| Terms |
Definitions |
|
XY
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Male
|
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T wave
|
Ventricular repolarization
|
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spermitogensis
|
creation of sperm
|
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Thyroid gland
|
contains Iodine!
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|
Where is ADH produced?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
Troponin
|
3 binding sites
-tropomyosin
-actin binding site
-Ca++
|
|
oogenisis
|
creation of the egg
|
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Bacteria causing Ulcers
|
Heliobacter Pylori
|
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3 filtration layers
|
Glomerular Capillay endothelium
Basement membrane
Epithelium of Bowman's capsule
|
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Overall transcellular process of reabsorption is active
|
TRUE
|
|
mineralocorticoids
|
aldosterone is main example
secreted by zona glomerulosa
regulate Na absorption and K secretion at kidney
|
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Epiphysis
|
the end of long bones
|
|
Glycolytic Fibers
|
fatigue easily-relatively few mitochondria
relatively larger
fewer capillaries
|
|
sarcomere
|
functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle cell
|
|
Amylase is produced
|
in the pancreas
|
|
Adrenal Gland Cortex
|
Cortisol and aldosterone
|
|
Triglycerides (Fat/Lipid) become...
|
Free fatty acids
|
|
TSH
|
- thyroid stimulating hormone- anterior pituitary- stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
|
|
tension
|
force exerted by contracting muscle
|
|
glycogen
|
a white, tasteless polysaccharide, (C6H10O5)n, molecularly similar to starch, constituting the principal carbohydrate storage material in animals and occurring chiefly in the liver, in muscle, and in fungi and yeasts.
|
|
where is transport maximum seen?
|
with glucose.
|
|
hormone
|
-secreted by cells called endocrine cells
-secreted into blood and carried to targets
-very low concentrations
-act by binding receptors
|
|
hormones associated with adrenal cortex
|
called adrenocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
|
|
Pancreas
|
sits on spinal coloumn
endocrine and exocrine gland
b cells and a cells
b- insulin
a- glucagon
|
|
Energy from Protein in kCal/g
|
4 kCal/g
|
|
Bolus
|
Mushed up food in the mouth
|
|
Diabetes II
|
Insulin receptors not properly functioning
|
|
CRH
|
- corticotropin releasing hormone - anterior pituitary - stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
|
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prolactin
|
- anterior pituitary- enhances breast development, milk production
|
|
dopamine (PIH)
|
- prolactin release inhibiting hormone- anterior pituitary- inhibits secretion of prolactin
|
|
sodium bicarbonate
|
a white, crystalline, water-soluble solid, in powder or granules, NaHCO3, usually prepared by the reaction of soda ash with carbon dioxide or obtained from the intermediate product of the Solvay process by purification: used chiefly in the manufacture of
|
|
diaphragm
|
a muscular, membranous or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity.
|
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pathogen
|
any disease-producing agent, esp. a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.
|
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pyrogen
|
a substance, as a thermostable bacterial toxin, that produces a rise in temperature in a human or animal.
|
|
fetus
|
(used chiefly of viviparous mammals) the young of an animal in the womb or egg, esp. in the later stages of development when the body structures are in the recognizable form of its kind, in humans after the end of the second month of gestation.
|
|
Filtration is influenced by?
|
Net filtration pressures
Filtration Coefficient
|
|
proximal tubule
|
many mitochondria (provides many ATP)
tight junctions that are leaky
|
|
Nonspecific Filtration
|
occurs when plasma flows through glomerular capillaries and the fluid passes into Bowman's space.
|
|
atrioventricular node
|
built in pause button
near tricuspid valve
conducts slowly
|
|
perkinje fibers
|
terminal fibers extending from bundle branches
|
|
contractile cell
|
-90 resting potential, lower than cell
plateau phase to ensure heart does not go to tetany
sodium channels open quickly
|
|
muscle shortening
|
contractile element- consists of the sarcomeres
-what actually produces the tension
|
|
Gastrin Hormone
|
Stimulates liver and pancreas to produce gastric juices
|
|
Glucagon is a response to _______ blood sugar
|
low
|
|
muscle twitch
|
mechanical response of muscle to single AP
|
|
tetanus
|
- repetitive AP's = muscle contraction maintained- unfused: overall increasing but up/down til get to top- fused: steadily increases til plateau at top
|
|
duodenum
|
the first portion of the small intestine, from the stomach to the jejunum.
|
|
renin
|
a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys that is involved in the release of angiotensin.
|
|
humoral immunity
|
immunity conferred to an individual through the activity of B cells and their progeny, which produce circulating antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance and recognize the substance upon renewed exposure.
|
|
estrogen
|
any of several major female sex hormones produced primarily by the ovarian follicles of female mammals, capable of inducing estrus, developing and maintaining secondary female sex characteristics, and preparing the uterus for the reception of a fertilized
|
|
How much Na is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
|
67%
|
|
Na in the renal tubule undergoes ____ absorption
|
Active
|
|
Are there any areas of the renal tubule that are impermeable to water?
|
YES
|
|
How many nephrons are there per kidney?
|
1 million
|
|
How does ADH regulate?
|
Stimulates insertion of aquaporins into apical membrane
|
|
Net Filtration Pressure
|
NFP= PGC-PiGC-PBS
*Typical NFP = 10 mmHg
|
|
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?
|
pH=6.1 + log [HCO3-]/[CO2]
|
|
how much Na is reabsorbed in Distal tubule and collecting ducts?
|
~8%
|
|
asynchronous recruitment
|
allows for different motor units to take turns maintaining muscle tension
|
|
Oxidative phosphorylation
|
in the presence of oxygen, glycogen and fatty acids can be processed completely through oxidative pathways
contracting muscles for an extended ammount of time.
|
|
Fiber Diameter
|
The greater the fibers cross sectional are, the more force can be generated
|
|
Early Pregnancy Tests detects
|
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin detectable in blood and urine
|
|
How much liquid does the average person discharge in a day?
|
1-2 liters
|
|
What part of the testes are sperm produced?
|
Seminiferous
|
|
Hormones relating to digestion
|
Gastrin, Secretin, Intrinsic Factor, Cholecystokinin (Digestive Enzyme)
|
|
hormonal stimulation
|
- excites virtually all smooth muscle fibers- epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin, histamine- binding of hormone can open membrane channels/activate intracellular 2nd messenger
|
|
muscle contraction
|
- caused by filaments sliding- myosin cross-bridges as ATPase- when ATP cleaved to ADP and Pi, myosin energized1. binding of cross bridge to binding site on actin2. release of ADP and Pi, allows power stroke (pulls toward M line)3. new ATP binds to cross-bridge, dissociates cross-bridge from actin (relaxation)4. myosin ATPase cleaves ATP, energizes myosin (cross bridge extends toward new site on actin)
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vein
|
one of the system of branching vessels or tubes conveying blood from various parts of the body to the heart.
|
|
kidney
|
either of a pair of bean-shaped organs in the back part of the abdominal cavity that form and excrete urine, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and act as endocrine glands.
|
|
Filtration is....
|
movement of fluid from the blood to the lumen of tubule
|
|
A Drop in MAP will activate what reflex?
|
Baroreceptor reflex
|
|
where is Creatinine clearance used?
|
clinical settings to estimate GFR
|
|
in order to have diffusion work the [] of the substance must be < or > in the tubular lumen?
|
greater
|
|
Regional specialization of renal tubules
|
proximal tubule
distal tubule and collecting ducts
|
|
Post absorptive state
|
nutrients are not being absorbed by the GI tract and energy must be supplied by the body's endogenous stores
keep plasma glucose at appropriate levels to supply brain
|
|
role of calcium
|
-binds to Ca binding site on troponin
-troponin 'dragging' tropomysoin away from actin
-myosin binds to actin
-the Ca was released from SER and must be pumped back in via ATP pumps during relaxation
|
|
effects of glucagon on lipids
|
promotes breakdown of triglycerides freeing up glycerol and fatty acids
glycerol for gluconeogenesis
fatty acids transported to liver and converted to ketones
|
|
Saliva contains these 2 enzymes
|
lysozyme (destroys bacteria) and amylase (digestion)
|
|
What does the birth control pill inhibit the release of?
|
LH and FSH
|
|
Mesentry
|
"gut bag" that keeps all our GI tract in place in our body
|
|
pH of the urine
|
can be between 2 and 9
|
|
What does LH stimulate for males?
|
It stimulates testosterone production
|
|
release of Ca from SR
|
- excitation contraction coupling1. endplate potential generated by motor neuron evokes AP at sarcolemma, spreads from center outward in both directions2. AP pepentrates into fiber to individual myofibrils via T-tubules3. membrane of T-tubule abuts that of SR at junctional feet4. SR stimulated to open Ca channels in membrane5. increasing amounts of Ca flood in cytosol, contractile activity continues as long as cytosolic Ca increases
|
|
posterior pituitary (neuropophysis)
|
- receives direct neural input form hypothalamus- releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin into bloodstream- ADH: renal system, controls water excretion- oxytocin: uterine contractions, milk ejection
|
|
lipase
|
any of a class of enzymes that break down fats, produced by the liver, pancreas, and other digestive organs or by certain plants.
|
|
allergy
|
an abnormal reaction of the body to a previously encountered allergen introduced by inhalation, ingestion, injection, or skin contact, often manifested by itchy eyes, runny nose, wheezing, skin rash, or diarrhea.
|
|
How do kidneys regulate amoung of water in plasma?
|
Adjusting reabsorption of water
|
|
What causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to decrease in GFR?
|
sympathetic innervation of the afferent arteriole
|
|
actions of thyroid hormone
|
primary effect is on the Na/K pumps
increase metabolic rate
calorigenic-producing heat
|
|
change in fiber length
|
length tension curve relates to the sliding filament mechanism of tension development
OPTIMAL LENGTH
|
|
Genotype
|
Mixture of Alleles such as Aa or AA or aa
|
|
smooth muscle contraction characteristics
|
- initiated by increase in cytosolic Ca (different process)- actin has no troponin/tropomyosin, instead myosin affected by Ca- contraction stops when cytosolic Ca decreases + action of myosin phosphatase- rate of cross bridge cycling much slower than in skeletal- energetics of cross bridge cycling more efficient than in skeletal- latch mechanism: once full contraction achieved, degree of activation need only be fraction of that needed to initiate contraction
|
|
location detected by sensory system
|
acuity of stimulus location- smaller receptor field = greater acuity- greater degree of convergence in ascending pathway = lower acuity
|
|
semilunar valve
|
either of two valves, one in the aorta and one in the pulmonary artery, consisting of a set of three crescent-shaped flaps of tissue and serving to prevent blood from flowing back into the heart after contraction.
|
|
Tight junctions in distal tubule and collecting ducts
|
Tighter compared to proximal tubule.
|
|
parasympathetic input in cardiac muscle
|
travel via vegus nerve
ACH binds to muscarinic receports on SA node
slows down the heart rate by inhibiting funny channels
enhances K channels
|
|
Contains of the Stomach (digestive properties)
|
Mucous, Acid (HCL), Pepsinogen = protein digestion occuring
|
|
causes of smooth muscle excitation
|
- same fiber can receive stimulation of more than one form (unlike skeletal)1. spontaneous electrical activity (pacemaker potential)2. neural stimulation3. hormones4. local tissue factors (blood vessels)
|
|
Passive diffusion of Na down its []gradient is coupled to what?
|
Movement of other solute molecules (2ndary active transport)
|
|
What does the hormone Renin regulate? (cardiovascular)
|
it regulates the vascular blood pressure, and converts angiotensin to change levels
|
|
control of whole muscle tension
|
- motor unit: single motor neuron + all innervated muscle fibers1. slow oxidative2. fast oxidative glycolytic3. fast glycolytic
|
|
Hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries
|
Avg pressure = 55 mmHg (higher than systemic capillaries)
DOES NOT DECLINE as blood travels down the capillary.
|
|
What happens after 52 days of development?
|
New genetic structure doesn't form, we are simply growing from that point forward
|
|
determinants of tension developed by whole muscle
|
1. amount of tension developed by each fiber2. number of fibers contracting
|
|
Where are Parietal cells found, and what do they do?
|
THey are found in the gastric gland, and they secrete HCL in the stomach
|
|
What are differences in type I and II diabetes?
|
type 1 is childhood onset, insulin dependent, auto immune type 2 is adult onset, insulin resistant, likely from lifestyle
|
|
how is the entry of Na into the rtc possible?
|
Carriers that are coupled to movement of other solute molecules
|
|
Posterior
|
ADH, Oxytocin
|
|
Healthy BMI margins
|
18.5
|
|
Corpus Luteum
|
Produces progesterone
|
|
leucocyte
|
white blood cell.
|
|
Does Na undergo reabsorption?
|
YES
|
|
osteoclasts
|
responsible for bone resorption
|
|
Pancreas secretes
|
bicarbonates, amylase, insulin
|
|
phenotype
|
physical expression of genotype
|
|
catecholamines
|
- epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine- same biosynthetic production (tyrosine -> DOPA -> dopamine -> norepinephrine -> epinephrine)- stored in gland, released upon synpathetic nervous system stimulation/hypoglycemia/exercise- mediate fight or flight response
|
|
Forces involved in filtration
|
Starling Forces
|
|
What is our plasma Volume?
|
3
|
|
Growth Hormone
|
secreted by anterior pituitary
increase cell size (hypertrophy)
increase cell number (hyperplasia)
|
|
hypothyroidism
|
reduced secretion of thyroid hormones
decreased protein synthesis
cold intolerant-low metabolism
slowed heart rate
myxedema-fluid is held onto and makes thick skin
|
|
Carb digestion requires..
|
Water and Amylase
|
|
What are plasmids formed from?
|
Virus
|
|
adaptation
|
at constant stimulus intensity receptors gradually desensitized (decreased AP firing)
|
|
GnRH
|
- gonadotropin releasing hormone- anterior pituitary- stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
|
where does most reabsorption occur?
|
proximal tubule
|
|
ANP causes
|
Increase in GFR by dilating
|
|
Vascular elements of a nephron:
|
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
|
|
antagonism
|
two hormones whose actions work against each other
|
|
Graves' Disease
|
auto-immune disorder in which antibodies bind and activate TSH receptors, therefore increasing thyroid hormone release
|
|
Glycoloysis
|
with or without oxygen
means of rapidly producing large amounts of ATP
last for about a minute
|
|
Lipid % of our daily value
|
20-35%
|
|
Chemical Digestion occurs
|
Mouth and Small Intestines
|
|
Proteins are broken down into...
|
Amino Acids
|
|
Protein % of our daily value
|
15%
|
|
divergence
|
info from single afferent neuron synapses with many interneurons
|
|
steroid hormone
|
- derived from cholesterol- steroidogenic enzymes in cell determine which steroids produced- diffuse across cell membrane, enter blood stream (no intracellular storage)- insoluble in plasma, in circulation combine with binding proteins- small fraction of free steroid is biologically active- glucocrticoids (cortisol, corticosterone), androgens (testerone, androstenedione), estrogens
|
|
diastolic
|
(of blood pressure) indicating the arterial pressure during the interval between heartbeats.
|
|
systolic
|
(of blood pressure) indicating the maximum arterial pressure occurring during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
|
|
lymph
|
a clear yellowish, slightly alkaline, coagulable fluid, containing white blood cells in a liquid resembling blood plasma, that is derived from the tissues of the body and conveyed to the bloodstream by the lymphatic vessels.
|
|
Countercurrent multiplier
|
Sum of permeability characteristics of ascending and descending limbs of loop of henle
|
|
what maintains GFR relatively ocnstant inspite of variations in MAP?
|
Myogenic autoregulation
|
|
What are the actions of Angiotensin II?
|
Vasoconstriction
|
|
how much filtered solutes and water are abosrbed in the proximal tubule?
|
70%
|
|
cells in the distal and collecting ducts with receptors for __________. can regulate water and solute handling?
|
hormones
|
|
What is the primary solute in extracellular fluid?
|
Na+
|
|
sinoatrial node (SA)
|
located in right atrium
determines heart rate in normal situations
|
|
Latent Period
|
Period when an action potential arrives at a mucle fiber and a twitch beings
|
|
Heterotroph
|
We are heterotrophs - all nutrient obtaining organisms
|
|
What hormone stimulates the release of breast milk?
|
Oxytocin
|
|
First line of defense in your mouth
|
tonsils
|
|
Endocrine and Exocrine
|
Endocrine secrete internally, exocrine secret outside its own system (sweat) ***pancreas is both***
|
|
determinant of force developed
|
number of actomyosin complexes
|
|
isokinetic contraction
|
tension developed with constant rate of movement of load
|
|
phasic receptors
|
fast adapting, more sensitive to changes in stimulus intensity
|
|
cortisol (glucocorticoid)
|
- facilitates response to stress- catabolic effect on protein/fat- stimulates gluconeogenesis
|
|
trachea
|
the tube in humans and other air-breathing vertebrates extending from the larynx to the bronchi, serving as the principal passage for conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
|
|
urinary bladder
|
a distensible, muscular and membranous sac, in which the urine is retained until it is discharged from the body.
|
|
Movement of Na into rtc across the apical is ______(active/passive)?
|
Passive
|
|
transcellular transport requires what?
|
active transport (primary or secondary) across 1 membrane and passive transport (diffucsion or facilitated diffusion) across the other.
|
|
Iodine
|
needed by the thyroid gland, T3 and T4
|
|
muscle fiber
|
the muscle cell
may extend the length of the entire muscle
|
|
Meiosis (Genetic Diversity)
|
reduces chromosomes sets from diploid to haploid. They duplicate before they split
|
|
Aside from Menopause, what is progesterone's function?
|
Implantation of pregnancy
|
|
Anterior Pituitary
|
CTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone (Super hormones)
|
|
villi
|
add more surface area to GI tract increasing absorption
|
|
fight or flight
|
- mediated by catecholamines- increase blood glucose (stimulate glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis)- increase lipolysis- increase heart rate/stroke volume- dilate coronary blood vessels/skeletal muscles
|
|
steroid/thyroid receptors
|
- found within cells (cytosol or nucleus)- hormone/receptor complex interacts with DNA as transcription regulation factor- slower response
|
|
mouth
|
the opening through which an animal or human takes in food.
|
|
ovulation
|
to produce and discharge eggs from an ovary or ovarian follicle.
|
|
active transport
|
the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy.
|
|
Glomerular capillary endothelium
|
Fenestrated capillaries w/ large pores
Contains (-) charged surface proteins which repel (-) charged plasma proteins
|
|
What is the normal pH of the blood?
|
7.3-7.45 (7.4)
|
|
What is reabsorption?
|
movement of material from the tubular lumen, back into the palsma flowing through the peritubular capillaries.
|
|
any material that is reabsorbed by diffusion is said to
|
Follow water reabsorption
|
|
Freely filterable solutes
|
solutes that are small and readily make it through the filtration barrier
|
|
Is the ascending limb permeable to both Na/Cl/K and water?
|
Just Na/Cl/K only
|
|
follicular cells
|
cells in the thyroid gland around a glycoprotein which they secrete called colloid--> everything you need to make thyroid hormone
|
|
isotonic contraction
|
tension is generated which is at least equal to the force opposing it
-sarcomeres shorten and the series elastic elements lengthen
|
|
What causes hyperthyroidism
|
over production of the thyroid gland, characterized by bulging eyes
|
|
Ectopic Pregnancy
|
Occurs outside of ova duct and in other layers of uterus
|
|
What characterizes a cancerous tumor?
|
Abnormal cell structure, spreading, raised, not clearly defined edges
|
|
Steroidal Hormones
|
they are water soluble and may pass through the target cells bi-layer They bind in cytoplasm and make mRNA = proteins
|
|
ATP in muscle metabolism
|
- needed to fuel contractile activity1. creatine kinase reaction: PC + ADP ATP + C2. anaerobic metabolism: glycolysis (contributes during more intense exercise)3. aerobic metabolism: oxidative phosphorylation (used in decreased/moderate exercise intensity level)
|
|
receptive field
|
area of body covered by receptors from single afferent neuron
|
|
fast glycolytic
|
- greatest number of fibers per unit- fatigue quickly- fast conduction/contraction- large type IIB fibers
|
|
lymph node
|
any of the glandlike masses of tissue in the lymphatic vessels containing cells that become lymphocytes.
|
|
lymphocyte
|
a type of white blood cell having a large, spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin layer of nongranular cytoplasm.
|
|
bile duct
|
a large duct that transports bile from the liver to the duodenum, having in humans and many other vertebrates a side branch to a gallbladder for bile storage.
|
|
Clearance (Renal Plasma Clearance)
|
"virtual" measurement of the volume of plasma from which a substance will be completely cleared in one minute by excretion in the urine.
expressed in VOLUME OF PLASMA PER UNIT TIME
|
|
effects of glucagon on Proteins
|
promotes breakdown of protein in liver
promotes gluconeogenesis
|
|
If you ingest sugar, what will happen to your insulin levels?
|
They will spike
|
|
slow oxidative
|
- few fibers per unit- slow rate of nervous conduction/contraction- fatigue resistant- small type I fibers
|
|
mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
|
1. Ca binds to calmodulin2. Ca/calmodulin complex binds to MLCK3. phosphorylates myosin cross bridges4. phosphorylated cross bridges bind to actin5. cross bridge cycling: change in myosin (not actin) allows, myosin cross bridge does not have ATPase but less than skeletal muscle)
|
|
initiation of muscle contraction
|
- by increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration1. Ca released from SR2. Ca binds to troponin complex (T, I, C subunits)3. conformational change in tropomyosin4. exposes binding sites on actin
|
|
cells in what renal tubul;e are specialized to allow regulation of reabsorption and secretion?
|
Distal tubule and collecting ducts.
|
|
single unit smooth muscle
|
-cells act as a 'single unit'
-due to extensive linking with gap junction
-contain pacemaker cells which can initiate depolarization of the entire muscle
-stretching may induce contraction
-resting level of contraction 'tone'
|
|
Does the Medulla of the hypothalamus trigger calming or stress response?
|
Medulla is stress = sympathetic
|
|
intesity detected by sensory system
|
determined by frequency of AP firing and number of receptors stimulated
|
|
as solutes are reabsorbed by ACTIVE transport in mediated transport, what happens to the tubular osmolarity and the osmolarity of plasma?
|
tubular osmolarity is decreased, and osmolarity of plasma is increased.
|
|
Somatomedins (insulin like growth factors)
|
produced in the liver and are released into bloodtream for transport to target tissues
-hormone in response to GH
|
|
What will the outer cell become in development?
|
Embryonic layer will become placenta
|
|
What is respiratory acidosis
|
inc in acidity of blood due to inc in Pco2.
= HYPOVENTILATION
|
|
What is contact inhibition in cells?
|
When cells are growing and come in contact they should register to stop growing
|
|
If you have a reduced glomerular filtration rate what happens?
|
Decrease in the amount of Na that passes through the distal tubule where it is monitored by the macula densa
|
|
How much of the blood pumps through the kidneys
|
1/3 of the blood from the heart
|
|
if ultrafiltrate is 600 mOsmls in the middle of the descending limb what will it be at the bottom?
|
1200 mOsmsls it goes from 300->600->1200 (max) then begins to decrease as it ascends
|
|
Is Na secreted?
|
NO
|
|
Adenoma
|
A benign growth
|
|
Voluntary Mouth Movement
|
tongue
|
|
WATER:
|
Freely filtered (occurs distally)
|
|
macro nutrients
|
carbs, lipids, proteins
|
|
micro nutrients
|
vitamins and minerals
|
|
karyotype
|
characterization of chromosomal complement of species, including number, form and size of chromosomes
|
|
ACTH
|
- adrenocorticotropic hormone- anterior pituitary- stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
|
|
Is K+ reabsorbed at all?
|
YES
|
|
Glucosuria
|
excretion of glucose in urine.
|
|
adrenal cortex
|
zona glomerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis
-different zone contain different complements of enzymes involved in hormone production
|
|
muscle stretching
|
series elastic element
the tendons
dones not actively generate force rather it passively transmits the force generated by the contractile elements to the skeletal components to which it is attached
|
|
Chondrocytes
|
lay down cartelidge
responsible for increase in bone length
|
|
Protein Digestion requires
|
Water and Pepsin
|
|
Pepsin is found in..
|
the stomach
|
|
What causes a goiter?
|
Iodine deficiency
|
|
semi-digested food found in stomach
|
Chyme
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progesterone
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- important during pregnancy- regulates menstrual cycle- increases body temperature
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medulla
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the marrow of the bones.
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Body filters entire plasma volume every ___minutes?
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24
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The osmotic gradient established by reabsorption of solute increases ____ of the peritubular fluid
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Osmolarity
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hyperthyroidism
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heat intolerant, metabollic rate is really cranked up
increased protein catabolism
irritablitly, insomnia, excitable reflexes
increased T3 or T4, decreased TSH
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Addison's Disease
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hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone
hypoglycemia, poor stress tolerance
excess Na excretion and K retention
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C Cells
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which synthesize and secrete calcitonin, a hormone that plays a role in calcium regulation
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hyperglycemia
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fasting glucose concentration is too high
indicative of diabetes mellitus-disease involving defects of insulin production of target tissues
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Insulin
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secreted by b cells
anabolic hormone- promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules
increase in plasma glucose levels directly stimulate b cells to secrete insulin
synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides
synthesis of glycogen in liver
protein synthesis
Using GLUT-4
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Energy from Fat in kCal/G
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9 kCal/G
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load
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force (resistance) exerted by object opposing contracting muscle
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types of receptors
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1. mechanoreceptors: mechanical deformation2. thermoreceptors: temperature changes3. nociceptors: pain, tissue damage4. electromagnetic: light5. chemoreceptors: taste, smell, oxygen, osmolariy
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Aquaporins
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Channels in cell membranes which allow water to flow through
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macula densa
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specialized cells in distal tubule. release paracrine agents=vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole.
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pH is regulated by:
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Respiratory system and Kidney
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Brush border?
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highly folded apical membranes that increase surface area of proxima tubule.
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Alkalosis occurs whe pH levels hit >
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7.45
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Can K+ pass through leaky tight junctions in proximal tubule?
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YES
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intercalated disks
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junctions that contain both desmosomes and gap junctions
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fast oxidative fibers
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intermediate size fibers
fast myosin ATPase high oxidative capacity
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Epiphyseal Plate
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located between the epiphysis and shaft in growng bowns
Also known as the growth plate
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twitch
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is the mechanical response of an individual muscle cell or motor unit to a single action potential
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What is the glomerular filtration rate in ml/min
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120ml/min
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Most of digestion occurs
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in the small intestine
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Displasia
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is the error in synthesis in cells
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isometric contraction
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tension developed without movement of load
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types of muscle
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1. skeletal (striated)2. smooth3. cardiac (striated)
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4 stimulus aspects
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1. type2. intensity3. location4. duration
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vectors
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an insect or other organism that transmits a pathogenic fungus, virus, bacterium, etc.
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acquired immunity
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immunity arising from exposure to antigens.
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Vasa recta
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Arrangement of blood vessels in renal medulla that allows the []gradient to be maintained.
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If blood pressure decreases, what is stimulated for secretion?
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Renin.
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How can u regulate plasma Na levels?
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Regulating reabsorption
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What is the most important regulator of aldosterone secretion?
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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water diffuses from an area of low osmolarity (tubular lumen) to an area of higher osmolarity (peritubular fluid)?
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TRUE
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Is the descending limb permeable or impermeable to water? And inmpermeable or permeable to Na/Cl/K?
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Permeable, impermeable
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Tubular elements of a nephron
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Bowman's capsule
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting ducts
Renal pelvis
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Mesangial Cells
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Cells that lie betw/ and around glomerular capillaries.
Secrete cytokines.
have contractile filaments that allow them to alter blood flow through capillaries.
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contractile cells
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make up 99 percent of the heart
utilize actin and myosing to create tension
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Smooth Muscle
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sheets
in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels
very efficient with energy
uninucleated, not striped
no t tubles or sarcomeres
-still utalizes Ca++ but does not have an SER like skeletal muscle
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Cross Over (Meiosis)
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this is important for genetic diversity - it is not random = exchange of information
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Ureter
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where blood enters the bladder, its in the bottom, bladder extends upwards
|
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neural stimulation
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- excites smooth muscle- controlled by autonomic nervous system- releases norepinephrine and acetylcholine- receives both excitatory and inhibitory input- neuromuscular junction has no specialized endplate region, called diffuse junction- Ca/Na channels evoke AP- current travels along cell membrane, eventually abuts membrane of SR
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local tissue factors
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- excite smooth muscle (blood vessels)- decreased oxygen/increased CO2/decreased pH (lactic acid) causes relaxation/vasodilation- increased K+/adenosine and decreased Ca have same effect
|
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strength of stimulus
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proportional to strength of response, more response potential exceeds threshold so greater AP frequency
|
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aorta
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the main trunk of the arterial system, conveying blood from the left ventricle of the heart to all of the body except the lungs.
|
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nostril
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either of the two external openings of the nose.
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Filtered load
|
quantity of a solute filtered per unit time
|
|
How much Na is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?
|
25%
|
|
where does finely regulated reabsorption occur?
|
distal segments of the nephron
|
|
Secondary active transport forms
|
Co-transport seen with glucose and amino acids
|
|
Forces favoring filtration from glomerular capillaries
|
Hydrostatic Pressure of blood. PGC
|
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Cardiac Muscle
|
striated
made up of two kinds of cells: contractile and autorhythmic
|
|
Hydroxyapaptite
|
calcium is stored in the bone in the form of these crystals
|
|
primary endocrine organs
|
primary function is the secretion of hormones
|
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Contraction phase
|
cross bridge cycling and ends at point of peak tension
-Ca++ release exceeds reuptake
|
|
What do you need to create a karyotype?
|
amniotic fluid
|
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Menopause and Corpus Luteum
|
Progesterone is excessive during this time
|
|
Autosomal dominant genes
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this means it will definitely be expressed Achondroplastic dwarfism is an example of this, it is there from birth
|
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Liver produces
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bile from hemoglobin = aids in fat digestion
|
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myofibril structure
|
- thin and thick filaments arranged in structured pattern, dark A bands and light I bands- sarcomere = single contractile unit
|
|
RAAS acts to do what to blood pressure?
|
Increase blood pressure
|
|
Colloid osmotic pressure inside capillary
|
created by protein mainly albumin.
b/c fluid leavin is great, osmotic pressure increases as blood travels through.
|
|
size principle of recruitment
|
going from slow oxidative fibers to fast oxidative fibers and finally fast glycolytic fibers
|
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What are carcinogens?
|
THey are external factors that lead to cancer, such as virus, diet, industrial chemicals, radiation, obesity, diet lifestyle etc
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features of hormonal action
|
1. actions amplified at target cells2. regulat rates of existing reactions, don't initiate new ones3. actions slow/prolonged (esp. steroids)4. biological effect of hormone proportional to circulating concentration of hormone
|
|
fast oxidative glycolytic
|
- more fibers per unit- fairly fatigue resistant- fast conduction/contraction- larger type IIA fibers
|
|
What establishes the medullary osmotic gradient?
|
Loops of henle of juxtagloerular nephrons
|
|
Glucose sparing (fat utilization)
|
reduce their use of glucose and turn to fat to meet their energy needs
|
|
Does the Cortex of the Hypothalamus trigger calming or stress response?
|
Cortex is calming = parasympathetic
|
|
determinants of circulating levels of hormone
|
1. rate of secretion: pulsatile release, circadian rhythm (moderated by external cues but not driven by them)2. rate of removal: metabolism, clearance
|
|
2nd classification of neural pathway scheme
|
- dorsal column lemniscal system: carries info in dorsal spinal cord column (white matter), crosses to opposite side in medulla, through brainstem --> thalamus via lemniscus, large myelinated nerve fibers, increased degree of spatial orientation (phasic/position info, touch using spatial accuracy)- anterolateral system: carries info in dorsal horns of cord's gray matter, info crosses to opposite side immediately, transmits to brain stem and thalamus, small unmyelinated fibers
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|
what 2 general means by which reabsorption occur?
|
by mediated transport
by diffusion
|
|
ultrafiltrate in relativity to blood plasma
|
ISOtonic meaning it is the same concentration of solute to solvent
|
|
If you have elevated K+ level in plasma, what happens to the secretion of aldosterone?
|
Increases the secretion of aldosterona and = increase in K+ secretion by the cells
|
|
the default chromosome, an unfertilized egg is
|
X chromosomes - you need at least one to survive
|
|
What is the functional unit of kidney?
|
nephron ( this is what actually does the work)
|
|
If you have a High level of ADH what happens to the aquaporins? And water reabsorption? What about urine output?
|
Increases, increases. Urine output is low
|
|
What is known as the guardian angel gene?
|
P53, it tells the Tumor to stop growing
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