the pH of the site falls?
|
Drug CAN penetrate the tissues easily
|
|
What is the main purpose of phase 2 of human testing of drugs?
|
Effectiveness
|
|
drug for which dispensing requires a written or phone order that can only be issued by or under the direction of a licensed physician
|
prescription drug
|
|
General term having to do with actions of the body on the drug:
|
pharmacokinetics
|
|
Using the FDA categories for classifying teratogenic drugs, which one of the following would be considered the most likely to cause birth defects?
|
X
|
|
Which distribution site elicits the therapeutic response desired?
|
Specific site
|
|
The combined effect of two or more drugs acting simultaneously, producing an effect greater than that of each drug alone
|
synergistic effect
|
|
Simultaneous increases in myocardial contractility, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, urine output, and renal blood flow are associated most likely with:
|
dopamine (Intropin)
|
|
Medication administered via the respiratory tract
|
inhalation
|
|
When drugs interact with each other and produce effect that is greater than the sum of thier actions
|
synergism
|
|
Autonomic system is divied into:
|
Parasympathetic, Sympathetic
|
|
Block activation of receptors by agonists.
|
Antagonists:
|
|
drugs that the federal government has designated to be potentially harmful unless thier use is supervised by a licensed health care provider
|
prescription drugs
|
|
Alpha-adrenergic effects on renal arterioles:
|
constriction
|
|
animal studies show risk to fetus, controlled studies have not been done in women ( Zovirax, Lasix)
|
Pregnancy Categories C
|
|
Binding of drugs to plasma proteins (PP), usually ALBUMIN fraction, leads to high concentrations of drug in the plasma.
|
Protein Binding
|
|
Receptor mediated by norepinephrine and epinephrine:
|
adrenergic receptor
|
|
What name is given to a drug during the investigation phase?
|
Chemical Name
|
|
What is the neurotransmitter substance released at the synapse between the preganglionic nerve fiber and the postganglionic nerve fiber in the SANS?
|
acetylcholine
|
|
positive inotropic effect is mediated through beta-adrenergic receptor activation
|
dobutamine (Dobutrex):
|
|
The excessive amounts of meds within the body may have lethal effects
|
toxic effect
|
|
The extremely long, tongue-tying name of the precise chemical compound.
|
Chemical Name
|
|
True or False:There are no disadvantages to the administration of drugs via the oral route.
|
False (stomach and intestinal irritation may result and certain drugs are inactivated by the acidity or enzymes in the GI tract.)
|
|
Function of adrenergic receptor subtype that promotes renin release:
|
Beta 1
|
|
What route is used to administer the tuberculosis skin test?
|
Intradermal Route
|
|
The study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, and leaves the body and what factors influence the movements.
|
pharmacokinetics
|
|
Preganglionic fibers terminating on adrenal medullary chromaffin cells release:
|
acetylcholine
|
|
What are the two routes of administration drugs called?
|
enteral, parenteral
|
|
constrict the pupil
|
miotics
|
|
The strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor.
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Affinity
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Medication administered through the mucous membrane
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sublingual administration
|
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The study of drugs
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pharmacology
|
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CNS neurotransmitter associated with the basal ganglia and motor control:
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dopamine, acetylcholine
|
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the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.
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pharmacology
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A new drug application is submitted for approval during what phase?
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Phase III Clinical Trials
|
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Primary receptor type at autonomic ganglia:
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cholinergic: nicotinic
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A process by which a substance is transported against a concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient.
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active transport
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Need to maintain normal function.
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Supplemental Therapy
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A decrease in diastolic pressures associated with epinephrine administration would most likely occur in which dosage?
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relatively low doses
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True or False;The blood levels obtained after oral administration are less predictable than those obtained parenterally.
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True
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The study of the action of drugs on living tissue
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pharmacodynamics
|
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The following laws required testing to proof that new drugs are safe?
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
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Central nervous system controls:
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Brain and spinal cord
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Which agent would cause a decrease in the heart rate?
|
cholinergic
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