| Terms |
Definitions |
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endocrine signaling molecule
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endocrine hormone
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what IP3 can activate
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release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum
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neuronal signaling speed
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fast
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nucleotide excision repair
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multienzyme complex scans DNA for distortions in double helix, nuclease cleaves phosphodiester backbone on both sides of distortion, helicase unwinds area containing lesion, DNA polymerase and ligase fill in gap
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steroid hormone primary response
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directly regulate gene expression, activate/inhibit
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what diacylglycerol activates
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protein kinase C (PKC)
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antisense/non-coding strand
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template
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eukaryote promoter sequences in transcription
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TATA box -25CAAT box -70ish
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autocrine signaling
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variation on paracrine, cell that produces signaling molecule is also cells that responds to it, positive feedback loop
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what adaptor protein of enzyme-linked receptor activates
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Ras-activating protein
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type I topoisomerase activity
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transient single-stranded breaks in DNA and then pass one strand through break in the other-requires ATP hydrolysis
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prokaryote promoter sequences in transcription
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Pribnow box -10-35
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frameshift mutation
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mRNA read in wrong frame
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homologous end-joining
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effective double strand break repairrecombination using second chromosome
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paracrine signaling target
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local cells
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contact-dependent signaling
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variation on paracrine, signal is associated with outer surface of cell, requires direct contact
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what calmodulin can activate
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CaM-kinasesqueezes kinase subunit of glycogen phosphorylase stimulation its activity
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export-ready mRNA
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CAP binding complex presentsnRNPs absentRNA export factors may be bound
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purines
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double ringadenine/guanine
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what protein kinase A (PKA) does (2)
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serine/threonine kinaseadds -OH to R groupphosphorylate DNA binding transcription factors (secondary signaling)
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nonsense mutation
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base change introduces STOP codon early
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type II topoisomerase activity
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transient double-stranded breaks in DNA-requires ATP hydrolysis
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silent mutation
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base change does not lead to change in amino acid sequence
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steps of receptor tyrosine kinase activity
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1. ligand binds to extracellular domain of receptor2. dimerization of receptor3. autophosphorylation between 2 receptors on tyrosine residues4. recruitment of downstream signaling proteins with SH2 domains5. signaling proteins activate target protein
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nonhomologous end-joining
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simplest double strand break repairbroken ends juxtaposted and joined by ligationloss of nucleotides
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paracrine signaling speed
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medium
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what βγ subunit can do
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open K+ channel in cell membrane in heart muscle
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base-excision repair
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DNA glycosylase recognizes damaged base and cleaves the bond between base and deoxyriboseAP endonuclease and phosphodiesterase remove backboneDNA polymerase fills in gap and ligase seals nicks
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what G protein can directly activate (2)
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adenylyl cyclase (Gi/Gs)phospholipase C (Gq)
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prokaryotic transcription termination trigger
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hairpin structure, palindromic sequence
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Rifampin function
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binds to prokaryotic RNA polymerase but not to eukaryotic, inhibitory
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transcription factors in eukaryotes
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TATA~ TFIID (TBP/TATA binding protein)CAAT~ CTF (CAAT-binding transcription factor)GC~ SP1
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what phospholipase C cleaves and products of this
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PIP2>>IP3diacylglycerol
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steps in signaling of g protein linked receptors
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1. signal molecule binds receptor2. changes conformation of g protein bound to receptor through noncovalent interactions3. α-subunit exchanges GDP>GTP4. α and βγ subunits separate5. α subunit interacts with target protein to directly activate it6. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP>GDP and shuts off7. α and βγ rejoin and are inactive
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pre mRNA processing
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m7g cap added to 5'endintrons spliced outpolyA tail added to 3'end
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# of H-bond formed with each base pair
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A-T/U : 2G-C: 3
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what Ras-activating protein activates
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Ras
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G-protein-linked receptors location
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cell membrane
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Zn-finger
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interacts with 2 His on α-helix and 2 Cys on β-sheetα-helix interacts with major groove
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direction of DNA polymerization during replication
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synthesis 5'>3'moves 3'>5'
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how nucleotide analog drugs work
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lack 3' OH so DNA synthesis is interrupted
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RNA polymerase-RNA type
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I-rII-mIII-t
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translation direction
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ribosome moves 5'>3'
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where nitrogenous base attached to ribose/deoxyribose
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glycosidic bond at C1
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neuronal signaling target
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targeted, distant cells
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where phosphate is attached to ribose/deoxyribose
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5' OH
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helix-turn-helix
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α-helix interacts with major groove
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nitric oxide receptor location
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within the cell
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what protein kinase Ca (PKC) does
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serine/threonine kinase
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what cAMP phosphodiesterase does
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hydrolyzes cAMP-turns it off
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steroid hormone receptor location
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within the cell
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paracrine signaling molecule
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local mediator
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missense mutation
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single base change alters amino acid incorporated
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rRNA processing
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cleaved to form 3(P)/4(E) rRNAs
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tRNA processing
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RNase P cleaves 5'end3' UU replaced by CCAbases modified-change H-bond patterns
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sense/coding strand
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non-template
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what Ca2+ can activate
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calmodulinprotein kinase C (PKC)
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what Ras activates
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MAP-kinase pathway
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proteins present at replication fork (4)
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polymerase, ssDNA binding protein, DNA helicase, Primase
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structural difference between RNA and DNA
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no 2' OH in DNA
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shine delgarmo sequence
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where RNA portion of small subunit of ribosome binds mRNA
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what adenylyl cyclase does
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generate cAMP from ATP
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endocrine signaling target
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distant, reached through circulation
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3 actions of DNA polymerase
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5'>3' polymerase-add to chain5'>3' exonuclease-remove RNA primers on lagging strang3'>5' exonuclease- proofread
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neuronal signaling molecule
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neurotransmitter
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endocrine signaling speed
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slow
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transcription factor in prokaryotes
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sigma factor
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what cyclic AMP activates
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PKA protein kinase A
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what MAP kinases do
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regulate cell growth
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nitric oxide response blood vessel example
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ACh causes synthesis of NO which diffuses out of endothelial cells and binds guanylyl cyclase which produces cyclic GMP which triggers smooth muscle to relax enhancing blood frow through vessel
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steroid hormone delayed secondary response
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genes expressed by primary response can affect the gene expression of other proteins
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mismatch repair
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MutS protein scans DNA for mismatched bases, degrades from nearby nick to mismatch
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pyrimidines
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single ringthymine/cytosine in DNAuracil/cytosine in RNA
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