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Definitions |
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foliated
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lines,layered
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arkose
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red
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breccia
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principle meridian
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north/south
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rock gypsum
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shale
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well sorted
fine grained
clay
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L-Waves
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Surface waves slowest
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diorite(igneous)
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course grained, medium colored
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peridotite
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phaneritic
ultra mafic
almost all olivine
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rock is made of...
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minerals
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Talc
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Ceramics, filler- extender, Cosmetics
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EP: Plagioclase Feldspar
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tubular (straight) striations
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mechanical weathering
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disintegration, or breaking apart
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pyrite
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luster: metallic, hardness: 6-6.5, color: silvery/gold, cleavage: poor
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fluorite
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NM, H:4, excellent cleavage-cubes, color:purple/grey; streak:white
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Lava
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magma that reaches Earth's surface
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crest
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the top of a wave
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law of superposition
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older rocks on bottom
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Microcrystalline-Size
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Crystals not visible; feels smooth; shiny luster on freshly broken surface
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synclines
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youngest rocks are in the middle
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contour lines point (upstream or downstream)
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upstream
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Detrital sedimentary rock
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caused by physical weathering
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Limestone
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a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals
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Migration
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Movement of hydrocarbons from the source rock
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Infiltration can lead to severe groundwater pollution since the ____________ concentrations of brines may exceed 35,000 mg/L.
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Chloride
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striations
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straight "hairline" grooves on the cleavage surfaces of some smooth minerals
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Brittle Deformation
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rocks at Earth's surface fracture, forming joints if rocks break into pieces, but the pieces don't move or forming faults if they move relative to one another
earthquakes occur most along this kind of deformation because of faults
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chemical weathering
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the decomposition or dissolution of earth's minerals
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logical question
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beginning of investigation - for example "what is chalcopyrite comprised of?"
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Ring Dikes
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curved dikes that form circular patterns when viewed from above; they typically form under volcanoes
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anticline
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upward fold, shaped like A, youngest rock in the inside
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Precipitation
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When left in an aquesous solution where it precipitates leaves sediment
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contour interval
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the vertical distance represented by adjacent contours.
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Cemented
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Glue together by tiny crystals or chemical residues precipitated from fluids in the pores of sediment
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Convergent- Subduction
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Oceanic crust is forced (subducted) beneath another plate. Generates melting of crust and explosive volcanic eruptions
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epicenter
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the plant on earth surface directly above an earthquake recess
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the combition of water the is evaporated and transpired by plants
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evapotranspiration
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Transform fault
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A plate boundary formed where two plates slide past each other.
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nonmetallic luster
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A mineral that looks dull or waxy
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outcrops
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field sites where crocks stick out of the ground, or crop out.
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Glassy texture
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a homogenous texture with no visible grains or other structures and breaks along glossy surfaces
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point bar
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where sediment is deposited along the bank
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Bowen's Reaction Series
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Shows magmas cool different silicate minerals crystallize in a predictable series
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chute
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thin area of land between two meanders is cut
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Hogback Ridge
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A sharp-topped ridge formed by the erosion of steeply dipping beds.
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Headland
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- projection of land that extends into an ocean or lake and generally has cliffs along its water boundary
a feature of submergent shoreline
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energy produced by the burning of biomass like organic wastes, forests, and energy crops.
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biomass energy
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structural geology
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the study of how geologic nits (bodes of rock or sediment) are arranged when first formed and how they are deformed afterward
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arithmetic mean
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the sum of the diameters divided by the number of grains.
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divergent plate boundaries
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divergent are going away from each other, caused by magma, shallow focus earthquakes
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Pegmatitic Texture
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Texture of igneous rocks in which the interlocking crystals are all larger than 1 cm in diameter
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Geologic Map
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A 2-D representation of geology on the earth's surface.
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yazoo tributary
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a than small stream that runs parallel to the river
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Characteristics of Phylym Chordata...
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a hollow dorsal neural tubea notochordgill slits
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a rock unit that behaves in a brittle manner will produce...
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a fault
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Tectonic plates are broken down to which three categories?
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1. Divergent
2. Convergent
3. Transform
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law of cross cutting
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any feature that cuts across must be younger than what it cuts
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how does a delta form
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the sediment dumps where stream enter into lakes or the ocean
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What is the mesosphere?
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It is the mantle between the core and the asthenosphere. It is like silly puddy.
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coquina
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bioclastic
fossils
silt/sand
angular/well sorted grains
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sphalerite
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granite
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Phaneritic texture
Felsic
countertop
larger grains
image 7
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Cross-Bedding
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Inclined strata
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felsic minerals
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light colored
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coarse grained
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gravel size
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taste
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Halite tastes salty
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hard minerals
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will scratch glass
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...
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reverse fault; shortened; compression;
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intermediate
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med andesitic igneous rock
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Parent rock of anthracite
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bituminous coal
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oxbow lake
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the abandoned meander loop
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strike-slip fault
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shift to the side
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River
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Conglomerate, fish, and aymetrical ripple marks.
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principle of superposition
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oldest on bottom
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________ volcanoes are often conical.
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composite
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chert
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sedimentary, chemical, well sorted, fine grain, made of quartz
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Main Stem
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middle elevations
channel stores and removes sediment
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hydrolysis
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aka hyrdation, chemical weathering. A hydrogen ion from water displaces an ion in a mineral crystal
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Basin
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results from subsidence; limbs dip toward the center in all directions. (folded strata)
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intrusive
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magma injected through rocks within earth
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Gneiss
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Foliated. salt and pepper color. Visible grains; sandy and fairly heavy. Parent rock=diorite
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Runoff
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water flows over surface, rainfall exceeds ability to absorb rain
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Breakwater
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An offshore wall constructed parallel to a shoreline to break waves.
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brittle
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"rocks that deform under low pressures and temperatures, near earth's surface, usually crack and exhibit this behavior. Faults and joints common"
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stalagmites
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water dripping onto the cave floor also can precipitate calcite and form more stouts.
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When was the Ridge and Valley formed
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Palezoic
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Habit
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the characteristic crystal form of a mineral
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geologic contact
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boundary between geologic units or formations
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Phaneritic Texture
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Igneous rocks comprised of visible crystals
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Reverse Fault
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Caused by compression. Rocks are pushed together
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Flood frequency
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streams discharge (discharge= area X velocity) readings over time are collected to determine the frequency of each discharge or stage. this determines the recurrence interval of different magnitude floods
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Subsidence is a hazard commonly associated with __________.
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Resource extraction
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Seismic waves
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(Earthquake Waves) Elastic waves of vibration and shaking.
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K-Spar (Potassium Feldspar)
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Color: pink, orange, red, white; Streak: white
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Clastic rocks
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Formed by compacting and hardening of loose unconsolidated sediments
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Fractional scale
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is a fixed ratio between linear measurements on the map and corresponding distances on the ground. It is sometimes called the representative fraction
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Phaneritic
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Rocks that form as magma cools slowly underground, in which individual mineral crystals can be seen without a microscope.
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what are latitude and longitude measured in
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degrees, minutes, seconds
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Axis
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A line formed by the intersection of the axial plane and planar feature of the fold.
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Radiometric Dating
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the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
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Seismology
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The study of EQ's and seismic waves that move through and around the earth.
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Water, oil, gas, and sulfur are examples of the agent of ________.
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fluid extraction
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Verbal Scale
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Scales expressed with words in terms of common distances. (1 in. = 6 2/3 football fields)
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Rayleigh wave
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Waves that are similar to waves in water (a rolling motion); passage in an elliptical motion; only slightly slower than the Love wave.
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The Calcareous and Pelitic Rocks in GA
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- metagreywache
-marble
-calcarous schist
-metasandstone
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Which fault causes the hanging wall to move down in relation to the footwall?
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normal fault
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Intrusive rock
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Form inside the Earth. Have a long time to form, therefore the crystals are large and easy to see. Ex. Granite
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Plate Tectonics Hypothesis
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Lithosphere of the earth is separated into different plates that move independently of one another (7 major plates)
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______ can be triggered on steep slopes by earthquakes or rocks that have been weakened by chemical actions.
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Landslides and rockfall
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Global Positioning System
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(GPS) Most GPS receivers are 12 channel parallel receivers. (Capable of receiving/processing radio signals from as many as twelve satellites at the same time)
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Where are the major aquifers found?
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North Central and Western Kansas
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Law of Horizontality
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idea that all sediments settle down in horizontal layers
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Two most common Quadrangle Map sizes
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15-minute and 7 1/2 minute
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streams flow downhill...
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from a source that is at a higher elevation to a lower elevation where they usually empty into a lake, another stream, or ocean
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What are the two types of surface waves?
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1. Rayleigh waves
2. Love waves
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What happens in a normal slip fault?
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The hanging wall moves down the fault surface and vertically omits rocks layers.
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