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nonshared environmental influence (NSE)
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an environmental influence that people living together do not share which should make these individuals different from one another
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shared environmental influence (SE)
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an environmental influence that people living together share and should make these individuals similar to one another
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empathic concern
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a measure of the extent to which an individual recognizes the needs of others and is concerned about their welfare
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schizophrenia
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a serious form of mental illness characterized by disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and interpersonal behaviour
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bipolar disorder
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a psychological disorder characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood
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neurotic disorder
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an irrational pattern of thinking or behaviour that a person may use to contend with stress or to avoid anxiety
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canalization
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genetic restriction of phenotype to a small number of developmental outcomes; a highly canalized attribute is one for which genes channel develop along predetermined pathways, so that the environment has little effect on the phenotype that emerges
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range-of-reaction principle
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the idea that genotype sets limits on the range of possible phenotypes that a person might display in response to different environments
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prenatal development
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development that occurs between the moment f conception and the beginning of the birth process
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period of the embryo
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second phase of prenatal development, lasting from the third through the eighth prenatal week, during which the major organs and anatomical structures take shape
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period of the fetus
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third phase of prenatal development, lasting from the ninth prenatal week until birth; during this period, all major organ systems begin to function and the fetus grows rapidly
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blastocyst
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name given to the ball of cells formed when the fertilized egg first begins to divide
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embryo
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name given to the prenatal organism from the third through the eighth week after conception
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implantation
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the burrowing of the blastocyst into the lining of the uterus
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amnion
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a watertight membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, serving to regulate its temperature and to cushion it against injuries
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chorion
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a membrane that, as above, becomes attached to the uterine tissues to gather nourishment for the embryo
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placenta
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an organ, formed from the lining of the uterus and the chorion, that provides for respiration and nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination of its metabolic wastes
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umbilical cord
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a soft tube containing blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta
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neural tube
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the primitive spinal cord that develops from the ectoderm and becomes the central nervous system
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fetus
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name given to the prenatal organism from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth
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vernix
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white cheesy substance that covers the fetus to protect the skin from chapping
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lanugo
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fine hair covering the fetus’s body that helps vernix stick to the skin
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age of viability
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a point between the 22nd and 28th prenatal weeks when survival outside the uterus is possible
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teratogens
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external agents such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, and radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus
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sensitive period (ch. 4: prenatal development, birth, and newborns' readiness for life)
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a period during which an organism is quite susceptible to certain environmental influences; outside this period, the same environmental influences that must be much stronger to produce comparable effects
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rubella (German measles)
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a disease that has little effect on a mother but may cause a number of serious birth defects in unborn children who are exposed in the first 3 to 4 months of pregnancy
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toxoplasmosis
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disease caused by a parasite found in raw meat and cat feces; can cause birth defects if transmitted to an embryo in the first trimester and miscarriage later in pregnancy
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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a viral disease that can be transmitted from a mother to her fetus or neonate and that results in a weakening of the body’s immune system and, ultimately, death
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thalidomide
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a mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart of the baby
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diethylstilbestrol (DES)
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a synthetic hormone, formerly prescribed to prevent miscarriage, that can produce cervical cancer in adolescent female offspring and genital-tract abnormalities in males
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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a group of serious congenital problems commonly observed in the offspring of mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy
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fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
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a group of mild congenital problems that are sometimes observed in children of mothers who drink sparingly to moderately during pregnancy
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cleft lip
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a congenital disorder in which the upper lip has a vertical (or pair of vertical) openings or grooves
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cleft palate
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a congenital disorder in which the roof of the mouth does not close properly during embryonic development, resulting in an opening or groove in the roof of the mouth
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folic acid
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B-complex vitamin that helps to prevent defects of the central nervous system
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spina bifida
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a bulging of the spinal cord through a gap in the spinal column
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anencephaly
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a birth defect in which the brain and neural tube fail to develop or develop incompletely and the skull does not close
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neonate
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a newborn infant from birth to approximately 1 month old
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preinatal environment
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refers to the environment surround birth
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first stage of labour
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the period of the birth process lasting from the first regular uterine contractions until the cervix is fully dilated
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second stage of labour
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the period of the birth process during which the fetus moves through the birth canal and emerges from the mother’s body (also called delivery)
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third stage of labour
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expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth)
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Apgar test
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a quick assessment of the newborn’s heart rate, respiration, colour, muscle tone, and reflexes that is used to gauge perinatal stress and to determine whether a neonate requires immediate medical assistance
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