| Terms |
Definitions |
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pineal
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melatonin
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ovaries
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estrogen, progesterone
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pancreas
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insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
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adrenal
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zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)zona fasciculata (cortisol)zona reticularis (sex hormones)
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calcitonin
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a polypeptide hormone that participates in the regulation of calcium levels in vertebrates by inhibiting loss of calcium from bone to the blood.
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androgens
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any substance, as testosterone or androsterone, that promotes male characteristics.
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thyroid
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t3, t4, calcitonin (lower Ca in blood)
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testosterone
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the sex hormone, C19H28O2, secreted by the testes, that stimulates the development of male sex organs, secondary sexual traits, and sperm.
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glucagon
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a hormone secreted by the pancreas that acts in opposition to insulin in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
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Prolactin
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Anterior
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Growth Hormone
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Anterior
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Progesterone
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Ovaries/placentaSteroidEndometrial secretion, pregnancy
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Less ADH=
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More
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Somatostatin
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Endocrine PancreasDelta cellsproteinInhibits many digestive processes
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More ADH=
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Less Urine
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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Insulin
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Endocrine pancreas (Beta cells)ProteinDecrease blood [glucose]/increase glycogen and fat storage
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Where is calcitonin made?
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Thyroid
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Where is oxytocin made?
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pituatary
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Where is cortisol made?
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adrenal
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thyroxine
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stimulates cellular respiration; influences development and maturation; helps maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, reproduction.
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Where are glucocorticoids synthesized?
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adrenal gland
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Oxytocin
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Anterior pituitary?, uterus, uterine contractions
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Parathyroid
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Parathyroid hormone- Raises blood calcium level
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Where is antidiuretic hormone made?
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pituatary
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epinephrine
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adrenaline; short term stress, "fight-or-flight"; from adrenal medulla
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CRH
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trigger: stress/ lack of cortisolReleased: HypothalamusAction: + ACTH
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What does the thyroid secrete
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Thyroxin
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thyroxin and triiodothyronine (T3 & T4)
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THYROID
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What are the corticosteroids
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Glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
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Serotonin/Melatonin - Cause of Release
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"Darkness/light, Puberty"
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Anterior pituitary, thyroid, raises t3, t4, and thyroxine
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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Anterior PituitaryProtein (TROPIC)Thyroid: Increase synthesis and release of TH
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Hormones aid in control and coordination of an organisms' _____ and _______
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Posterior pituitary gland; Peptide; Promotes retention of water by kidneys; regulated by water/salt balance
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What are all steroid hormones derived from
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Cholesterol
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Calcitonin (mainly in children) - Target Organ
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Kidneys
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Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)
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HeartPeptideKidney: increase urination to decrease BP
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triiodothyronin (T3) thyroxine (T4)
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iodine-containing hormones; maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and reproductive system; from thyroid gland
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The thyroid requres what to operate correctly
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iodine
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What is congential adrenal hyperplasia?
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(androgenital syndrome)
A deficiency of 21 (more common) or 11 hydroxylase. Essentially inhibiting the production of the corticosteroids. Androgens are still able to be produced.
Causes excretion of Na+ and retention of K+ (opposite of the aldosterone effect)
Due to the lack of corticosteroids, there is no inhibition of the pituitary gland, since it relies on a negative feedback mechanism from high corticosteroid concentrations
Thus there is increased ACTH production and increased androgen production which can result in female virilization
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Antidiuretic Hormone - Effects
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"Increases sensation of thirst, increases reabsorption of water by kidneys by inserting Aquaporin 2. Decrease sweating and vasoconstriction"
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Somatostatin - Effects
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Supresses release of glucagon and insulin by islet cells and slows rate of food absorption and enzyme secretion by digestive tract.
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Andrenocorticotrophic Hormone - Site of Production
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Anterior Pituitary - Corticotrophs
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What does the anterior pituitary control
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thyroid,adrenal cortex, gonads
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Give an example of a monooxygenase and a dioxygenase
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Monooxygenase: hydroxylases
dioxygenase: cyclooxygenase
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Parathyroid Hormone (important in adults) - Cause of Release
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Decreased {Ca} in body fluids
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What is type 2 diabetes?
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target cells dont want insulin.
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Hypothyrodism causes what?
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simple goiter, when the thryoxin is low anterior pituitary stimulates thyroid with TSH and thyroid enlarges to produce enough hormone
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What hormone must stimulate the adrenal gland in order for it to produce glucocorticoids?
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ACTH from the anterior pituitary
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Insulin - Target Organ
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All cells; primary muscle & liver cells
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In order to process the biologically active angiotensin II, what is neccessary?
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1. renin (kidney); converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
2. converting enzyme; converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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Antidiuretic Hormone - Site of Production
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Hypothalamus - Released by posterior pituitary
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Secretin
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Hormone produced in the small intestine that tells the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice.
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What are the three substrates for prostaglandin synthesis?
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1. Eicosatrienoic acid (omega-6 fatty acid)
2. arachidonic acid (omega-6 fatty acid)
3. eicosapentaenoic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) found in abundance in fish oil
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Oxytocin - Cause of Release
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"Birth, nipple stimulation, orgasm (Positive feedback loop)"
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What is the hypothalmus?
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a part of the brain connected to the posterior pituitary by a stalk.
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What happens in a 5α reductase deficiency?
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Testosterone is not converted to its more potent form, dihydrotestosterone. This will cause ambiguous genitalia but males will have virilization at puberty, when more testosterone is produced
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Antidiuretic Hormone [ADH]
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Made by hypothalamus but secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary.
Promotes water conservation in kidneys.
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Which isoform of cyclooxygenase is more commonly inhibited by NSAIDs?
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Cox 1, Cox 2 has its own selective inhibitors
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LH
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ant pit
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Melatonin
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regulates body rhythms
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Melatonin
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Pineal Gland
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Posterior Pituitary Gland-called
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Neurohypophysis
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CRH(HYPOTHALMIC) corticotropin-releasing hormone
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Localization-Paraventicular NucleusStructure-41AATarget pit.Hormones-ACTH,B-and A- Lipotropin, B-Endorphin
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TSH
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
- T3 conversion from T4
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Luteinizing hormone
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stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by gonad
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Luteinizing hormone
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Anterior Pituitary
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mineralcorticoids
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increase blood volume
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glucocorticoids
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raise blood glucose level
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Parathyroid Glands-releases
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Estrogen
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Secondary female sex traits
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Ovaries/Placenta
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Where is estrogen produced?
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HCG
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Gland of origin: Placenta
Major action: inc. estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of pregnacy
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eCG biochem classification
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eCG source
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Which hormones are hydrophobic?
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Steroid.
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T4, T3
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L-thyroxine, Triiodothronine
Thyroid gland (follicular cells)
Increases skeletal growth, O2 consumption, cardiac output, heat production, fuel catabolism, maturation of nervous system (perinatal)
+ TSH
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
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stimulates glycogen fomration and storage, increases body resistance to stress and reduces inflammation
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
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Adrenal Cortex
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Pheromones
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carry messages between different individuals
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Adrenal Cortex
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Where is glucocosticoid produced?
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Melanocyte-Stimulating
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Abbr: MSH
Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary
Major action: Inc. melanin synthesis
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ACTH
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- adrenal corticotropin hormone
- released from the anterior pituitary
- stimulates cortisol secretion
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Cortisol/Cortisone
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released by Adrenal Cortex
targets most body cells
increases blood glucose by affecting many aspects of carb and lipid metabolism
regulated by ACTH
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Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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stimulates ovaries and testies
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protein
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cannot dissolve in the plasma membraneso they bindto a receptor on the surface of the cell, once the hormone binds to a receptor it triggers a secondary messenger, such a s camp inside the cell which converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific response
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Negative feedback examples
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homeostasis regulation example: internal body temperature (must be kept close to the optimal operating temperature of metabolic enzymes within the cells), changes in pH etc.
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Milk production and letdown
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Oxytocin and Prolactin
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Cortisol
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a steriod hormone, that increases blood sugar and stores of sugar in liver as glycogen, supresses the immune system, and helps metabolize fat, protein, and carbohydrates.
produced by the adrenal gland (cortex)
released in response to stress
targets many cells!
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ProgesteroneGonads
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Uterus, breast: Menstrual cycle, lactation
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Oxytocin Source
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Hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary, also in corpus luteum
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Elevations of Prolactin
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- anovulation, amennhorrhea
- impotence: “hypogonadotropic hypogonadism”
- dopaminergic medications: phenothiazines, TCA’s
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Inhibin
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Sertoli cells
Inhibits FSH and GnRH secretion
+ Activin, FSH, testosterone
- Follistatin
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raises blood glucose levels by accelerating breakdown of glysogen into glucose in liver and converting other nutrients into glucose
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glucagon
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Thymus
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most active in fetal and postnatal life; essential to the development of normal immune systems; stimulates T-lymphocytes
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Posterior Pituitary Gland-releases
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Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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adrenal medulla; raises glucose level, increase metabolic activities, constrict vessels
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Involved in Pregnancy Prepping
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Oxytocin, Prolactin, Progesterone, Estrogen, LH, FSH
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Aldosterone
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increases the resorption of sodium and water; increases the release of potassium in kidneys
adrenal gland (cortex)
targets the kidneys
released when blood pressure is too low (aldosterone increases bp)
HT= Steriod hormone
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erythropoietin
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from kidneys to bone marrow; produces RBC
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Follicle stimulating hormone
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Abbr: FSH
Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary
Major action:increase growth of ovarian follicles
increase estrogen secretion
increases sperm maturation
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Progesterone male primary action
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Progesterone female primary action
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What does corticotropin stimulate?
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corticotropin stimulates the production and release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Come from: anterior pituitary
Target: ovary, testes
Type: protein (gonadotropic)
Affect: ovulation, testosterone synth.
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Posterior pituitary hormones
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1.) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2.) oxytocin
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dominant follicle
LH
FSH
LH
FSH
inhibin
atresia
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A ________ ________ emerges that secretes estrogens at a high rate, causing plasma levels of these hormones to rise rapidly. These estrogens feed back on the hypothalamus and ant. pit., suppressing ___ and ___ secretion and halting the initial rise in plasma levels of these hormones. ___ remains steady, but ___ levels fall due to the influence of ________, which is secreted at ever-increasing rates by granulosa cells of the growing follicle. This drop in FSH is largly responsible for triggering ______ of nondominant follicles.
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secreted by gonadatrophs
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follice stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone
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growth hormone releasing hormone (GCRH)
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what it says
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glucocorticoid
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AC; raises blood sugar levels by breaking down muscle proteins; inhibits immune system
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Anterior Pituitary Gland-releases
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Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Somatostatin (SS)
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SIGMA CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS: inhibits many digestive processes
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Atrial Heart Factor
(Atrial natriuretic peptide)
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a vasodilator
a protein (peptide) hormone
produced by the heart
acts in response to HBP
decreases blood volume and BP by increasing Na+ and water loss by kidneys
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Progesterone female target tissue
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Uterine, endometrium, mammary gland, myometrium, hypothalamus
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interstitial cells of leydig, cells of theca interna in females
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Testosterone source
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Prolactin: Source and action
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Anterior pituitary. Milk production. Represses dopamine.
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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
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- pituitary
- facilitates development and maintenance of gonadal tissues which synthesize and secrete steroid hormones, which then control FSH levels by negative feedback
- stimulates growth of the ovarian follicle
- increased due to lack of negative feedback
* Menopause: ovarian function and steroid secretion cease
* primary ovarian/testicular failure
* when ovaries/testes fail to mature during puberty
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Sex hormones (androgens & estrogens)
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stimulates sex characteristics, stimulates sex cell development
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Sex hormones (androgens & estrogens)
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Adrenal Cortex
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Antidiuretic hormone
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PP; promotes retention of water by kidneys
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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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Stimulates the Thyroid Gland and is regulated by Thyroxine in blood and hypothalamic hormones
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Thyroid hormone
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from thyroid to rest of body; all body; increases metabolic rat and promotes normal growth and development
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What is gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
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a neurohormone produced by the hypothalamus.
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Aldosterone: Source and action
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Adrenal Cortex. Regulates sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Increases permeability of distal tube to K+, thus promoting Na+ and water resorption
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What part of the brain controls much of the endocrine system?
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The hypothalamus
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Direct effector hormones
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- act directly on peripheral tissues
- GH and PRL
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FSH: Follicle Stimulating HormoneAnterior Pituitary
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Gonads: gamete production (sperm or egg)
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What does the Luteinizing hormone alone stimulate?
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Luteinizing hormone stimulates the production and release of androgens by the testes.
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prostaglandin F 2a male target tissue
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corpus luteum, uterine myometrium, ovulatory follicles
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10th
degenerate
menstruation
luteal phase
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After about the ____ day of the luteal phase, the corpus luteum begins to __________ and its secretory activity falls, causing a drop in estrogen and progesterone levels that soon triggers ___________. With the beginning of menstruation, the _______ _______ ends, and the next menstrual cycle begins with a new follicular phase.
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When cortisol is sufficient and it reaches the hypothalamus, what does it inhibit?
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sufficient cortisol reaching the hypothalamus inhibits the further release of corticotropin-releasing hormone.
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Which hormones come from the posterior pituitary?
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Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone/ ADH/ vassopressin
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How do lipid-hormones get into a cell?
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They pass readily through the lipid-rich plasma membrane that surrounds the target cell, and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
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Why are they called local hormones?
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they are not true hormones because they do not enter the blood stream. they effect local cells only
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When cortisol is sufficient and it goes to the anterior pituitary gland, what does it inhibit?
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the anterior pituitary gland in the circulating blood, it inhibits the further release of corticotropin.
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