Complete List of Terms and Definitions for HNF exam
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Polysaccharides-Indigestible |
Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectins Gums Mucilages |
| C18:1 is ____acid | Oleic |
| NON-HEME IRON SOURCES | MEATFISHPOULTRYPLANTS |
| location of saliva | mouth |
| Colipase |
Facilitates pancreatic lipase associated with TG's |
| Simplest amino acid is | Glycine |
| IRON RECOMMENDATIONS | MEN(19+): 8MG/DAYWOMEN(19-50): 18MG/DAY (HIGH BECAUSE OF MENUSTRATION)PREGNANT WOMEN: 27MG/DAY |
| Lignins |
Wheat bran Non CHO Multiringed alcohols |
| coenzyme thiamin'coenzyme pantothenic acid |
TPP CoA |
| Chylomicrons are synthesized in the | intestine |
| Which lipoprotein carrys cholesterol from the liver to the ovaries to synthesize estrogens? | LDL |
| Chylomicrons | synthesized in intestine, metabolized by hormone lipoprotein lipase, and carry dietary cholesterol to liver. |
| ______ activates pepsinogen to pepsin. | HCl |
| TAP WATER | DISINFECTION REQUIRED? YESCONFIRMED ECOLI/CLIFORM BANNED? YESTESTING FOR FREQ FOR BACTERIA? HUNDREDS/MONTHMUST FILTER FOR PATHOGENS/VIRUSES? YESTEST FREQ FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS? 1/QUARTER |
| What are DRIs | Dietary Reference Intakes |
| Pyruvate oxidation |
(in mitocondria) produces large amounts of ATP, requires oxygen, and yields carbon dioxide and water. |
| other methods |
Food purchased: sales recepits Pantry self inventory |
| Percieved Needs | Identified by community or individual |
| Bile acids are secreted in the | duodenum |
| Apo C2 is found in | VLDL, chylomicrons |
| Ketosis | excess prod. of ketones-high plasma NEFA-ketones in urine incr. urine output and loss of electrolytes-loss of apetite, incr. free fatty acids from adipose tissue-ketones are ketoacids and may lower blood pH |
| Post Meal- Fasting |
Increase in protein catabolism Decrease in insulin Negative protein balance |
| This method of protein quality assessment is required for labeling foods consumed by infants | PER |
| Vit. E: excretion | urine, bile, and feces |
| WATER OUTPUT | KIDNEYS (500-1,400 ML)SKIN (450-900 ML)LUNGS (350 ML)FECES (150 ML) |
| What are some organic nutrients? | Carbohydrates, proteins,fats,vitamins |
| Glycolysis |
convert glucose to pyruvate with production of small amount of ATP no oxygen required |
| fructose | works in facilitated diffusion (no energy needed) |
| l. intestine |
-mix and propel contents -absorb sodium, potassium and water -house bacteria -lubricate with mucus -synthesize vitamin K, biotin and short-chain fatty acids -form feces |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Obesity, inactivity, irregular meal patterns, refined sugar |
|
This lipoprotein has the highest % cholesterol |
LDL |
| This process is needed for formation of dispensible amino acids | Transamination |
| The carbon skeletons are all capable of entering the TCA cycle. They enter the cycle in different locations. | |
| Protein and energy requirements for 19-30 years old is ___kcal/kg and ____ grams protein/kg/day | 42, .8 |
| Taurine is a substrate for | conjugated bile acids |
| Bile acids are __ | secreted into the duodenum |
| Vit. E: functions |
-antioxidant (crucial in lungs--> RBC's carrying oxygen) -protects unsaturated fats in tissues against oxidation -normal nerve & immune fxn in elderly -important for lipids in Cell Membrane -decr. risk for CVD by decr. formation of clots |
| IODINE DEFICIENCY | THYROID GLAND ENLARGES- A SIMPLE GOITER |
| Starch |
storage form of carbohydrates in foods (from plants) glucose units linked together |
| inflammatory bowel diseases |
crohn's disease: inflammatory disease of the GI tract that often reduces the absorptive capacity of the small intestine. family history is a major risk factor ulcerative colitis: inflammation of the colon that cause ulcers |
| beano | food enzyme dietary supplement to help stop gas before it starts |
| Functions of Dietary Fiber |
Fecal bulk Aid weight control Associated with colon health Soluble fiber slows glucose absorption Inhibit cholesterol and bile acid absorption |
| Obesity risk factors | High calories, fat, alcohol, sugar, inactivity |
| Inactive, overweight males often have low concentrations of ____ in their blood. | HDL - cholesterol |
| Apo E is found on | chylimicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL |
| Bile acids are ____ | synthesized in intestine, reabsorbed in ileum, recycled only small amount lost |
| Kwashiorkor |
1st child breast fed, 2nd child is born. So 1st child in weened. Fatty liver, edema, decreased hepatic protein synthesis irratible behavior |
| The food group with the least amount of protein per seving is _____. | Butter. |
| Phenylanaline can be taken up by the kidney and with hydroxalation can be converted to tyrosine | |
| Glucagon will _____ glycogenolysis in liver and _____this process in skeletal muscle | stimulate, not affect |
| Calcium: absorption |
-mostly in duodenum (incr. need= incr. absorp) -occurs by diffusion & active transport (need Vit. D) -unabsorbed fatty acids combine w/ Ca to form insoluble salts -sex hormones enhance absorp. (decr. estrogen= decr. Ca absorp) |
| Vit. E: foods | vegetable oils, corn, wheat GERM, olives, nuts/seeds, spinach, asparagus |
| MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF WATER | Carries nutrientsCleanses tissue and bloodSolvent Chemical reactionsLubricant around jointsShock absorber Body temperature |
| What are nutrients? | components of food that are indispensable to the body's functioning. |
| Insoluble Fibers |
Not dissolve in water Not fermented by microorganisms Cellulose Hemicelluloses Lignin |
| Cholecystokinin CCK |
release by s.intestine in response to presence of dietary fat in chyme fnc: stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and release of bile from the gallbladder |
| Myristic acid is |
C14:0 sources are coconut and palm nut oils, plant and animal products |
| A person with maple syrup urine disease needs to restrict intake of | Protein and Leucine |
|
Which of the following amino acids are branched-chain amino acids? |
Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine |
| NPU is a measure of _____ | nitrogen retention/ nitrogen consumed |
| Biotin: Characteristics |
-part of Vit. B complex -water soluble -stable in most cooking |
| MILD DEHYDRATION (<5% BODY WEIGHT) | ThirstSudden weight lossRough dry skinDry mouthRapid pulseLow blood pressureLack of energyImpaired kidney functionReduced urine |
| What diseases are more nutrition related? | Iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiencies, mineral deficiences, toxicicties, poor resistance to disease, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease. |
| Essential nutrients | Omission from diet leads to decline in health, and return to diet causes recovery and biological fnc identified |
| elevated blood glucose --> | pancreas releases insulin --> 1. glucose transported into cells 2. conversion of glucose into glycogen |
|
(T of F) Eiscosinoids are synthesized from DHA. |
False Eicosinoids are formed from arachidonic acid (C20:4)(n-6)and EPA (C20:5)(n-3) |
| Beta Hydroxybuturate |
Is formed in the liver It is used in the heart |
| Branch Chain Amino Acids _____ and are ____% of diet amino acids |
Leucine, Isoleucin, Valine 20-30% |
| The final produt of protein digestion in the intestinal lumen | Peptides and amino acids |
| Phosphorus: absorption |
-body absorbs P easier than Ca -70% of P in diet is absorbed |
| ADEQUATE INTAKE FOR WATER | Total water intake: Men (19 – 30 y): 3.7 Liters Women (19 – 30 y): 2.7 Liters |
| ex. apple peel and apple core |
peel- cellulose: structural insoluble fiber core- pectin: soluble fiber |
| The N-3 fatty acids are associated with |
Reduced heart arrhythmias Reduced atherosclerosis Decreased platelet aggregatin Decreased plasmatriacylglycerol Slightly increase HDL Decrease proinflammatory eicosanoids • • |
| Canola oil is a ___ | lipid high in omega 3 fatty acids |
| Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami(savory) | What are the functions of body fluids? |
| Food or diet record |
List all foods and drinks ad you it for 3 days amount immediately uses/advatages: avoids memory recall, typical diet, learn food patterns Limitations: respondant burden, requires literacy, client awareness could affect diet, people wait then do it as a recall |
| Infants need ~____ % of dietary protein as indispensable amino acids |
40 (need really good quality protein) |
| In the cori cycle, pyruvate is ____ | converted to lactate in the muscle |
| What is nutrition in regards to eating? | The study of human eating behaviors |
| Person w/ elevated fasting blood triglycerides ____. | should increase % fat in diet and should consume fiber rich foods. |
| cultural traditions and social values revlove around food. some values are expressed through foodways. | What are some features of a typical cell? |
|
Which of the following is true in relation to degradation vs. synthesis of protein during the life cycle? |
When a person is immobilized, the initial respose that occurs is protein degradation exceeding protein synthesis. |
| CCK | small intestine |
| Phosphorus: DRI | 700 mg |
| pepsin |
protein-digesting enzyme (inactive form - pepsinogen) |
| This lipoprotein carries cholesterol to tissues for steroid hormone synthesis | LDL |
| Enteropeptidases activates trypsinogen on the brush border. Secreted in brush border into the lumen to act on trypsinogen that comes from the pancrease. | |
| Vit. K: DRI | 90-120 mcg/day |
| bolus | mashed food and saliva |
| Secondary Care |
Rish Appraisal and Reducation Precriptions to reduce risk in those suseptible Screening and dectection Early Dignosis and follow-up |
| Essential fatty acids are concentrated in | Phospholipids |
| A plasma triglyceride concentration of ____ mg/dl is a CVD risk factor | >100 |
| This enzyme esterifies cellular cholesterol | ACAT |
| LDL | Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to tissues for steroid hormone synthesis |
| Marasmus |
Lack of food (refugee camps) Apathy Greek for wasting |
|
Pregnancy requirements are ____grams/kg/day The RDA is ____grams/kg/day. |
.88, 1.1 |
| For adults, Estimated Average Requirement is ____grams /kg of ideal body weight/day | .66 |
| Person w/ elevated apolipoprotein ____is at increased risk of CVD | E4 |
| BOTTLED WATER | DISINFECTION REQUIRED? NOCONFIRMED ECOLI/CLIFORM BANNED? NOTESTING FOR FREQ FOR BACTERIA? 1/WEEKMUST FILTER FOR PATHOGENS/VIRUSES? NOTEST FREQ FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS? 1/YEAR |
| accessory organs | liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| segmentation | back-and-forth action that breaks apart food |
| Health Screening Normal Values |
HDL..... >45mg% LDL..... <100mg% Triglycerides.... 100-150mg% Blood Pressure....<120/80 BMI....18.5-25 Total chol to HDL ratio....<4 Fasting Blood Glucose.... 80-100mg% |
|
This lipoprotein is active in "reverse" cholesterol transport |
HDL |
| Ketone formation only occurs in the | liver |
| ketone exposure | -long-term fasting: glycogen stores depleted, but still need glucose-Glycolysis occuring in adipose tissue-fatty acids metabolized in liver-Once processes occur, acetyl ketone can leave the liver and brain can use them-over time, 40-50% energy can be derived from ketones after long-term fasting.-major source of carbon for gluconeogenesis is amino acids-nitrogen excreted thru urine (along w/ water and electrolytes)--> death |
|
Enteral formulas often contain the amino acid ____ to help maintain gut mucosal epithelial barrier and to help prevent multiple organ failure. |
Glutamine |
| When evaluating protein quality which of the measures represents the gain in body weight on a test protein divided by the grams of protein consumed? | PER |
| The limiting amino acid in maize | lysine |
| This lipoprotein is active in "reverse" cholesterol transport | HDL |
| Vit. K: functions |
-post-translational carboxylation of glutamate residues in a protein precursor of prothrombin -gamma carboxy group facilitates binding of the protein w/ Ca (which is required for every step in the clotting process) -formation of gamma carboxy glutamate groups also essential in synthesis of Factors VII, IX, and X (active forms) -bone formation |
| PHOSPHORUS | BONES AND TEETHPHOSPHOROUS SALTS ARE CRITICAL BUFFERS AND HELP MAINTAIN ACID BASE BALANCE OF CELLULAR FLUIDSCOMPONENT OF THE DNA AND RNAENERGY METABOLISMPHOSPHOLIPIDSCOMPONENT OF SOME PROTEINS |
| Glycogen |
storage form of energy your body needs a lot of water to store glycogen |
| sat fatt | coconut oil, butter, palm oil |
| GI track |
1. mouth 2. esophagus (10in) 3. stomach 2-3hours 4. s. intestine [duodenum, jejunum, ileum] (10feet) 3-10 hours 5. l. intestine [aka colon] (3.5feet) 72 hours 6. rectum 7. anus |
| Nutrition Deficiencies | Fe, Ca, Vit A, Zn, Folate |
| C20:4 (n-6) is ___Acid |
Arachidonic Sources: small amounts in animal fats |
| Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides in adipose cells to produce NEFAs? | Hormone sensitive lipase |
| Coconut oil | Exceptionally high in saturated fatty acids --shorter chain |
| An incomplete animal protein that we consume is ____. | Jello |
| CCK causes release of __________. | Pancreatic pro enzymes |
| Kidney is involved in nitrogen and amino acid metabolism. | |
| Secretin causes ____ release from the pancrease. | Bicarbonate |
| This glucose transport protein is activated by insulin in white adipose tissue | GLUT 4 |
| This enzyme fxns to an acid environment to digest proteins | Pepsin |
| Vit. D: types | Cholecalciferol= Vit. D3 (UV light-->prohormone) Ergocalciferol= D2 (found in Plants) |
| US HAS THE _______ RATE OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN THE WORLD | HIGHEST |
| chemical messengers | What are some examples of hormones? |
| Triglycerides |
Most food lipids are present as triglycerides Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids Major form of energy storage in the body Insulate the body Transport fat-soluble vitamins |
| Heart Disease Risk factors | High cholesterol, fat, calories, obesity, inactivity |
| Leukotrienes are formed in | smooth muscle cells (vascular, intestinal, uterus, lungs) |
| The desirable level for LDL cholesterol in blood is | < 100 mg/dl |
| Beta Hydroxybutyrate | may be used to synthesize acetyl coA |
| Negative Balance | One is excreting more nitrogen than consuming |
| Protein requirement is determined by |
Nitrogen balance (tends to overestimate true retention) |
| Chyme causes the release of CCK. Acid Chyme causes the release of secretin. Secetin causes the bicarbonate to be screated into pancreatic juice. CCK(important) causes the release of these enzymes from the pancrease. It causes the gall bladder to contract. | |
| Secondary structure | is attractions or not attractions of amino acids that are near to each other. |
| This lipid is high in monounsaturated fatty acids | Olive oil |
| Vit. D: DRI | 0-50 yrs: 5mcg/day 50+ yrs: 10-15mcg/day |
| RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS | EARLY MENOPAUSE (BEFORE 45)EATING DISORDERS AS TEEN OR PRETEENCAUCASIAN OR ASIAN ETHNICITYSMALL BODY FRAMEFAMILY HISTORY OF OSTEOPOROSISCERTAIN MEDICATIONS AND CONDITIONS THAT INTERFERE WITH BONE MINERAL DENSITY |
| Dietary Fiber Intake |
Recommendation (AI) is 25-38 g/day 14 g dietary fiber/1,000 kcal Need to look at food labels Whole grains, fruits, vegetables |
| probiotics | may be useful in treating diarrhea in children |
| hydrolysis rxn | water breaks apart molecules that are too large to pass though the GI track wall [carbs, proteins, and fats] |
| Pancreas | Functions as an exocrine gland to make pancreatic juice that contains bicarbonate (buffer) and enzymes, to help digestion, that are secreted into the duodenum |
| Factors Modifying Nutritional Requirements and Risk | Age, Gender, Pregnancy and lactation, Lifestyle, Nutrient- Drug interactions, Illiness, ect |
|
Consumption of ___ will ___ hepatic LDL receptor content |
C14:0 (myristic acid), lower |
| Hepatic LDL receptor content will ___ with consumption of___. | increase, C18:2 (linoleic acid) |
| C18:1 | has one double bond at delta 9, omega 9, and is oleic acid |
| _____ hydroxylates to ____ and is a substrate for thyroxin, dopamine, norepi, and epinephrine | Phenylalanine, tyrosine |
| Most of the nitrogen you eat as a protein is excreted in urine as | Urea |
| The brain has a very active system for taking up amino acids. Tyrosine Tryptophane is the substrate for transmitters. Tryptophane for seratonin. Tyrosine for norepniphrine & dopamine. Not much glutamate, glucose can synthiesze. Glutamine is the main way t | |
| Vit. K: S/Sx |
incr. tendency to hemorrhage -rare in adults b/c widely distributed in food & can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
| What are the classes of nutrients? | water, carbohydrates, protein, fats,vitamins, minerals, non-nutrients that are beneficial. |
| factors associated with gallstone formation |
-high calorie low fiber diets -prolonged fasting -obesity -rapid weight loss -type 2 diabetes -high blood lipids |
| Drugs that are statins decrease LDL cholesterol in the blood by | (need to look up) |
| The free fatty acids do not go to the _____ cells | red |
| It is desirable to have a ____ Apo-B and ____ Apo-A1 concentration in blood when fasting. | low, high |
| This amino acid is a marker for muscle protein turnover | 3 methylhistidine |
| Vit. K: digestion/excretion |
-all made in liver 1st in inactive form and later gets converted by enzyme that requires Vit. K -These proteins known as gla proteins -Excreted in Urine |
| infection worsens each other spiral | What are the 5 basic tastes? |
| Goals of Community Nutrition Assement |
- Determine high risk groups and critical community needs -Predict current/future needs -Provide baseline data for intervention -Indicate areas needing more study -Establish health care priorities |
| beta hydroxybutyrate _____ | formed in the liver and is usedin the heart as an energy source-is not synthesized from pyruvate-is used in muscle but not formed |
| Vit. D: extra uses by body |
WBC: differentiation of leukocytes Skin: induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation of epidermal cells Cell Culture: suppress growth of malignant cells Parathyroid: suppress secretion and production of PTH -->used for Tx of osteoporosis, renal dz., chronic liver & biliary dz. |
| absorbed into the lymphatic system | fat soluble nutrients (most fats and vitamins A D E & K) |
| A person with elevated fasting blood triglycerides |
should increase the % fat in the diet should consume fiber rich foods |
|
Deamination |
Can occur in the kidney if the person has acidosis Provides NH3 for the urea cycle occurs even when high quality proteins are consumed |
| adequacy, balance, calorie control, variety, moderation | What does it mean to be nutrient dense? |
| to prevent and treat diarrhea in developing countries |
1. oral rehydration therapy 2. prevent malnutrition 3. supplements of zinc |
| insulin- secreted when blood sugar is too high glucagon-secreted when blood sugar too low | What happens in the flight or fight |
| Leading causes of death in the US |
-50% from heart disease and cancer (out of all the people that die) -(with a cut off of 80 years of age) cancer causes death than heart disease -heart disease is decreasing (despite obesity, drugs are lowering cholesterol) -4-8x more likely to have heart disease if you are diabetic -restricting caloric intake will increase lifespan (heart diseases, cancers, cerebrovascular diseases, lung diseases, accidents, diabetes) |
| What are the calories values for the energy nutrient Protein? | What are the calorie values for the energy nutrient Fat(lipid) |
