Heredity
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Heredity

Terms Definitions
XXX nothing
Phenotype Organisms appearance
chromosome duplication segment repeated
probability ratios or percents
Barr body unexpressed X chromosome
nondisjunction error in homologous chromosome separation
XO Turner's syndrome; sterile, no puberty
dominant the trait that is expressed.
homozygous dominant both traits are AA
anaphase centromeres divide, chromatids pull apart no more sister chromatids.
Tay-Sachs inherited lysosomal storage disorder, prevalent in Oshkenazi Jews, Fatty material supposed to be broken down by lysosome disorder, excess fatty material bocks pathway for nerve transmission.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Autosomal Recessive. Inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Requires elimination of phenylalamine from diet, otherwise serious mental retardation will occur.
Probability Likelihood that a particular event will happen. Commonly used in genetics.
deletion piece chromosome is lost (Cri-du-chat with chromosome 5)
codominance both alleles express themselves fully in a heterozygous organism
Mutants Alternative phenotypes to the wild type
Genotype The genetic makeup of an organism
sex-linkage allele(gene)is located on a sex chromosome and it will be more common in one sex. it is usually on the X chromosonme and more common in males than in females.barr bodies- tightly coiled Xchromosome in females-inactive X chromosome. Calico cats- usually on fmelas. yellow and black allesles on X cchromosome- Female has 2 X
chromatin DNA and proteins loosely arranged, cant pick out DNA
Organelle specialized structure in a eukaryotic cell that carries out a specific function. I.e.-mitochondria-releases energy from nutrients, participates in cell death.
metaphase chromosomes line up along equatorial plate.
reproduction the act or process of reproducing.
sickle cells anemia common recessive disease,occurs as result of improper amino acid substitution during translation of hemoglobin
pedigrees family trees used to discribe the genetic relationships within a family
incomplete dominance the heterozygous genotype produces and intermediate phenotype rather then the dominant phenotype; neither allele dominates the other
Epistasis Two separate genes control one trait but one gene masks the expression of the other gene.
Genetic Mosaic An individual with somatic regions that are genetically different from each other
Turner syndrome nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes. Only affects women. When a female has 1 X, but not a second one. have physical deformities and are sterile
Monohybrid A cross that tracks the inheritance pattern of a single character
Huntingtons Disease Degenerative breakdown of the nervous system
incomplete dominance one allele(gene) is not completely dominant over another resulting in a blending of traits
kintechore spindle fibers attach microtubules, shortening and breaking off/reeling in.
homologous chromosome chromosomes with the same gene sequence.
homozygote having two identical alleles of a gene.
genetics the science of heredity, dealing with characteristics of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment
monohybrid cross cross that involves a single character in which both parents are heterozygous. gives a 3:1 phenotype ration in the offspring
law of segregation every organism carries alleles for each trait and the members of the pair segregate during the formation of gametes
multiple alleles traits that involve more than two alleles like blood type
Pleiotropy The ability of one single gene to affect an organism in several or many ways. Marfan Syndrome.
Dominant Trait Trait observed when at least one dominant allele for each characteristic is inherideted.
polygenic traits traits affected by more than one gene
recessive the trait that is there, but isn't expressed if paired up with a dominant allele.
Sex linked dominant All females descending from the affected males have the disease
gene a unit of inheritance that usually is directly responsible for one trait of character. each individual has 2 genes for each trait, one from each parent.
Alleles The different forms a gene may have for a trait
cytoskeleton function a framework of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form.
allele any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation.
messenger rna a single-stranded molecule of RNA that is synthesized in the nucleus from a DNA template and then enters the cytoplasm, where its genetic code specifies the amino acid sequence for protein synthesis.
Turner's Syndrome XO 45 chromosomes due to missing sex chromosome. Small stature, female.
Mosaicism a fraction of the body cells have an extra or missing chromosome
autosomal chromosome one that is not directly involved in determining gender
Gene Mapping An ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome
multifactorial traits more then one pair of genes plus environment
somatic cell a non-sex cell, with 23 chromosomes in humans
multiple alleles three or more alleles for a gene as blood type as skin color
germinal cell egg or sperm cell which have one copy of the genome.
Internal factors ref. Cell growth cyclins, and kinases turns on genes that trigger mitosis.
What are P (parental) generation, F1 (first filial) generation, and F2(second filial) generation? 1. P (parental) generation- The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. 2. F1 (first filial) generation- The first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses. 3. F2 (second filial) generation- Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Genotype is the genetic make up of an organism. Phenotype is an organism's traits.
meiosis genetically different
P generation the parents
Telomere a chromosome tip.
character a genetically inherited characteristic that differs from person to person
Hybrid Carry two different alleles (heterozygous)
allele frequency for the dominant p
Trait A variant of a character
Lysosome sac containing digestive enzymes, degrades debris, recycles cell contents.
mitosis stage which replicated chromosomes line up along equatorial plate metaphase
telophase FIN-cell divides into 2 cells
Autosomes Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual (22 pairs of autosomes)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Sex-Linked Recessive. Progressive weakening of muscle control and loss of coordination.
frequency of homozygous recessive q2 [q squared]
Genes A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA.
Recombination An offspring whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
DNA structure double helix with sugar9deoxyribose), and phosphate and nitrogen bases(adenine, thymine, guaneine, and cytosine) pairing AT and GC.
Recessive The trait that seems to disappear
Ribosome two associated globular subunits of RNA and protein, scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis.
Nucleus porous sac containing DNA, separates DNA within a cell.
heredity the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring: it is dependent upon the segregation and recombination of genes during meiosis and fertilization and results in the genesis of a new individual similar to others of its kind but exhibiting
downs syndrome trisomy 21, three 21 chromosomes, cause by nondisjunction, leads to mental and physical retardation
f2 second generation of an offspring or the second filial generation in a genetic cross
Sex-Linked Inheritance controlled by a gene on the x chromosome (sex chromosome) IE Color blindness
Mutations Any changes in the genome. Generally, but not always, recessive.
the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross [2 heterozygous alleles] 9:3:3:1
heterozygous (hybrid) if the two alleles are different
karyotype a charge that organizes chromosomes in relation to number, size, and type
Clone A single individual organism that is genetically identical to another organism or lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells.
Wild Type Most common phenotype in the population
Autosomal Dominant No carriers or skiping of generations
monohybrid cross a cross involving only one trait.
polar spindle fibers don't actually attach, facilitates separation of chromosomes, egg shape
signal transduction Molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the cells interior
homozygous having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics.
mutation a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome.
autosomal chromosomes a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining gender
mutant phenotypes traits that are different from the normal
Marfan Syndrome A single defective gene results in abnormalities of the eyes, the skeleton, and the great blood vessels.
Tay-Sachs Disease Autosomal Recessive. Onset is early in life and is caused by lack of the enzyme necessary to break down lipids needed for normal brain function. It is common in Ashkenazi Jews and results in seizures, blindness, and early death.
Trisonomy 13 Patau Syndrome; problems in brain and circulation
homozygous dominant the inheritance of 2 dominant alleles. The dominant allele is then expressed.
locus the location of a gene on a chromosome
Mendel a 19th century monk who worked with pea plants. is known as the "father of genetics." is credited for coming up with the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
Translocation One part of a chromosome is attached to another part of a different chromosome
Pure Bred An organism that always produces the same traits in its offspring
linked genes lie on the same chromosome but dont follow mendels law of independant assortment caused by crossing over
Sickle Cell Disease Autosomal Recessive. A mutation in the gene for hemoglobin results in deformed red blood cells. Carriers of the sickle cell trait are resistant to malaria.
chromosomal translocation one piece of chromosome is attached to another (chronis myelogenous leukemia with chromosomes 22 and 9)
What are alleles? Alternative versions of a gene that produces distinguishable phenotype effects.
Law of Independent Assortment Observed with dihybrid crosses or crosses b/w 2 different characters; alleles asort independently from each other
what is signal transduction molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the interior.
sikle cell causes blood cells to form in a sickle shape
homozygous (pure) if both of the given alleles are the same
apoptosis a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development
Why is DNA replication necessary? To make enough DNA for cell division so daughter cells have the correct amount of DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
What is a monohybrid cross and how many squares are in the Punnett square? An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. 4 squares.