NURSING
Description: HEALTH DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN TERMS
Complete list of Terms and Definitions for NURSING
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| CALCIUM | A MINERAL ELEMENT NEEDED FOR THE PROCESS OF BONE FORMATION, COAGULATION OF BLOOD,EXCITATION OF CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE, MAINTENANCE OF MUSCLE TONE,CONDUCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR IMPULSES, AND THE SYNTHESIS AND REGULATION OF THE ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS NORMSL LEVEL 8.6 TO 10.0 MG.DL |
| FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT | DEHYDRATION IN WHICH THE FLUJID INTAKE OF THE BODY IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO MEE THE FLID NEEDS OF THE BODY |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS | FLUID INTAKE OR FLUJID RETENTION THAT EXCEEDS THE FLUID NEEDS OF THE BODY. ALSO CALLED OVERHYDRATION OR FLUID OVERLOAD. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | THE TENDENCY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO MAINTAIN RELATIVELY CONSTANT CONDITIONS IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT WHILE CONTINUOUSLY INTERACTING WITH AND ADJUSTING TO CHANGES ORIGINATING WITHIN OR OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM |
| HYPERCALCEMIA | SERUM LEVEL THAT EXCEEDS 10.0 MG/DL |
| HYPERKALEMIA | SERUM LEVEL THAT EXCEEDS 5.1.MEQ/L |
| HYPERMAGNESEMIA | SERUM LEVEL THAT EXCEEDS 2.6 MG/DL |
| HYPERNATREMIA | SERUM LEVEL THAT EXCEEDS 145 MEQ/L |
| HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA | SERUM LEVEL THAT EXCEEDS 4.5 MG/DL |
| HYPOCALCEMIA | SERUM LEVEL LESS THAN 8.6 MG/DL |
| HYPOKALEMIA | SERUM LEVEL LESS THAN 3.5 MEQ/L |
| HYPONATREMIA | SERUM LEVEL LESS THAN 135 MEQ/L |
| HYPOMAGNESEMIA | SERUM LEVEL LESS THAN 1.6 MG/DL |
| HYPONATREMIA | SERUM LEVEL OF LESS THAN 135 MEQ/L |
| MAGNESIUM | CONCENTRATED IN THE BONE, CARTILAGE, AND WITHIN THE CELL ITSELF, REQUIRED FOR USE OF ATP,NECESSARY FOR THE ACTION OF NUMEROUS ENZYME SYSTEMS SUCH AS CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM,PROTEIN SYNTHESISI,NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS, AND CONTRACTION OF MUSCULAR TISSUE, ALSO REGULATES NEUROMUSCULAR ACTIVITY AND THE CLOTTING MECHANISM NORMAL LEVEL IS 1.6 TO 2.6 MG/DL |
| POTASSIUM | A PRINCIPLE ELECTROLYE OF INTRACELLULAR FLUID AND THE PRIMARY BUFFER WITHIN THE CELL ITSELF, NEEDED FOR NERVE CONDUCTION, MUSCLE FUNCTION,ACID-BASE BALANCE, AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE, ALONG WITH CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IT CONTROLS THE RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION OF THE HEART AND THUS THE CARDIAC OUTPUT NORMAL LEVEL 3.5 TO 5.1 MEQ/L |
| PHOSPHORUS | NEEDED FOR GENERATION OF BONY TISSUE, FUNCTIONS IN THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS, IN THE MAINTENANCE OF ACID-BASE BALANCE, AND IN THE STORAGE AND TRANSFER OF ENERGY FROM ONE SITE IN THE BODY TO THE OTHER, ELEVATED IN RELATION TO CALCIUM LEVELS, GOES IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION, NORMAL LEVEL IS 2.7 TO 4.5 MG/DL |
| SODIUM | AN ABUNDANT ELECTROLYTE THAT MAINTAINS OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE AND TRANSMITS NERVE IMPULSES. NORMAL LEVEL IS 135 TO 145 MEQ/L. |
| DIFFUSION | THE PROCESS WHEREBY A SOLUTE MAY SPREADTHROUGH A SOLUTION OR SOLVENT UNTIL IT IS DISSOLVED |
| OSMOSIS | THE MOVEMENT OF SOLVENT MOLECULES ACROSS A MEMBRANE IN RESPONSE TO A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT,USUALLY FROM A SOLUTION OF LOWER TO HIGHER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION |
| FILTRATION | THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES AND SOLVENTS BY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE |
| ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS | WHEN THE SOLUTIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE HAVE ESTABLISHED EQUILIBRIUM OR ARE EQUAL IN CONCENTRATION |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS | WHEN A SOLUTION CONTAINS A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SALT OR SOLUTE THAN ANOTHER MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS | A SOLUTION THAT HAS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER LESS CONCENTRATED SOLUTION, HAVE A HIGHER OSMOLALITY THAN BODY FLUIDS |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS (CARDIOVASCULAR) | BOUNDING, INCREASED PULSE RATE,ELEVATED BP,DISTENDED NECK & HAND VEINS,ELEVATED CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS(RESPIRATORY) | INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE, SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS,DYSNEA, MOIST CRACKLES ON AUSCULTATION |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS(NEUROMUSCULAR) | ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS,HEADACHE,VISUAL DISTURBANCES,SKELETAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS,PARESTHESIAS |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS(INTEGUMENTARY) | PITTING EDEMA IN DEPENDENT AREAS, SKIN PALE AND COOL TO TOUCH |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS 5 | INCREASED MOTILITY IN THE GI TRACT, RESULTS IN LIVER ENLARGEMENT AND ASCITES |
| HYPOTONIC OVERHYDRATION RESULTS IN THE FOLLOWING | POLYURIA,DIARRHEA,NONPITTING EDEMA, DYSRHYTHMIAS,PROJECTILE VOMITING |
| HYPOTONIC OVERHYDRATION LAB FINDINGS | DECREASED SERUM OSMOLALITY,DECREASED HEMATOCRIT, BUN,SERUM SODIUM, AND URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY |
| INTERVENTIONS FOR FLUID VOLUME EXCESS(HYPOTONIC OVERHYDRATION) | ADMINISTER OSMOTIC DIURETICS, RESTRICT FLUID & SODIUM INTAKE, MONITOR INTAKE AND OUTPUT,MONITOR ELECTROLYE IMBALANCES |
| CAUSES OF HYPONATREMIA | INCREASED EXCRETION,EXCESSIVE DIAPHORESIS,DIURETICS,VOMITING,DIARRHEA, WOUND DRAINAGE(ESP GI TRACT)RENAL DISEASE AND DECREASED SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE |
| SIGNS OF HYPONATREMIA | IRREGULAR PULSE,IRREGULAR BP,SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS,SKELETAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS,DIMINSHED DEEP TENDON REFLEXES,HEADACHE,PERSONALITY CHANGES,CONFUSION,SEIZURES,COMA,HYPERACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS,NAUSEA,ABDOMINAL CRAMPING AND DIARRHEA,DECREASE URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY,INCREASED URINARY OUTPUT |
| INTERVENTION-IF HYPONATREMIA IS ACCOMPANIED BY A FLUID DEFICIT (HYPOVOLEMIA), WHAT DRUG IS ADMINISTERED? | IV SODIUM CHLORIDE INFUSIONS ARE ADMINISTERED TO RESTORE SODIUM AND FLUID VOLUME. |
| INTERVENTIONS, IF HYPONATREMIA IS ACCOMPANIED BY FLUID VOLUME EXCESS (HYPERVOLEMIA), WHAT DRUG IS ADMINISTERD? | OSMOTIC DIURETICS ARE ADMINISTERED ARE TO PROMOTE THER EXCRETION OF WATER RATHER THAN SODIUM |
| MEDICATIONS THAT ANTAGONIZE ADH USED IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPONATREMIA | LITHIUM,DEMECLOCYCLINE(DECLOMYCIN) |
| IF THE CLIENT IS TAKING LITHIUM, MONITOR THE LITHIUM LEVEL BECAUSE HYPONATREMIA CAN CAUSE | DIMINISHED LITHIUM EXCRETION, RESULTING IN TOXICITY |
| CAUSES OF HYPERNATREMIA | CORTICOSTEROIDS,CUSHING'S SYNDROME,RENAL FAILURE,HYPERALDOSTERONISM,DECREASED WATER INTAKE,INCREASED WATER LOSS,INCREASED RATE OF METABOLISM,FEVER, HYPERVENTILATION,INFECTION,EXCESSIVE DIAPHORESIS,WATERY DIARRHEA,DIABETES INSIPIDUS |
| SIGNS OF HYPERNATREMIA | PULMONARY EDEMA IF HYPERVOLEMIA IS PRESENT, (1) EARLY-SPONTANEOUS MUSCLE TWITCHES,IRREGULAR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS (2) LATE-SKELETAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS;DEEP TENDON REFLEXES DIMINISHED OR ABSENT |
| MOST COMMON MANIFESTATION OF HYPERNATREMIA | ALTERED CERBRAL FUNCTION |
| CAUSES OF HYPOKALEMIA | EXCESSIVE USES OF DIURETICS OR CORTICOSTEROIDS,INCREASED SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE.VOMITING, DIARRHEA,WOUND DRAINAGE, PROLONGED NASOGASTRIC SUCTIONING,RENAL DISEASE,ALKALOSIS,HYPERINSULINISM,WATER INTOXICATION |
| SIGNS OF HYPOKALEMIA | THREADY, WEAK , IRREGULAR PULSE,ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION,ST DEPRESSION,SHALLOW, FLAT OR INVERTED T WAVE, AND PROMINENT U WAVE,DIMINISHED BREATH SOUNDS,ANXIETY,LETHARGY,CONFUSION,FLACCID PARALYSIS,DEEP TENDON HYPOREFLEXIA,ABSENT BOWEL SOUNDS,PARALYTIC ILEUS |
| POTASSIUM IS NEVER GIVEN BY | IV PUSH,IM, OR SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE. |
| THE MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED INFUSION RATE IS | 5 TO 10 MEQ/HR NEVER TO EXCEED 20 MEQ/HR |
| POTASSIUM INFUSION CAN CAUSE | PHLEBITIS OR INFILTRATION |
| THE NURSE SHOULD MONITOR WHICH LAB BEFORE ADMINISTERING POTASSIUM? | RENAL FUNCTION |
| CAUSES OF HYPERKALEMIA | RENAL FAILURE,ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY,ADDISON'S DISEASE,TISSUE DAMAGE, ACIDOSIS,HYPERURECEMIA,HYPERCATABOLISM |
| SIGNS OF HYPERKALEMIA | SLOW,WEAK, IRREGULAR PULSE,DECREASED BP,TALL PEAKED T WAVES,FLAT P WAVES,WIDENED QRS COMPLEXES, AND PROLONGED PR INTERVALS,RESPIRATORY FAILURE (1) EARLY-MUSCLE TWITCHES,CRAMPS,PARETHESIS (2) LATE- PROFOUND WEAKNESS,ASCENDING FLACCID PARALYSIS IN THE ARMS,LEGS,HYPERACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS,DIARRHEA |
| MEDICINAL INTERVENTIONS FOR HYPERKALEMIA IF RENAL FUNCTION IS IMPAIRED | SODIUM POLYSTERENE SULFONATE (KAYEXALATE), A CATION EXCHANGE RESIN THAT PROMOTES GI SODIUM ABSORPTION AND POTASSIUM EXCRETION,IF POTASSIUM IS CRITICALLY HIGH THEN DIALYSIS WILL BE GIVEN,OR IV HYPERTONIC GLUCOSE WITH REGULAR INSULIN |
| CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA | LACTOSE INTOLERANCE,CELIAC SPRUE,CROHN'S DISEASE, INADEQUATE INTAKE OF VITAMIN D, ESRD,RENAL FAILURE(POLYPHURIC PHASE),DIARRHEA,STETORRHEA,WOUND DRAINAGE,HYPOPROTEINEMIA,ALKOLOSIS,CALCIUM CHELATORS OR BINDERS,ACUTE PANCREATITIS,HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA,IMMOBILITY,REMOVAL OR DESTRUCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS |
| SIGNS OF HYPOCALCEMIA | DECREASED HEART RATE,HYPOTENSION,DIMINSHED PERIPHERAL PULSES,PROLONGED ST INTERVAL,PROLONGED QT INTERVAL,MUSCLE TETANY,SEIZURES,POSITIVE TROUSSEAU'S AND CHVOSTEK'S SIGN HYPERACTIVE DEEP TENDON REFLEXES |
| CHVOSTEK'S SIGN | CONTRACTION OF FACIAL MUSCLES IN RESPONSE TO A LIGHT TAP OVER THE FACIAL NERVE IN FRONT OF THE EAR |
| TROUSSEAU'S SIGN | A CARPAL SPASM INDUCED BY INFLATING A BLOOD PRESSURECUFF ABOVE THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE FOR A FEW MINUTES |
| BEFORE ADMINISTERING CALCIUM IV, YOU SHOULD DO WHAT TO THE SOLUTION | WARM IT |
| WHAT MEDICINE INCREASES CALCIUM ABSORPTION? | ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE & VITAMIN D |
| USED FOR CALCIUM DEFICIT? | CALCIUM GLUCONATE |
| CAUSES OF HYPERCALCEMIA | RENAL FAILURE,THIAZIDE DIURETICS,HYPERPARATHYROIDISM,HYPERTHYROIDISM,MALIGNANCY,IMMOBILITY,GLUCOCORTICOIDS,HEMOCONCENTRATION,DEHYDRATION,USE OF LITHIUM,ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY |
| SIGNS OF HYPERCALCEMIA | INCREASED HEART RATE IN THE EALRY PHASE, BRADYCARDIA THT CAN LEAD TO CARDIAC ARREST IN LATE PHASES,INCREASED BP,BOUNDING,FULL PERIPHERAL PULSES,SHORTENED ST SEGMENT,WIDENED T WAVE,DIMINSHED OR ABSENT DEEP TENDON REFLEXES,DISORIENTATION,LETHARGY,COMA,POLYURIA,RENAL CALCULI,HYPOACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS,ANOREXIA, NAUSEA,ABDOMINAL DISTENTION,CONSTIPATION |
| MEDICINES USED TO TREAT HYPERCALCEMIA | PHOSPHORUS,CALCIMAR(CALCITONIN) BISPHOSPHONATES,PROSTAGLANDINS,ASPIRIN |