History of Photography midterm
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for History of Photography midterm

Terms Definitions
291 Stieglitz's gallery
Eadweard Muybridge Genres: Landscape, Snapshots, Documentary (by accident) -used multiple cameras to capture motion (horses experiment). -invented zoopraxiscope that projected pictures in motion. -Used mammoth camera and went to great lengths to capture Yosemite.
Eadweard Muybridge 3 things
Andrew J. Russell Trestle work
Nadar Genre: Portrait 1st aerial photographer. Journalist and balloonist. Sitters were famous, commercially successful. Versatile and theatrical (changed the stoic sitter).
cyanotype Anna Atkins *associated with Talbot *19th C. inventors - white Euro males 1843 - photographs of British Algae: cyanotype impressions - cyanotype are easy - democratic, availabe, no expensive chemicals - disseminating information - botanical//bioligcal info -specimen pages a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print. The process was popular in engineering circles well into the 20th century. The simple and low-cost process enabled them to produce large-scale copies of their work, referred to as blueprints. Two chemicals are used in the process: * Ammonium iron(III) citrate * Potassium ferricyanide.
Levi L HILL Landscape with Farmhouse
Andre-Adolphe-Eugene-Disderi Supplicies (Louis Napoleon Album, Heads of Executed Men)
Southworth & Hawes Whole plate daguerreotype
Camerawork magazine created by Stieglitz. Introduced American audiences to modern art from Europe.
Dorthea Lange Genre: Documentary, Social Realism Photographer, traveler, FSA funded. WWII documented Japanese internment camps. Migrant workers of California, Most famous: "migrant mother."
Photo-secession an association of photographers founded in New York City in 1902 by Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen that advocated the development and public recognition of photography as a fine art.
Suprematism Fundamental geometric forms (in particular the square and circle). Abstract. (Rodchenko)
Roger Fenton -studies with Delarohce -becomes official photographer for Queen -Fenton embroiled in Crimean War -England, France, etc. Colnial war -hadn't fought since Napoleon -Queen Victoria sends photographer to War to counteract drawings/cartoons of demoralized troops -Wet collodion - has to bring studio with him -but - shows desolation -shows backside of war -can't sto time - 10 to 15 second delay -shows overall scene -portraits -French troops, Turkish troops -Scottish highlander -limited by technology - can only show backsied
Spiritualism and WWI -spirit emanations -levatations Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths - "Cottingley Fairies" -innocent children -belief in fairies -aftermath of war - people want to believe Ian Wetherell - The Loch Ness Monster -admitted: Wetherell set up the whole thing -one foot tall toy dinosaur -throughout 20th century - supernatural images Billy Edward Albert Meier - photographs UFOs Ted Serios - Thoughtographs -creepy -how did he do it? -can't explain - no one explains
Talbottype Hallmarks: *not as much detail *1830s/1840s Talbot has working process ***negative can produce more than one image*** *cheaper than Daguerreotype *Patents it
John Whipple The Moon Quarter plate daguerreotype.
Emile Zola The Universal Exposition. Eiffel Tower.
Gerda Taro Photographed loyalist militia women training. Worked closely with Robert Capa. First female photojournalist to cover front lines of a war and to die while doing so. "Death in the Making" w/Capa.
Straight Photography Straightforward, direct rendering of real world. Less imitative of other art forms. Greater degree of abstraction.
Oscar Gustve Rejlander Genre: Pictorial Abandoned painting to make allegorical combination photos. "Two Ways of Life" most famous/controversial picture. Also accidentally made double exposures.
Jacques-Henri Lartigue Genre: Snapshot, Surrealist (by accident) Child photographer, upper class Paris. Had a childish and refreshing spirit to his pictures. Discovered in 1960's.
Surrealism The element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions, free association, dream analysis, the hidden unconscious, liberate imagination. The absence of all control and reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation. (Bresson, Lartigue, Kertesz)
Man Ray Genre: Dada, Abstract, Modern -NY Dadaist. -Invented "Rayographs." Significant painter, filmmaker, and sculptor. - Later joined surrealist movement. -Discovered the sabattier effect (solarization) which created partial reversal.
Man Ray 4 significant things
Alexander Gardner Genre: War documentary Photographs of the American Civil War, Linoln, and the execution of the conspirators to Lincoln's assassination
Crimean War 1854 - 1856 -Crucial modern war -Russsia vs UK, Fance, Ottoman, Sardinia -UK -hadn't fought for decades -Queen Victoria - realized send a photographer - sent Fenton
Joseph Nicepehere Niépce LIGHT SENSITIVE MATERIALS - aristocrat - mother waiting in lady to Marie Antoinette - create 1st internal combustable engine - Joseph explores lithography process - takes cap off camera obscura and exposes it - 8 hours - captures change in light itself - captures buildings and structures - captures time itself *View from Window at Gras** From Book: "Lacking the ability to draw on the lithographic stone, Niépce began to experiment with ways to produce an image through the action of light upon photosensitive materials. His early efforts, begun in 1816, inovlved the use of paper made light-sensitive by the application of a silver chloride solution." "tried without success to use teh negative as it is used today, that is, printing it to create a positive image." Didn't know about other inventors successes - Davy, Wedgewood, Herchel. Approach to photography was largely independent of the research of others HELIOGRAPH
Antoine Florence From Notes: -Frenchman in Brazil - gets sick of drawing - starts tinkering with photographs - develops own photographs -discovered mid-70s From Book: - French artist and cartographer - in 1830 while trying to publish a book on animal sounds, he became frustrated by the lack of nearby printing shops, and inveted his own printing technique which he called poligraphie - meaning "multiple writing." Soon after, Florence conceived photography after noticing that certain fabrics faded when exposed to light. According to Boris Kossoy, Florence was successful because he was removed from centers of scientific learning, and had to think unconventionally. With the aid of the local druggist, Florence experiemneted with the camera obscura to see if he could make its images permanent. Unsuccessful, he investigated the printmaking potentioal of glass plates that were covered with a dark mixture of gum arabic and soot. Like an engraver, he scratched designs into the plates, and then placed them on paper that had been made light-sensitive through a treatment with silver chloride, which darkens in the presence of light. The paper's light sensitivity could be halted by the application of an ammonia solution, which stopped the darkening action. In 1832, he began using the term "photographie" for his process, deriving it from the Greek words for light and wirting. He used his photographic technique to produce diplomas, tags, and labels, but appears not to have fared well in reproducing camera images. When Daguerre's photography was announced in 1839, Florence realized that his humble efforts could not compete and he directed his energeis toward otehr aspects of the printing business. Writing to the newspapers in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, he modestly declared that he would not "dispute anyon'es discovery ... because two people can have the same idea."
John Hillers Ethnography -Hopi Mesa, 1872 -Moki Girls, 1879 -interested in costumes, language, people -other bpeople - obliterating left and right -wonderful documentation of pueblos -West made up of landscape and Native Americans
Carte de Visite Andre Adophe Eugene Disderi -photography with multiple lenses -can capture motion -photographs can make multipes! copies -prints by 1000s -start to think of markets
Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon Alphonse Karr from Galerie Contemporaine. Back view of a balding man wearing mostly black
Carleton E. Watkins El-Eachas or Three brothers Three points off a mountain
Thomas M. Easterly Na-che-ninga, Chief of the Iowas. Native American with earings and such.
Aaron Siskind New York photographer that pioneered an abstract style of photography based on documenting urban life
In stereo 3D cameras, important part of photography during 19th century. Edutainment
Aperture the adjustable opening in a lens, which is one determinant (along withshutter speed) of the amount of light that will pass through. Relative Aperture isexpressed as ƒ/number, which represents the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the aperture.
Constructivism Rejected the idea of "art for art's sake" in favor of art as a practice directed towards social purposes. Total abstraction and an acceptance of everything modern. Geometric, experimental, rarely emotional. Objective forms and icons were used over the subjective or the individual. Simple and reduced, paring the artwork down to its basic elements. (Alexander Rodchenko, Moholy-Nagy)
Eugene Smith WWII Life Magazine -brings the war to you -photojournalism -important venue for photography -see highs and lows of what WWII has to offer -DEC 1941 - "How to tell Japanese from the Chinese" -"U.S. Soldier Pleading for Help"
racial typology Typology in anthropology is the division of the human species by races. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different ethnic regions into races, (e.g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by Carleton S. Coon)[1]. This approach focused on traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build, and stature. The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on similar physical traits. However, author Dennis O'Neil says the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited.[2] Current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures.[2] Claims that typological models are scientific are often criticized as anecdotal and unsupported by credible scientific evidence.[3] This debate is covered in more detail in the article on race.
Adolph Smith undertook a photographic survey of London's poor with John Thomson writer and social activist preface stresses teh function of photography to document objectively without omission or exaggeratoin.
The Reading Establishment Talbot The Reading Establishment (as it was known) also produced prints from other calotypist’s negatives and even produced portraits and copy prints at the studio.
Hayden Survey William Henry Jackson -decides to go to Yellowstone -two other photographers there - there work does not survive Castle Geyser, Yellowstone -something really close to you - then many layers of depth -scale figures -don't know what it is! amazing - nothing like it -skies - eggshell white - Wet Collodion doesn't capture blue -^creates solid forms -fantastic landscape! -can't capture color -1st to document something like Tower Falls Tower Falls -heroic -look back with/reverence Thomas Moran accompanies expedition Liberty Cap -don't show the hotel beginnings in the background Grand Tetons: -Jackson jimmy rigs camera - creates mammoth sized plates Jackson, Mount of the HOly Cross: -located in highlands - high rockies of Colorado -"God's holy land" "manifest destiny" -cross in Rock itself -"God coming and kissing landscape" -Virgin Mary kneeling and giving down crown to cross on right -Jackson considers this peak of career -people want a copy of this in their home -second version - trying to have his cake and eat it too, adding reference points - clouds, waterfall, etc. -moment of heroism for expedition Thomas Moran, Mount of Holy Cross -color! -much more lush, exciting -home in back way in wildnerss -Moran shows pilrimage
John Thomoson Far East 1864 - 1872 -photographs landscapes -mysterious -women -princess's fat -1873 publishes book of images of china adn its people -whole street made of psychics
Cabinet Cards photograph celebrities; you can create things
Robert Capa "If your pictures aren't good enough, you aren't close enough" - no more wet collodion -small 35 mm camera -need a lot of guts & a more conveneint camera -Spanish Civil War, Sin-Jap War, World War II, 1948 Arab-Israeli war -revolutionizes way we make images of war - Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain 1936 -real? -lightning strike twice? two photos at same place -consensus now: not foged D-Day images goes into invasion with soldiers -"if you want to get good action shots, they mustn't be in the focus. FI your hand trembles a little then you got a fine action shot "this is very serious business"
Maxime Du Camp Egyptian thing. The Colossus of Abu-Simbel.
Timothy H. O'Sullivan A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, PA Dead bodies scattered in a field.
Eadweard J Muybridge Galloping horse. Series of running horse.
Henri Le Secq Cathedral at Laon, France. Calotype. Twin towers, circular window.
Platt D. Babbitt Tourists Viewing Niagra Falls from Prospect Point. Whole plate daguerreotype with applied color.
phantasmagoria Illuminated by the Argand Oil Lamp, it was an advanced magic lantern that created rear-screen image projections of ghosts, skeletons, and celebrities in a semidarkened theatre. Special effects of lightning, thunder, and smoke enhanced the eerie atmosphere.
WWI camera technology Camera technology progressed to be able to capture action on battlefield - previous war photography was slower, more complicated, usually captured aftermath.
Clarence White, Orchard domestic scene similar theme to paintings of the time.
Harlem Document Photos taken in Harlem. Aaron Siskind, Morris Engel, Sid Grossman.
Bauhaus founded with the idea of creating a 'total' work of art in which all arts, including architecture would eventually be brought together. art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function. Modernist and Constructivist architecture.
Modernism aesthetic between the wars and art movements in Russia (Photographers/Technique/Aesthetic/Political) Photographers: Alexander Rodchenko, László Moholy-Nagy (Hungarian) Technique: Photomontage, odd angles Modernist aesthetic: Geometric, simple, abstract Political orientation: official policy prohibited abstraction and divergence of artistic expression.
Modernism aesthetic between the wars and art movements in Russia (Photographers/Technique/Aesthetic/Political) -WWI 1914-1918 -Suprematisim 1915-1916 -Russian civil war: 1917-1922 -Constructivism 1919-1934
Ambrotype -comes out at the end of the daguerreotype -similar to daguerreotype, but cheaper -wet Collodion process -one negative/positive process -lesser quality than daguerreotype
Bradys' Civil War Results -5,712 plates -cost $25,000 -went bankrupt -two copies of documentation - one at library of congress -dies penniless -literally bled for this project -litterally gets nothing - needed a short war
Civil War Matthew Brady -had learned Dageurreotpye from Morris -had elaborate and extensive studio -able to make full length portraits -can make and document things ABRAHAM LINCOLN: -how do you make him look good? -retouching -noble and refined "photograph by Brady" -decides at beginning to document war -battle of bull run -North thought war would be quick and easy -1st battle - complete win for South -everyone flees, congress, photographers -realize war won't be clean and nice Brady sends out - Alexander Gardner, James Gardner, Timothy O'Sullivan -every image taken needs glass plate
Academy -set style and taste 1. importance of the figure 2. history painting - biblica, mythology, history "great deeds of great men" Alberti 3. portraiture - photography good difficult to make valid history photograph *Bourgereau
John Thomson "The Crawlers" from textbook "street dwellers such as the woman pictured here were termed 'crawlers' because tehy would occasionally have enough cash to buy tea leaves, then "crawl" to a pub for hot water. The image of the crawler shows greater emphasis on the individual, in contrast with Thomson's often static presentation of street types.
Muybridge in Guatemala -makes beautiful album -hikes to top of volcano - captures light from volcano -becomes more interested in motion than landscape
Gustave Le Gray -Rogue - constantly in trouble -San Pierre - Mona Lisa -Notre Dame Paris -French culture Fontainebleau Forest 1848 - making images to compete with Corot and others Whats important? end of 1850s, Mission Heliograhique Mediterranean Sea 1856 -1857 -revolutionary -captured sea and clouds - ALL MOVE -multiple negatives - diss. argeu - 10+ -easy for us to capture -but very difficult in 1850s
U.S. Geological Survey Basics Hayden: -William Henry Jackson -West of Colorado Clarence King: -40th Paralell -Timothy O'Sullivan John Wesley Powell: -Southwest -John "Jack" Hillers Wheeler: -Timothy O'Sullivan **All interested in intermountain West
Francois Arago - important contact of Daguerre - well connected -scientist - January 6 1839, announces invention of photography to public ^ real start of photography - starts to talk abou tpossibilites of photography
Photogenic Drawings - Talbot - starts to make PHOTOGENIC DRAWINGS - puts object on photo sensitive paper
Platt Babbitt -captures people @ Niagra Falls - compare to Disneyland pictures - Entrepreneur - 1853 - captures young kids capsized upstream - one goes over falls, one holds onto log -photojournalist -capturing time itself
Charles Negre Man standing on balcony of a building next to a gargoyle.
Felice Beato Interior of Fort Taku in North China Immediately after Capture. Ladders Dead bodies scattered on ground.
View from His Window at Le Gras - Joseph Nicephore Nipce Heliograph
W. A. Fyfe WWI soldier, took number of photos during war. Was a private, not allowed to have camera.
Alexander Gardner and railroads -two years after civil war -Gardnerr appointed chief photographer to the eastern division of the Union Pacific Railrway -along with images made by photographers under his supervision, his photographs were published in an album titled "Kansas Pacific Railway"
The Pencil of Nature -by William Henry Fox Talbot -great demonstration of what photography can do - plate after plage of what process can do From book: "The Pencil of Nature" contained twenty four calotype images. Since the calotype process created a negative, from which positive prints could be made, actual calotypes were tipped in (pasted at the corners to the page). Each image was accompanied by an explanatory text. The pencil of nature demonstrated the breadth of Talbot's investigation into the applications of photography. Some images such as artcles of china showed photography;s record-keeping ability, while others demonstrated how photography could variously depict biological specimens, architecture, and sculpture, and reproduce sketches and engravings. Talbot even suggested that int eh future photographs might be taken in the dark, making posibble secret surveillance." "While Daguerre took little part in the development of photography after 1839, Talbot continued his efforts. His 1839 account of photogenic drawing conceived the photographic image as a kind of natural magic with potential for both scien and art. He went on to explore both these aspects."
Thomas Eakins and photography -instrumental in bringing Muybridge to Pennsylvania -Muybridge photographs movement of hand drawing a circle -Eakin starts incorporating scientific knowledge from Muybridge's photos -horses -interested in realism -uncompromising realism
Larry Burrows -English, dies in Laos (one of 9 photogs who dies in Vietnam war) -developed Capa's Dday photographs -documents some of the most memorable images does a lot of work in color -color: makes it more real, less attractive - gritty reality, sucks out romance of war
Abu Ghraib Prison Photos -escalated war -new icons of war (exposing parts of war we've never seen)
Vietnam War in Photography -military allowed journalists to embed themselves in with troops -different kind of war -David Douglas Duncan - moves from one war/skirmish to the thenxt Don McCullin - "Shell Shocked Marine, 1968 - pyschologically wounded) -photographs other side as mucha s he could - humanizes enemy -silent majority -behind war -vocal minority - college kids Life Magazine -positive images of war -but showing all the casualties in way never shown before
William Henry Fox Talbot The Open Door. Broom against door jamb. English inventor and pioneer in photography who published the first book illustrated with photographs (1800-1877)
Walter Rosenblum As a World War II U.S. Army combat photographer, Rosenblum landed in Normandy on D-Day morning. There, he joined the anti-tank battalion that drove through France, Germany and Austria; he took the first motion picture footage of the Dachau concentration camp. Rosenblum was one of the most decorated WWII photographers, receiving the Silver Star, Bronze Star, five battle stars, a Purple Heart and a Presidential Unit Citation.
Seeing Photographically (by Edward Weston) -The Photo-Painting standard: -This false standard was established, which made the goal photo-painting rather than photography. -Horrors of the past were allegorical and blurry. -The best photos of the past were from people who were not artists: daguerreotype portraits, Civil War. -Pictorialists believe that the strait photograph is a product of a machine, and therefore not art.
Seeing Photographically (by Edward Weston) -The Photo-Painting standard: 4 things
Humphrey Lloyd Hime The Prairie, on the Banks of the Red River, Looking South -absolutely flat -lunar landscape in 1858 - as unknown as mars/the moon -we can put anything here - attitude of exploration -lithograph transfer - to make it readable -artist added contextual details: clouds, birds, sky, skull -what on earth to do with the land
Eugene Durieu and Eugene Delacroix -Delacroix starts to incorporate these things -work together
Street life in London Adolph Smith and John Thomsen's book of London poor
Lewis Hine -- WWI Hired by Red Cross to document relief efforts in Europe after WWI. Photographed refugees -- similar to ellis Island work.
Beauty in the vernacular Objects that are common tend to be overlooked because we see them so often. Using a camera to freeze it in time has led us to dissect it carefully, rather than pass by it so obliviously. This allows us to see the beauty in something we otherwise would have no idea was beautiful. It has also contributed to the movement of art, and expanded upon its creativity. Why must only angelical or allegorical scenes be art, or be considered beautiful, when this pen for example, can hold just as much beauty if pictured from a particular angle or in a particular light, as all of Michelangelo’s work combined? Who’s to stop us? This movement has led us to a more open minded capability of what art is and what art could be.
Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred Lord Tennyson poem that is about the same area/event that Roger Fenton's photograph is
"Table on a porch with shadows" Paul Strand. Sometimes referred to as the first abstract photograph.
1837 - Still life (interior of a cabinet of curiosities) Daguerre -experimenting with still life -trying to show possibilities of medium -capturing different shapes and types of materials - art based - art objects - coming from art background - showing numerous textures - showing potential benefits
New Instrument of Vision (By Laszlo Moholy Nagy) -The new experience of space: Humanity has acquired the power to see its surroundings, its existence, with new eyes
Hannah Hawk Photomontages.
Tintype -American phenomenon -Callodion process on a cheap metal -flat -not as much detail as daguerreotype -really durable - photographs on metal -tintypes - Abraham Lincoln, produces by 1-000s, voting tags
Samuel Bourne The Viceroy's Elephants.
Calotype an early negative-positive photographic process, patented by William Henry Talbot in 1841, in which a paper negative is produced and then used to make a positive contact print in sunlight.
Stereographs "Sterographic photographs helped turn photography into an industry, by stoking the viewer's desire to see more of the world. two images - l and r eyes - receding space
Thomas Eakins Jesse Godley walking man.
Mathew Brady Studio Abraham Lincoln 1863
pictorialists photographers involved in promoting photography as fine art on par with other forms of art. Often sought effects to make images seem less mechanical and more handmade, i.e. manipulation.
Paul Strand Genre: Pictorial, Modern During photography class by Lewis Hine, visited 291, met Stieglitz who encouraged cubist and pictorialist pictures. Final issue of Camera Work had his work moving from pictorialism to modernism.
Walker Evans Genre: Documentary, Social Realism Alabama projected published in book with writings from James Agee. FSA. Beauty of the vernacular. Later subway work, hidden camera. Fortune magazine in 40's.
Clarence King Expedition 40th Parallel -1st expedition photographer - Timothy O'Sullivan -war photographer: used to moving around; not such bad conditions -harsh landscape Pyramid Lake, Nevada 1867 -so diffferent from landscape of East -SO desolate -very different from what anyone is used to -flattened out - abstract forms - exposure time -copy image: adds reference, clouds, waves, mountains - to hlep us understand what we are seeing Steamboat Springs: -totally different landscape/environment Sand Dunes, Carson Desert, 1867: -abstracted landscape -seeing his wagon -footprints go up to vantage point -reveals his own process Karnak Ridge: -alien, foreign -hard to wrap your mind around -mystique of west -not as friendly - trecherous -tiltling camera - making landscape steeper, more dramatic, etc. Cornstock Mine, Virginia City, Nevada -takes camera a mile underground -documents poor mineworkers - not those getting rich off mines Tropical Forest, Darian Expedition -down to Panama -wild open battlefields and landscapes -documents jungle curtains GOES BACk Shoshone Falls: -South central Idaho -one spot Sullivan will go twice - with King in 68, with Wheeler in 74 -really close to edge -good composition design ROMANTIC - SUBLIME -many waterfalls -draws you in and excites your eye
chronophotography Chronophotography is a Victorian application of science (the study of movement), and art (photography). It is a precursor to the technique to cinematography. The word is from the Greek chronos and photography, "pictures of time." Chronophotography is divided into two separate processes: Motography (continuous exposure of the subject) and Strobophotography (intermittent exposure of the subject). Notable chronophotographers include Eadweard Muybridge, Etienne-Jules Marey, Georges Demenÿ, Ottomar Anschütz, Thomas Eakins, Harold Eugene Edgerton, who all used chronophotography for the scientific study of motion. Many of their photographs are also praised for their aesthetics, however, and the technique further influenced the art world. Futurist painter Giacomo Balla used imagery similar to chronophotography in his painting Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash as did Marcel Duchamp in his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. Art photographers have also used this technique. Modern photo editing software allows photographers to create chronophotography images by combining a series of images.
Auguste Salzmann Jerusalem. City, castle looking, landscape image
Dr. Hugh Welch Diamond Mental Patient. Self-Explainatory.
Alfred Stieglitz Leader of the Pictorialists. Photography self-consciously artistic. Strong concern for composition.
Issues presented in documentary photography -Poverty, poor living conditions, crippled, orphans, street life, hunger -Child labor -Poor working conditions of migrant farm workers (FSA) -Great depression
Issues presented in documentary photography 4 things
Laszlo Moholy Nagy Genre: Modern, Constructivist, Supremist, Surrealist, Abstract Re inventor of the photogram. Constructivist. Bauhaus trained in Germany. Later reopened in Chicago. Abstract form. Surrealist. His montages were "fotoplastiks." Author of New Vision. Non eye level points a view, geometric shapes, anti-perspective.
Edward Jean Steichen Genre: Pictorial, Fashion, Strait Founding member of Photo-Succession (with Stieglitz). Elected to Linked Ring in London. Extensively published. Later did fashion photos, aerial photos for army, leading to a fallout with Stieglitz who despised sellouts. Began as Pictorialist and after the war reverted to strait photography.
Collodion used in the manufacture of photographic film, wet plate process where the film retains its sensitiveness only while wet. The film used in such plates is of collodion impregnated with bromides and iodides. Before exposure the plate is immersed in a solution of silver nitrate, and immediately after exposure it is developed and fixed.
John Paul Filo -pullitzer prize winner -Untitled (Kent State) -protest turned violent, Natl. guard opened fire on Americans -captures emotion -action in agonizing -agonizer almost beocmes a Mary like figure -what are we doing here? -inherent problems: post right out of Mary Vecchio's head (often edited out)
Edouard Baldus -photographing contemporary France - Station @ Toulon -antiquity - Pont du Gard -see more and more idea of fragmentation -details tell stories -architectural details Cloisters of Satint Trophime Arles -How many negatives? 9 -overcomes challenges of no light -can cut negatives and composite negatives -why is this important? *showing waht eyes can't erceive *showing idea - what's not real (more fantatsic, more control, more like painting -actual world mallable
A.J. Russell -official photographer of Union Pacific line -embeds himself with building of transcontinental railroad -engineering feat - layed up to 8 miles of track a day - good composition/aesthetic - not only documentary -western landscape - interesting and photogenic Hanging Rock - projected image V. reality = starkly different union pacific pushing from Omaha westward central pacific - Sierra Nevadas, love to blast out mountains
Henry Peach Robinson -propopent of combination printing -art -same morality/didactic nature -resonated well with culture @ time: nobilizing, simple hardworking life VIRTUOS LFE -light emphasizes virtuosit over the top sentimental country virtues and country life -trying to emulate art a la Thomas Kinkade - what people wanted to see Lady of Shalot PRB influenced
Missions Heliographiques -using calotype process -able to experiment -Eduodard Denis Baldus -Hippolyte Bayard -Gustave Le Gray *photgraphing French monuments -reappraisng their own past -innovative structures -using calotype process -disadvantage: takes a long time
John E. Mayall Death of Prince Albert Montage.
Augustus Washington Portrait of abolitionist John Brown, holding one hand up next to white flag. African American photographer.
Steichen -- WWI Joined military and organized photography unit responsible for aerial reconnaissance
Georgie O'Keefe Photographed by Alfred Stieglitz, over 500 portraits. Often zeroed in on hands to create abstract image.
Camera Obscura forerunner of the photographic camera. Originally a darkenedroom in which observers could view images of outside subjects projected (upsidedown) through a pinpoint light source onto a facing wall. Later this evolved into a portable box with an aperture, lens, mirror, and viewing screen.
Realism The depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. In revealing a truth, may emphasize the ugly or sordid. Undistorted by personal bias, objective reality and revolted against exaggerated emotionalism. Truth and accuracy.
Albumen print A photographic printing process using egg whites in the emulsion.
Photogravure any of various processes, based on photography, by which an intaglio engraving is formed on a metal plate, from which ink reproductions are made.
Brian Walski LA Times -edited photos - combined two -changed whole essence -war in age of photoshop -can't fabricate journalism
Iraqi War Photography -Abu Ghraib photos James Nactwey, Rwanada, 1994 -documentary "war photographer" -claimed 9 lives - came close several times -captures genocide on horrific scale in Rwanda -sometiems accused - too beautiful images of such ugly subject matter CURRENT SITUATION: -journalists embedded with soldiers -soldiers as photographers -digital images -see photographs instantly
combination printing Combination printing is the technique of using two or more photographic images in conjunction with one another to create a single image.
Nick UT - Vietnam Napalm, June 8, 1972 -children victimized -American bombers Napalmed a villages -penetrating, piercing -children suffering
Anna Atkins botanist (1799 - 1871) She was a botanist and was also the first woman photographer.
Napoleon Sarony Adah Isaacs Menkin as Mazeppa 1866 Woman lying on side with hat
Henry Fitz, JR Self-Portrait with Eyes Closed. Ninth plate daguerreotype.
Carl Ferdinand Stelzner Mother Alberts, The Family Vegetable Woman. Daguerreotype. Photography democratized portraiture by making it economically feasible for ordinary working people to have their likeness memorialized.
William Rider-Rider British photog in Canadian army, had freedom to photograph, made large series but few widely available.
David Seymour "Chim" Photographed Picasso in front of "Guernica"
Positive a photographic image on any support or material in which the tonalitiesand colours accord with those of the subject portrayed (as opposed to a negative, in which they are reversed). At times used interchangeably with print.
The relationship between photography and fine art Photographic Impressionism and Pictorialism- texture of paper, scratches on negative to appear like brush strokes, allegorical scenes, photomontage scene creations, blur, portraiture
Dadaism To ridicule what was considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. Anti-war, anti-bourgeois, anarchistic. Groundwork to abstract art. Anti-art. Reject logic and embrace chaos and irrationality. Destroy traditional culture and aesthetics. (Hannah Hoch, Man Ray)
Francis Frith -gets rich - grape trade -goes to Egypt -uses Wet Collodion process -need water - esp. in Egypt -tracks - wagon had to go with all the equipment -comes out in climate of wet collodion and albumen -travel photographer - Egypt and Israel -showing places never been photographed before -Great Sphinx The pyramidso f Dahshoor from the East -beautiful compositions
Korean Conflict -David Douglas Duncan - specializes in war photography -images - unpopular war -much different than WWII
Felice Beato Interior of North Fort -taken immeditaely after capture -what's important?: -dead bodies laying down all over -documenting REAL nature of war -carnage and chaos -photography bound to show what's there -what's not there? English coming over on ladders -leave Chinese, take out British -British are his audience -Propaganda -don't want to show in unflattering light -supposed to die heroic death -Colonial attitudes: OK to depict dead Chinese but not dead British
The Lumiere Brothers Invention of film -Muybridge and Marey often seen as film pioneers 1st film - exiting the factory
Latent Image an image that had been registeredon the silver surface of a plate, but which was not yet visible.
tintype Civil War Tintypes were light weight and more durable than daguerreotypes. An improved postal system could speed the images from teh war zone to families at home. particularly popular, cheap, lightweight
Muybridge The Farm -gets involved with Leland Stanford - wealthy individual has an enormous farm with horses of top quality - horse, status symbo -Stanford brings in Mubridge - Stanford knows horse; Mubridge knows photography -WANTING TO KNOW MOTION -STOPPING TIME -is there a moment in time - horses are completely off the ground? -black/white silhouette - exposure times - technology limitations -repeat experiment over and over, different animals -grids give project scientific air -goats, etc. sky was the limit
WWI Photography -soldiers not allowed to carry cameras - phootso so demoralizing -more photos of civil war than WWI Edward Steichen -convinces U.S. he can take camera to WWI and it would serve a purpose -photography can see paths of enemy - aerial -used as war tactic -photography can serve any ends -mapping, topography - knowing what's coming up
John Plumbe, JR Portrait of a Man Reading a Newspaper
George N. Barnard Fire in the Ames Mills Oswego NY Burning BARN
aerial photography WWI was first war to utilize aerial photography
Early photography: historic events pictured - Famous persons (Harriet Beecher Stowe, Fredrick Douglas, the Royal family, Abe Lincoln) - The moon - Mission Heliographiques: Team of photographers sent out to record the diminishing historical monuments of France (castles, forts, cathedrals) - The “other,” from various cultures (Native Americans, Asians, indigenous tribes) - The Civil War - The execution of Lincoln’s assinators - The Crimean war - Various wars around the world - Monuments and landscapes from around the world (Egyptian, The Nile, Jerusalem, Rome, the Alps) - Westward expansion (Yosemite, Oregon, Idaho)
Early photography: historic events pictured 10 things
Hill and Adamson - Hill sees potential of photography - comissioned to do painting of succession of scottis church - 3,000 negatives - creates portraits of each person involved -sometimes work in studio -artistic qualities and technical know how - grand manner portraiture style -quality images -start to get commissions to illustrate poems and text - sweet innocence and poetry - how to photograph kids - while they're asleep -incorporating solid geometry - solidify compositons with form -start to push away
Art and the Daguerreotype making it looke like actual paintings
Hallmarks of Daguerreotype Process - captures shape, dimension, texture - captures contrast/creates volume - way of fixing image - image detail - DETAIL - printed on -Still life - like art; can do things artist's hand can't - limitations: no stop motion
Wedgwood & Davy FROM NOTES: - son of Josiah - teamed up with scholar/scientist - start to teter with Schulze experiments - mixed camera obscura with light sensitive material FROM BOOK: - Scientist & pottery manufacturer - special interest in new chemistry - experimented with light sensitive materials - They sought to fix the image of an object's shadow cast on paper or leather that had been made light-sensitive by immersion in a silver nitrate soulution, and they also attempted to capture images formed in a camera obscura. "
John Adam Whipple and George Phillips Bond Daguerreotype and Science -Boston -Daguerreotype and telescope - pictures of moon! internationally popular - shown @ Paris exposition - create maps/topography of moon
Oscar G Rejander Two Ways of Life Two sides of a photos, two men looking at opposite situations. nudes curtains classical looking
Ethical Culture School Private school in New York where Paul Strand learned under Lewis Hine
Timothy O'Sullivan Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter -plate 41 -face of Southerner -sharpshooter - killing those over the wall -true, gruesome nature of war Gettysburg Historian - Frassanito - -noticed irregularitites in photos -by time Sullivan and Gardner got there - had rained, most were buried and off battle field -same body - different images -different vantage points -moving bodies 40 yards/120 feet
Louis Desire Blanquart Eduqrd 1. First to publish the procedure for the calotype negative/positive paper process in France 2. 1850 develops the Albumen process - most prevalent type of print til 1890 - egg white'/salt/silver nitrate 3. 1851 starts the "imprmone photographique" in Loos-decille to mass produce photogographic prints by others -industrial albumen process -women doing factory work of albumen process -albumen images - impossible to preserve - live proteins decompose
“On Photography” (by Charles Baudelaire) Photography is: -Not art, and could never be because of it’s exactitude. -A cheap method for disseminating painting and the art of the actor. -For the lazy artist -Contributed to the diminishment of the French artistic genius -A science, and should be used by tourists, naturalists, and the astronomer -A function of progress, and art is it’s mortal enemy -Can’t express the beauty of dreams
“On Photography” (by Charles Baudelaire) Photography is: 7 things
Eddie Adams General Loan executing a Vietcong suspect -anybody could be an enemy -cruelty of humanity -dilemmas and challenges of war -actual moment - graphic and gruesome -complicates our ideas of good and evil on homefront - you can never really understand war front
Lattice Window Taken with Camera Obscura - using paper negatives - Magazine of science - area to publish ideas -Daguerre - French can't get credit -Tablot is english counterpunch to French
J. E. Whitney Studio, St. Paul, MN Photograph of an Indian dressed man. Murderer ad. Cut Nose, 1862
The impact of the Kodak on photographer and the subject: -Now that anyone could get a camera, amateur photography was born, otherwise called the “snapshooter.” -Keepsakes, family albums were created, for the sake of memorial events. -The vernacular is pictured. -Action shots now capable. -Professional portrait studios declined in business. -Photographic clubs and schools created. -Amateurs photographing subjects without permission, creating societal discourse.
The impact of the Kodak on photographer and the subject: 7 things