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Bandura (1961), (1965)
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Bobo doll experiment: children who observed aggressive behavior more likely to behave aggressively toward the Bobo doll (1961), noted that children who observed people being punished for aggressive behavior were less likely to be aggressive (1965)
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Brickman, Coates, Janoff-Bulman (1978)
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Important personal events are subject to habituation as well; people overestimate the emotional impact of future events
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Marlett (1985)
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found that expectancy effects and not perceived self-efficacy were the primary predictor of success (lack of relapse)
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Eyesenck & Eyesenck (1967)
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Lemon juice: introverts with more ARAS stimulation would experience sour taste more strongly and produce more saliva
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Qi and Zhu (2002)
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In Asian culture, information thought about in terms of parents is remembered at the same rate as information thought about in terms of self, indicating that self concept includes father and mother
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Capgras (1923)
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described Capgras syndrome- belief that family and friends have been replaced by identical-looking imposters; caused by damage to the right frontal lobe which dulls emotional response; logical explanation provided by other parts of the brain is that people who used to evoke emotional response are not the same people
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Eyesenck (1987)
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theory of the Ascending Reticular Activation System: ARAS that lets in too much information leads to introversion due to chronic overarousal; ARAS that lets in too little leads to extraversion due to chronic underarousal
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Erdley (1997)
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People are more inclined to redouble their attempts if presented with development goals, not judgment goals.
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Borkenau (2001)
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Extraversion is the only trait not influenced by shared environment in studies of monozygotic twins
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Kagan, Reznick, Snidman (1988)
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High levels of cortisol in an infant are associated with fear response
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Waugh & Fredrickson (2006)
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had people rate selves on 20 emotions (0-4 scale) for 28 days; individuals with feeling of positivity had a 2.9 ratio of positive emotions to negative emotions and individuals with feelings of negativity had a 2.5 ratio of positive emotions to negative emotions
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Polivy (2001)
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described false hope syndrome as the function of excessively high expectations and corresponding high motivation at the beginning of an attempt, resulting in lapses
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Fredrickson & Losata (2005)
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induced positive emotions in test group and asked them to attend to multiple stimuli; they were more likely to be successful at their task than people who did not have positive emotions induced
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Zajonc (1980)
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people prefer objects that they have seen more often, even if they have only been exposed to those things for brief amounts of time
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Markus & Kitayama (1991)
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People in individualist countries feel more self-centred emotions; people in collectivist cultures feel more other-focused emotions
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Rogers (1967)
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wrote the first book on client-centered therapy, in which he noted that successful therapists were those who could convey accurate empathy, positive regard, and genuineness
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Lyubomirsk (2001)
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unhappy people fill their heids with comparisons between themselves and others and ruminations about things that have gone wrong or could go wrong
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Canli (2004)
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noted that the anterior cingulate is more responsive to positive & neutral words in the brains of extraverts
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Davidson (1990)
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the left frontal lobe is more active in pleasant emotions; the right frontal lobe is more associated with unpleasant emotions
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Diener (1991)
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people perceive events as positive because they are rebounding from negative events
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Witkowitz and Marlett (2004)
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theorized that people invariably return to situations that are familiar and associated with specific behaviors (as in an alcoholic returning to a bar)
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Rudikoff (1954)
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Rogerian psychotherapy results in changes in what clients WANT to be in addition to what clients think of themselves
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Hewig (2004)
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Activity in right side of frontal lobe is associated with the urge to withdraw
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Truax and Corkhoff (1967)
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attempted to quantify scales for accurate empathy, positive regard, and genuineness
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Zuckerman (1998)
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Low levels of monoamine oxidase in blood are associated with sensation seeking and extraversion
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Cheung & Song (1989)
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Chinese people are more emotionally reserved, introverted, fond of tranquility, and considerate
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Ramirez-Esparra (2006)
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Bilingual administration of the Big Five test results in different scores depending on in which language the test is administered
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Polivy and Herman (2002)
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discovered that people set unrealistic goals: for instance, in weight loss, substantial weight loss was still considered a failure; people expected quick and easy results
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Birbaumer (1998)
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Shy people experience greater activation of the amygdala when shown pictures of unfamiliar people
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Zelli et al (1995)
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Hostile people remember things in hostile terms; nonhostile people remember things in nonhostile terms
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Gray (1981)
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hypothesized that dopamine & brain structures activated by dopamine form a "go" behavioral activation system; this system interacts with the other systems in the brain that form a "stop" behavioral inhibition system; the strengths of the go and stop determine whether one is extraverted (strong go, weak stop), neurotic (strong go and stop), or introverted (weak go, strong stop)
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Coopersmith (1967)
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noted that individuals with high self-esteem had parents who were loving and supportive, and set clear boundaries but were willing to negotiate and listen
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Tsai, Knutson, Fung (2006)
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Culture influences how a person WANTS to feel rather than how a person DOES feel
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Shiffman (2000)
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observed that a person's natural levels of self-efficacy predicted whether or not they would return to smoking
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Cohen (2003)
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exposed test groups divided into people with more positive emotions and people with more negative emotions to rhinovirus; among the positive emotion group, fewer got sick, and those who did experienced less severe symptoms with quicker recovery
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McGinnies (1949)
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physical reaction to emotionally charged words does not match self-report of reaction
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Eyesenck and Beech (1971) / Kazdin and Bootzin (1972)
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effects of behaviorable therapies for phobias/addictions/other problems are not generalizable
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Seligman (2006)
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observed positivity in the workplace and noted that optimum productivity arose from a 3:1 ratio of positive to negative feedback
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Swami (1987)
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proposed that what we look for is self-verification: confirmation that our theories are correct, explaining why positive feedback to someone with low self-esteem would cause discomfort
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Silverman (1976)
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subliminal stimuli can affect happiness
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Maier and Seligman (1976) / Peterson, Maier, Seligman (1993)
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learned helplessness: random reward and punishment results in the belief that personal actions do not have any causal effect on the environment
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Triandis (1994) (1997)
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proposed that cultures vary along three dimensions: complexity, tightness/looseness, collectivism/individualism
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Bejjani (1999)
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Stimulation of the left substantia nigra can produce symptoms of depression
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