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fanatic
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extremists;
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SWASTICA
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nazi symbol
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vital
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necessary or essential
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surreptitiously
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made or done secretively
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poignant
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peircing or cutting emotions
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root word meaning murder
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cide
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couldron
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a large pot or kettle
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Extermination Camp
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Majdanek (mai dah nek)
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synagogue
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a Jewish PLACE OF WORSHIP
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OCCUPATION
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take control of an area
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the abberviation for National Socialist German Worker's Party; the dictatorship under Hitler in German From 1933-1945
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Nazism
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an organized and often goverment-sponsored or condoned massacer of Jews
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pogrom
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genocide
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the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.
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Hermann Goering
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The highest-ranking Nazi official tried at Nuremberg, Goering took on many positions of power and leadership within the Nazi state: Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force), Director of the Four Year Plan in the German economy, and, at the outbreak of war in Europe, Hitler's acknowledged successor. It was he who ordered the organization of the Final Solution.
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Crematoria
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furnaces used to cremate bodies. During the Holocaust, crematoria were installed in several camps, among them the extermination camps.
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Anti Semitism
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Prejudice or discrimination against Jews.
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Anti- Semitism
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Discrimination or persecution of Jews.
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hypochodria
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extreme depression of mind and spirit
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a required nighttime window covering to prevent the show of telltale light to enemy bombers
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blackout
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a leader especially one excersising the absolute power of a tyrant; Hitler's title as leader of the Natzi party; literally means "driver"
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fuhrer
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sinister
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threatening or portending evil, harm, or trouble; ominous:
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gallows
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a structure from wich criminals are hanged
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Holocaust
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The murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. Poles, people with physical and mental disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war and political dissidents were among other victims of Hitler's regime.
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Aryan
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Label for the perfect German. "The Master Race"
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Einsatzgruppen
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Referring to the mobile death squads estimated to have killed more than 1.5 million Jews. Victims were excuted in mass shootings and buried in unmarked graves- usually in ditches they were forced to dig.
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Liquidated
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A Nazi euphemism for destroying a ghetto and its inhabitants by conducting massive deportations to concentration and extermination camps or by murdering Jews in the outskirts of a town.
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Judenrein
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German term that menas "pure" or "clean" of Jews.
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CREMATorium
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oven in Nazi concentration camps and death camps used to BURN THE CORPSES of inmates
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placard
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a notice posted in a public place
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in wartime, governments may allow individuals to buy only limited amounts of a scares good; a book of coupons is issued to each person or family; when the cuopons are gone, the person may legally buy no more
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ration books
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the "storm troopers," also known as the "brown shirts"; Nazi arm under the command of Ernst Rihm; notorious for its violent and terroristic methods
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SA
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the German democratic government from 1919-1934, formed after Germany's defeat in World War I
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weimar republic
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lorries
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a motor truck, esp. a large one.
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irrevocably
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not capable of being reduced. (To put to an end)
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Mordechai Anielewicz
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"What's most important: the dream of my life has become a reality. I have lived to see Jewish resistance in the Ghetto in all its greatness and glory." - ZOB commander Mordecai Anielewicz who commanded the Jewish fighters in the Warsaw ghetto uprising, before eventually perishing in combat.
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Final Solution
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A Nazi code referring to their systematic plan to murder every Jewish person in Europe.
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Death March
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Referring to the forced marches of Nazi camp prisoners toward the interior of Germany at the end of WWII. Such marches began when the German armed forces, trapped between the Soviets to the east and advancing Allied troops of the west, attempted to prevent the libertation of camp inmates in the harsh winter of 1945. Treated with tremendous brutality during forced marched, thousands were shot or died of starvation or exhasution.
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Jews
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the people who believe in the religion Judaism. Six million were murdered during the Holocaust.
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Death Marches
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The marches imposed upon prisoners by the Nazis in order to keep them from liberation by the Allied forces.
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kristalnacht
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night of the broken glass- The Nazi came and luded Jewish shops and burned Jewish books
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the third empire; refers to Hitler's name for his German Empire as sucsseor to the first empire of the roman empororers (first Reich) and the Empire Bismarck in the nineteenth centuary German (Second Reich)
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third reich
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the pro-German nations in World War II, including Japan, Italy, and Germany
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axis powers
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term coined by Wilhelm Marr, an anti- Jewish Greman journalist in 1879; was used to mean "opposition to Jews"; today the term refers to prejudice against Jews.
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Anti-Semitism
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death camps
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a concentration camp in which the inmates are unlikely to survive or to which they have been sent to be executed.
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Concertration Camp
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a place in which people are detained or confined usually harsh conditions
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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
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The Germans decided to eliminate the Warsaw ghetto and announced new deportations in April 1943. The renewal of deportations was the signal for an armed uprising within the ghetto. Jewish fighters battled the Germans in the streets and from the hidden bunkers. The Germans set fire to the ghetto to force the population into the open, reducing the ghetto area to rubble. On May 16, 1943, the battle was over. Thousands were killed and most of the ghetto population was deported to forced-labor camps. This was the largest and most important Jewish uprising, and the first urban uprising in German-occupied Europe.
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Yellow Star
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Yellow, cloth Star of David sewn to clothing to identify Jews.
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Kovner: Summary
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Vilna Ghetto
Civil War or turn in the leader of the rebellion
Rebellion in the Ghetto
Deliver Wittenburg by 3am
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a belief that one race is superior to another
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racism
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an ancient symbol in the form of a twisted cross which was adopted by the Nazi party as its logo in the 1920's
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swastika
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scapegoat
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a person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place.
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Arbeit Macht Frei
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German for "Work Makes You Free." The motto was posted on the main gates of Auschwitz.
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Levi: Hisotrical Context
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December 1943 to the end of the war
(DEPOTATION) Germans begging to lose the war
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Levi describes these people as "saved"
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still held on to their personality
traded a little morality for a little longer life
"Eat you bread, and if you can the bread of your neighbor"
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monotonous
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boring
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Ghettoization period
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1939-1941
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cum laude
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with praise
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Auschwitz
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"Work Will Liberate You"
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pogram
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organized massacre of Jews
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Typhus
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a serious infectious DISEASE transmitted by FLEAS, LICE, etc. (This disease caused Anne's death.)
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SCAPEGOAT
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blamed for all germany's troubles
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Hitler's elite bodygaurd which expanded to become a seperat, peronal army with almost tottal power over anyone considered to be an enemy of the government
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SS
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freeing; the release from opression...Anne Frank's diary, the freeing of Holland from German control
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liberation
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propaganda
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information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.
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Hitler Youth
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Nazi Party's compulsory youth movement, which emphasized physical training, Nazi ideology, and absolute obedience to Hitler and the Nazi party. Youth were subject to intensive propaganda regarding racial and national superiority.
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St. Louis
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ship-1939- Hamburg, Germany-Cuba- 930 jews- 70% dead
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the use of deliberate, systematic measures (such as killing, bodily ro mental injury, unlivable conditions, prevention of births, forcible transfer of children of the group to another group) calculated to bring about the destruction of a racial, political
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genocide
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the oppression and/or harassment of people based on their race, religion, color, national origin, or other distinguishing characteristics
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prescution
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charisma
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a divinely conferred gift or power.
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anti-semitism
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discrimination against or prejudice or hostility toward Jews.
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Hermetically
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one that lives apart from others especially for religious reasons
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Dante
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"The hottest places in Hell are reserved for those who, in times of great moral crisis, maintain their neutrality."
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Selection
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a euphemism for the process carried out by the German physicians to select victims for extermination or forced labor.
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Kristallnacht
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"Night of Broken Glass" series of attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria
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Resistance
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A group's actions in oppostion to those in power; during the Holocaust, Jews ehibited culutural, spirtual, and armed resistance to the Nazi regime.
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wardrobe
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large piece of furniture to keep clothes in
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intolerance for the belife of others, particulally those of minority groups
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bigotry
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the anti-German nations in World War II, including Russiam England, the U.S.A., and occupied France, Holland, and Scandinavia
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allies
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gestapo
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the German state secret police during the Nazi regime, organized in 1933 and notorious for its brutal methods and operations.
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kapo
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a Nazi concentration camp prisoner who was given privileges in return for supervising prisoner work gangs: often a common criminal and frequently brutal to fellow inmates.
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Zyklon B
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Commercial name for a pesticide used by the Nazis to kill Jews and other prisoners. When these pellets are exposed to air, they form a deadly gas. Death camp personnel would lead victims into a shower room, lock them in, and release the gas.
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Schutzstaffel (55)
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Transformed from a group of Hitler's bodyguards into an organization known for carrying out the destruction of European Jews.
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Extemination Camps
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A Nazi facility where victims were killed on a mass industrialized scale and their bodies burned or buried in mass graves.
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Concentration camp
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camps established by the Nazi regime, which eventually became a major instrument of terror, control, punishment, and killing performed through both deliberate means as well as attrition by hunger and/or disease
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Deportation
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The forced removal of Jews in Nazi- occupied lands to concentration camps.
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enhance
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to increase or improve in value or quality
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dachau
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a city in SE Germany, near Munich: site of Nazi concentration camp. 33,200.
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Peril
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the state of being in danger of loss, injury, or destruction
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Wannsee Conference
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On January 20, 1942, at a meeting outside Berlin, SS leaders informed leaders of the German bureaucracy of the role they would play in implementing the Final Solution.
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Nuremberg Laws
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Racial laws put into effect by the German parliament in Nuremberg on September 15, 1935. These laws became the legal basis for the racist anti-Jewish policy in Germany. One of the first Nuremberg Laws declared that only Aryans could be citizens of Germany.
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Ghetto
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The section of a city where Jews were forced to live.
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Browning Arguement
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so he concludes that the men were influenced by universal behavior and did not hape a particularistic german pshycy. They chose to kill b/c of the context and situation of pervasive racism in germany and dehumanization made the jews less human so b/c psychologically distant which made it easier to conform to the norms of their community so atmosphere where jews are not looked at as totally human. So have to look at situational factors and not ust at national character. Browning says it was a combination of factors opposed to Goldhagen who makes a monocausal argument. Browning is not letting these men off the hok because they were given a choice not to kill, but most still chose to kill and should be held responsible
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the premission for a persecuted group to enter a country in search of safety
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right of asylum
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the buying or selling of goods beyond the legal amount allowed for each customer or at higher than legal price
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black market
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Heinrich Himmler
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Named head of the SS by Adolf Hitler in 1929. During the war he had authority over the camp system and oversaw implementation of the Final Solution. He committed suicide after his capture by the British, shortly after the war's end.
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Kovner: Significance
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Shows the fear the Jews in the Ghetto were faced with
they were even willing to turn on their own in order to save themselves
Role of the Judenraut
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"Righteous Among the Nations"
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an award given by Yad Vashem in the name of the State f Israel to non-Jews who risked their lives, or in the case of diplomats their careers, to help Jews during the Holocaust. Approximately 21,000 "Righteous Among the Nations" have been recognized so far.
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