| Terms |
Definitions |
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what command formats a partition with a files system?
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mkfsex: mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdc1
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what command lists the free memory?
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free
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in a directory, the 3 letters in the middle stand for what (ls -l)
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Group
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How do you open a new shell when you are already in a text shell ?
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Alt F1-F7 (inside linux gnome/kde gui desktop)
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To edit a users cron file, what do you type?
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crontab -u root -e
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What do you type to see who is currently logged in?
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who
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What does rmdir do?
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removes a directory.
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what file is responsible for dns configuration and how do you get it up?
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named.conf and use bindconfig.
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To find ports in linux, where do you look?
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/etc/services
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where are the variables and program environments stored when the bash shell is run?
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/etc/profile
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What does "less" do?
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displays a text file on the screen, but gives you a pause on a long file.
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what command will show you how much disk space is available on each partition?
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df -h human readbledf -i inodedu - disk usage on dirs
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how do you kill a job or kill more than 1 job?
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kill and killall
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what purpose does the "!" stand for in a script?
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In scripts it will execute a command after the exclamation !.
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How do you search for something in VI ?
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press the "/"/search_term example: /learn
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What is contained in /etc/group
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Local group definitions
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where is your printer capture program located?
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/etc/printcap-capture what you have -show your queue and printer name.
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What is contained in /etc/modules.conf
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It contains configuration parameters for your kernal modules
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What command displays the contents of the kernel ring buffer and is used for diagnosing certain types of hardware or kernel problems?
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dmesg
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What do you press in VI to delete the word that comes after the cursor but NOT the space?
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press "DE"
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what's the difference between find and locate?
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locate finds it faster through a database.
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What directory contains your Linux system's configuration files?
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/etc
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What's linux's version of DEL?
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rm
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what describes configuration files?
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they are frequently named after the server or its protocol.
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how do you redirect a directory into a text file using tail?
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tail /var/log/messages 1>lastmessagescreates a text file called "lastmessages" using the tail end of the log file messages
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Wht's the general rule of thumb for swap spaces?
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they should be atleast 1.5 to 2 x's your ram.
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What command returns the results of the IP you enter?
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nslookup
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When you are inside linux windows and you want to switch to a shell you press "ctrl alt f1-f6." Once inside, you have to press what to go to a different login shell?
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F1-F6
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what is contained in /etc/hosts
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It contains a list of hostname to IP address mappings the system can use to resolve hostnames
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what too can you use to measure a hard disk's speed under linux?
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hdparm
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What is contained in /etc/init.d/
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It's a subdirectory that contains startup scripts for services installed on the system. On Fedora or Red hat, these are located in the /etc/rc.d/init.d
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how do you place a background job in the foreground?
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fg ex: fg 1 ([1]+ 7527 stopped vi
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how do you view the processes - or mainly - search for a certain process?
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ps -el | grep
ex: ps -el | grep vi
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What are the permission levels of Write
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2
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How can you display your current route configuration?
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ifconfigand to see the default gate route you can also type "cat ./routes" in your /etc/sysconfig/network/ directory.
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Why should you avoid using telent for remote admin procedures?
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because the passwords are unencrypted.
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What is contained in /etc/passwd
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It contains your system user accounts
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what does the lpc command do?
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lpc starts, stops, reorders jobs within print queues.
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what does the cmd "man" do and how do you use it? (ex)
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Man opens up a manual page for the command utility specified.Example: man dir
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what switches/commands do you enter to update your debian linux?
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apt-get updateorapt-get dist-upgrade
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what is the purpse of the inittab and where is it located?
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to change the run level/etc/rc.d/rc1 rc2 etc.
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How can you paste the information deleted in the last deletion operation after the current cursor location?
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type "p" (paste)
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The var directory command holds what 3 things?
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mail, print spools, system log files.
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What is init 6
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shutsdown and reboots the computer as a root
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how do you change the group on a user?
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chgrp
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How do you find out what modules are loaded at any given time?
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lsmod
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what can you edit to start and stop a process?
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/etc/rc.d/init.d./daemon start or stop
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what command sends a job to a printer?
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lpr -Samsung -m jones report.txtsends to the samsung printer and emails jones after printing.
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What are the permission levels of Execute?
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1
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After reconfiguring your print queries, what do you type to restart your printer daemon?
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/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd restart
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How do you view your own default shell?
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type "echo $SHELL"
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what shows you the last time a user logged on?
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/var/log/lastlog
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in a directory, the 3 letters from right to left on ls -l stand for what?
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others
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command to ping and trace a route?
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ping and traceroute
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What does /etc/shadow contain?
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Encrypted passwords.
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how do you change the users group?
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chown
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how do you remove unused modules?
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rmmod -a removes all unused modules-r removes a stack of modules-s outputs all msgs to users
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What's the difference between insmod and modprobe?
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modprobe loads all the dependencies and insmod loads one module at a time.
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what command will allow you create a group called "managers"
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groupadd managers
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what does "cat" do?
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displays the current txt file on screen. ex: cat test.txt
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How do you shut down the system using a command?
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You can type "Halt" orType "Reboot"orType "init 0" as a root.
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What does netstat do?
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displays statistical information for the network:netstat -r displays the routing tables
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What do you press in VI to undo the last action?
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U
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Where are the login shells configuration parameters stored for system wide?
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/etc/profile
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where does linux distrubtions look for during authentication?
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/etc/passwd/etc/shadow
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what does rpm -F do?
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upgrades a package only if an earlier version already exists (freshens it).
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how do you change a file so that it can be executed?
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chmod u+x ./test (filename)
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/srv/sys/tmp/usr//var
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/srv - services running on the sys like http and ftpd/sys - info about the hardware on your sys/tmp - directory contains temp files/usr/ application files/var - variable data - log files etc
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Which configuration file is used when a user opens a non-login bash shell?
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~/.bashrc file is used.
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What does Samba allow you to do?
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It allos you to communicate with windows based networks.
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How do you view the date in your shell?
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type "date"
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What does the command "grep" do?
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It searchs a large file, like a log file, for a particular string:example: grep search_text
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What is unique about Grub (grand unified boot loader)?
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1st boot loader that could directly boot liux from above the 1024 cylinder.
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What does ls -r do?
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It displays the directory recursively ; that is, it dislays the contents of the directory as well as the contents of all subdirectories.
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Which device points to a IDE CD-ROM drive connected to the primary IDE channel?
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/dev/hdb
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What does FIFO stand for?
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First In First Out.-special files used to move data from one running process on the system to another.
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What does ls -l do?
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displays a long listing of the directory contents.
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What does "info" do?
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The info utility also displays a help page for the indicated command or utility.
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what does the lpr -r switch do?
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deletes the original file after printing it.
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how do you see what's in the printer queue?
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lpq -
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What does "tail" do?
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It displays the last couple of lines of a text file on screen.
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Ctrl-alt Fx (2-6) will do what?
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Switch to a shell based prompt
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what does "bash" stand for?
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Bourne Again Shell
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In VI, what can you type to delete from the insertion point to the end of the line?
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d$
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how do you run a program in the background while currently in a shell?
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place an & after the program.ex: oofromtemplate &
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What does "whoami" display?
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User currently logged on.
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how do you start a process that will allow it to run and ignore any hang-up signals like logging out from a shell prompt?
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start it with "no hup"
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What does /etc/X11/ contain?
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Configuration files for X Windows
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what does the ps -A command do?
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it shows you all the commands running, not just the ones u started.
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How do you check your hd?
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fsck -f dev (device)
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What is contained in your /sbin directory?
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This directory contains important system management and administration files, such as fdisk, fsck, ifconfig, init, mkfs, shutdown and halt.
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What gui tool will allow you to configure your print queue with a smart filter for non-specific post script printers?
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printtool
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What does "head" do?
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It displays the first couple of lines of a text file on the screen.
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What do you type in VI to delete the entire line?
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DD
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what is the purpose of lprm?
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it removes 1 or more jobs from the print queue.
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how do you Print the Working Directory in linux? You know, where you can see what directory you're currently inside?
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pwd
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How do you create a symbolic link?What is the command?
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type ln -s /etc etc2 (example)
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Can Swap spaces reside on NFS mounts?
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NO.
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to view groups, what command?
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groups
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how do you view your bash history?
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cat, less, more ~/.bash_history
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What's the difference between dos' fdisk and linux's Fdisk
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Linux is more flexible
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How do you switch back from a shell based prompt?
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Alt F7
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what can you use to query the system hardware to generate an xf86config file?
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Xfree86
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how do you sort a file?
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sort (words is a created text file)
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What do you press in VI to delete a word after the cursor including the space following the word?
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press "dw"
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What's the difference between kill and killall?
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kill stops processes by PID # and killall stops processes by process name.
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what command do you type to get a word count in a file?
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wc filename
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What is df?
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it lists the current mounted file systems.
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what is tar's syntax for backing up files?
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tar -cvf
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how do you modify a user?
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usermodusermod -c edits the full nameusermod -g sets the default groupusermod -l changes usernameusermod -p changes passwdusermod -u sets the UID
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where is lilo.conf ?
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/etc
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what do you press while in a shell to pause a program?
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ctrl f2
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what are the permission values of Read?
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4
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How do you list the applications running?
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type "top"Then if "mplayer" is running with a process of 23933, to kill it, type "kill 23933"
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how do you place a fg job in the background?
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bg
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how do you add a group?How do you modify a group?How do you delete a group?
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groupaddgroupmodgroupdel
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What does ls -a do?
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it displays all files, including hidden files.
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how do you create a user?
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useradd
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what is the name of the log file created during a linux installation?
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/tmp/install.log
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what does the command "zsh" do?
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Opens a diffferent editor like "bash" terminal
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What are Links?
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They are file pointers that point to other files in the file system.
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what are the init levels?
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0 halt1 single user3 multi-user6 reboot
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how do you create an alias command?
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alias ls2="ls -al" example -alias =""
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What does the term initrd stand for?
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It's the initial ramdisk that is created at startup.
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which device file points to the floppy disk in a linux system?
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/dev/fd0
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How do you display the current kernel release and distribution release inside a shell?
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cat /etc/issueuname -a
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What is the purpose of lpq?
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it displays info on the printqueue. How many files it contains and who their owners are.
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how do you change the priority level of a running process?
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renice 4 5662changes priority to level 4 of process 5662
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what does the cmd "route" do?
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This command is used to view or manipulate the system’s routing table.
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how do you view a user's UID, GID, Group # ?
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id
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What does "su" do?
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It switches the current user to a new user account. SU by itself will automatically switch to a super user (root) account. ex: su darkmantis or su tracy
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in a directory, the second three letters from left to right stand for what?
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Owner
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If you need to check your users and verify that they are configured properly, what command could you use to do this?
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pwck
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How do you see what kind of shell variables there are?
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type "env"
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what is located in /etc/fstab
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It lists the partitions and files systems that will be automatically mounted when the system boots.
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what rpm switch allows you to remove an installed package from your system?
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rpm -e rpm -i installrpm -u upgraderpm -v verifyrpm -q query
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What does mv do?
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moves a file.
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What does the command "which" do?
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Displays the path of the cmd you are trying to find:which ls/bin/ls
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What does the lpr -h switch do?
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Suppresses the banner for a single print job
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What is contained in /usr/bin/usr/lib/usr/sbin/usr/share
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/usr/bin Most of your exe programs/usr/lib Library files/usr/sbin System admin programs/usr/share Doc and man pages
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what is contained in /etc/inittab
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It contains configuration parameters for the init process.
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how do you resolve host names to their IP addresses?
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dig www.google.com
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In Linux, you can press what to have the system try to guess the rest of the long line you are typing for you?
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press the tab key.example: mplayer "DJ-Greg-Fluxoutputs "mplayer "DJ-Greg-Flux-2011.mp3"
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what port is nfs?
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2049
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What are the most common fdisk switches?
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-d delete a partition-n create a new partition-D display partition layout-q quit without saving-t change a partitions type code-w write savings and quit
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how do you list all of the current processes?
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ps -A
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What is id?
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shows your id info.
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how do you extract a file using tar?
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tar -xvf filename
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how do you list your current network statistics?
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netstat
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how do you list background jobs?
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with the "jobs" command.
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What two types of errors can occur when logged in as a normal user?
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file acces error and tape drive error.
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how do you delete a user?
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userdel
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What 2 cmds will display all storage devices that are currently mounted?
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cat /etc/mtabcat /proc/mounts
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How do you exit and save in VI
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wqw! or q! writes (forced) and q! (quits forced without saving)
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where does bash store individual user's shell preferences?
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~/.bashrc
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in a directory, the first letter stand for what? (ls -l)
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directory
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What's linux version of Copy?
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cp
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What does LDAP stand for and what does it do?
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Leightweight Directory Authentication Protocol.Connects to servers using hierarchical authentication like Novell or Windows Active Directory
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What does "ifconfig" do?
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This command is used to manage network boards installed in thesystem.
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What must a linux computer have running in order to access windows networking environments?
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Samba.
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how do you view a process?
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ps aux | grep httpd
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