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persistence of vision
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idea that an afterimage persists on the retina
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magic lantern
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use of candle and oil ; basically brought forth the projection
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serial photography
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Muybridge taking photos of horse running in successiong ; high speed shutter, rows of cameras on racetrack
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relationship bw urbanization and early moving images
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urbanization helped guide early moving images into an entertainment; wheels increase in traffic in city-> increase interest in motion
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phonoscope
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Demeny- first projected film. combined serial photography with magic lanter to project photographic moving object
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Kinetograph
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ability to shoot rapid stop and go movement; precursor to first movie cameras
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kinetoscope parlors vs. nickelodeons
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parlors: 15 seconds, animal acts, dancers, remediation of vaudeville. nickolodeon: 1905: explosion of storefront theaters in US. 15 min long stories; working class
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silent films not silent?
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when screen silent films there was sound so make sound effects for silent films; live music accompanied it
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intertitles
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convergence of text and film; title cards separate the different scnees; mainstay of silent films until the emergence of the soundtrack
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3 film genres
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actualities(Lumiere): proto-documentaries Trick (Melies): editing stuff, enlarding, special effects "Man with the rubber head", Story film (Porter): story films, piece together separate shots to tell a story "life of an American FIreman"
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only art unique to cinema
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film editing (post production)
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Jazz Singer
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first feature of synchronized dialogie; helped usher golden age of hollywood
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classic hollywood narrative
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melodramatic spectacles and comedies; continuity editingm linear time, focuses on character (motives)
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commercialized leisre
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movies opposed traditional recreation; connected to industrialization of factory labor.
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Culture Industry
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Horkheimer and Adorn- all things seem to be different on the surfacr but are all the same on the inside; media enables mass decepton and social control, culture as a mass industry will be oversimplified by use of cliches and genre
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wireless telegraphy
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wireless was earlier name for radio; marconi: remediation of telegraphy- point to point paradigm
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What kind of medium radio at first ? whatd it become?
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first- point to point then became an entertainment broadcast medium- led the way to cultural listening
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turn to listening
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Susan Douglas- cultural revolution amateur radio socially constructed the radio
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radio act of 1912
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restriced amateur transmission to short wave; require licensing for operationg; government banned all amateur activity
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origin of early commercial radio stations in US
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Conrad (Westinghouse employee) saw potential in radio and instead of limiting it, marketed to national mainstream audience.
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radio act of 1927
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licensed people to transit; assigned frequencies; eliminated low power independent stations
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simultaneous listening
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construct a national audience, "imagined community= listeners tine in on one specific program airing at a specific time
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origin of national, corporate radio in US
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RCA took over Marconi's patent during WWI- attempt to create national radio system. government alowed RCA to monopolize long distance raio
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rise of goldbergs exemplifies what themes
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"specifically ethnic, but far from atypical" - themes of assimilation, americanization, progress and family life
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US piracy vs UK piracy
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US: broadcasters interfered with other signals, amateur listening and commercially sponsored. UK- rlistened without having to pay , pirates were memebers of the public who listened in to broadcasting w/o contributing
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portable radios cultural imperative
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rise of pocket devices who were newly mobile due to cars had increased leisure time; radio reached to people in remote areas
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iconophone and picturephone fail
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iconophone: call/see through TV; picturephone: way too expensive and people got used to private mediium of telephone
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Urrichio argue tv history be understood in tv > convergance of film and radio
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Insert Definition
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Williams critique of mobile privatization
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brings outside world into homes; decrease need to go outside. public sphere reshaped and amagd
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utopian dystopian
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utopian: brings familt close; keeps children off streets. dystopian: threatens the patriarc rule because ids will listen to tv instead of parents
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significance of videotape piracy
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you can record anythng so companies were worried that people would fast forward through ads; directly attack major companies
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1981,1984 court case
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1981: videorecording was piracy but some continued to pirate in that definition; 1984: overturned ; time fair use and time shifting were allowed but cannot sell commercially
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ambient tv
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McCarthy: televisions outisde of our house are everywhere ( waiting rooms) specific monitors for surveillance
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flow - different from pe/early broadcast media
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flow: unification of disparate elemtents of tv content into continuous fluid videwing; pre: chunks of content, clear intervals, selective listening
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. Why does Spigel argue that the domestication of the TV was intertextual [media helps shape the way we think about media]/dialogic?
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- Spiegel on domestication of TV medium: after WW2, spectator amusements were transferred from public space of movie theater to the private space of home - Williams: mobile privatization: bring outside world into home; decrease the need to go outside
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How did the definition of computer change from the 17th – 19th century? What is the most recent definition?
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1613: a person who makes calculations - a device or machine for performaing a facilitating calculation - an electronic device which is used to store, manipulate and communicate information - recent?
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convergence:
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coming of different things; fusion of different consumer devices (computers and phones all converge; flow of content between different media forms)
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beginning of electronics
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vacuum tubes
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Why is an analog device an example of an analogue?
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Analog device modeling from another device is like analogy, correspondence in construction, analog wave is analogous to the telephone wave
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What is the difference between an analog signal and a digital signal? Give an example of each
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Analog signal: continuous like an LP record - digital signal: made up of discrete representations of a signal, like CD
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Give early examples of analog and digital “computers”
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Analog computers: tide predicting machine. - ex: astrolabe: perform over 1000 different astronomical calculation/observations - early digital computer: ex: Charles Babbage’s Different Engines (1822) - Numbers represented in decimal system by position of 10 toothed metal wheels
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What are characteristics of modern analog computers?
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not accurate, error range 0.02 – 0.3. Has specific purposes/ universal.
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Give an example of a mechanical analog computer.
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Lord Kevlin’s tide predicting machine, harmonic synthesis, without using any numbers
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What did Vannevar Bush’s differential analyzer do? What was the input and output? Was it analog or digital, and why?
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Used mechanical rods to calculate addition, subtraction, and multiplication. - Inputs: Turn shafts. - Outputs: graphs. Analogue.
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Vannevar Bush’s MEMEX?
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Intended to be a memory extending system that would provide direct access tp documents and periodicals - dominant influence in the development of hypertext systems
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relationship between digital signals and digital calculation
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digital calculation: uses discrete as opposed to continuous symbols for representing information. - digital signal: a discrete representation of a signal. Example: Binary, decimal system of numbers
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three advantages of digital signals
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- copies are generally error-free - less noise - can be compressed (storage)
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15. Three disadvantages of analog calculation
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- not accurate; doesn’t give exact results - difficult/ impossible to store information/ results - not universal
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mechanical digital computer and an electronic digital computer. What did each do?
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- Mechanical: Babbage’s difference engine o numbers represented in decimal system by positions of 10- toothed metal wheels). o General purpose computer: instructions fed through punched card - Electronic: o ENIAC (1945) - calculated tables to arm artillery during WWII. no stored program or electronic memory
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sample
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- a single measurement of an analog signal for the purpose of changing it into digital form
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