Complete List of Terms and Definitions for 6c
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| istanbul | turky |
| West Virginia | Charleston |
| language branch | |
| Turkey, Iran | Empire States |
| most populous Arab country | Egypt |
| fliessen (fliesst) | to flow (flows) |
| Micronesia | Meaning “small islands”, more culturally diverse, is north of Melanesia and west of Polynesia and includes microstates such as Nauru and the Marshall Islands, as well as the U.S. territory of Guam. |
| Vector Data | models, points, lines, areasgeneralization of the river is represented by nodes and lines |
| Someone who leaves a country? | Emigrant |
| bazaar | A marketplace or shopping quarter |
| great lakes | Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior |
| absolute location | determined by latitude and longitude |
| mixed economy | systems containing different degrees of government regulation |
| microstates | individual country les that 1000 square miles; ex. Lichtenstein (between Switzerland and Slovenia; banking center) and Monaco (surrounded by France and the Mediterranean; tourism) |
| color | Most obvious but not always consistant, most minerals have varying hues |
| What is the capital of Nigeria? | Abuja |
| A large and fundamental division within a religion. | Branch |
| Prime Meridian | Divides eastern and western hemispheres |
| India | is the most populous democracy on earth |
| erosion | the wearing away and movement of weathered materials by wind water and ice |
| What animals were domesticated in South Asia? | Cattle, Elephants |
| Horst and Graben | Upward-faulted blocks produced by pairs or groups of faults; characterized by the mountain ranges of the interior of the western United States.Graben: Pairs or groups of faults that produce downward-faulted blocks; characteristic of the basins of the interior western US. (9) |
| revolution | one elliptical orbit of earth around the sun |
| Salinization | when using irrigation in hot arid climated, the water evaporates and leaves a salty residue, and hurts the fertility of the soil |
| What percentage of the U.S. workforce works in service industry? | 83% |
| The _______ of these imaginary lines helps us find the location of something. | intersection |
| Fluvial Geomorphology | includes gradation by both channelized and un channelized flow moving down slope by the force of gravity |
| city-state | a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside |
| Gravity Model | a mathematical prediction of the interaction between two bodies as a function of their size and of the distance separating them |
| an uplift that is circular or elliptical in map view, with beds dipping away in all directions from a central area | dome |
| convection | the transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of the heated parts of a liquid or gas. |
| Ethnocentrism | that your own culture is superior to, or better than, other cultures. |
| regular polygon | a convex polygon that is equilateral and equilangular |
| Cartography | The art and science of mapmaking. P13 |
| Isthmus | A neck of land connecting two larger land areas. P28 |
| Where in SE Asia is animism common? | the highlands |
| proportional area symbols | use of graduated circles/symbols to represent a variable |
| a place that is rules by another country | colony |
| was the early, mostly East Slavic state dominated by the city of Kiev | Kievan Rus |
| the shallow sea area bordering the continents | CONTINENTAL SHELF |
| COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE | the production of crops for sale, crops intended for widespread distribution (e.g. supermarkets), and any non-food crops such as cotton and tobacco |
| Distribution Chapter 1 | the arrangement of something across earth's surface |
| Koppen classification scheme: for first letter B, what do s and w stand for? | S=semi arid; w= arid |
| glacier | an extended mass of ice formed from snow falling and accumulating over the years and moving very slowly, either descending from high mountains, as in valley glaciers, or moving outward from centers of accumulation, as in continental glaciers. |
| adjacent areas of earth are displaced horizontally | Transcurrent (strike-slip) |
| Population Density | The average number of people who live in a certain area. |
| give an example of a culture and tradition pull factor. | homeland, ... |
| iron catastrophe | the idea the when the earth formed, the denser iron sank to the bottom and the lighter things floated to the top, explaining why density increases as we go deeper into the earth's interior |
| What is a piece of land surronded by water on three sides? | peninsula |
| infant mortality rate | annual number of infant deaths under one year of age compared to the total live births |
| Universalizing Religions | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location |
| #13: Area of Sudan in which an ethnic war erupted in 2003. Over 450,000 have been killed from it. | Darfur |
| the nation of israel was established on | May 14, 1948 |
| REGION | A BASIC UNIT OF STUDY OF AN AREA WITH CERTAIN UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS (THESE CHARACTERISTICS MAYBE HUMAN, CULTURAL, OR PHYSICAL.) |
| Mount Unzen, Japan, 1991 | - Growing lava dome provides steady magma supply and upward life of unstable, everchanging topography.- Large chunks of lava dome frequently break off and create pyroclastic flows.- caused tsunami, killing 15,000 people. |
| small scale map | shows the land in a very small space |
| Formal Region | An area with people who have one or more cultural traits in common. |
| What is pressure gradient? | (slope) isobars. When isobars are placed close together it is steep. If they are far apart they are gentle. Wind always blows perpendicular to isobars |
| What is a Tsunami? | A seismic sea wave. NOT a tidal wave. |
| What is Geography? | Study of the Earth and study of its physical features. |
| What were some European Consequences on post 1945 external migrations? | 1. Need of labors2. Immigrants went from poor to wealthy countries3. Political Problems from ethnicities and religions |
| He was standing on Darien Peak on the isthmus of Panama with his dog when he became the first European to see the Pacific | Vasco Nunez de Balboa |
| What were the basic problems with decolonization that have held Africa back? | - Africa left boundaries set up by European colonizers, this created tiny markets which limited their economy growth- Africans did not know how to run a democratic nation after colonizers left. |
| What were the names of the two pieces that pangea split into | Laurasia (NA and Europe) Gondwana (southern continents) |
| RECIPROCAL | KARŞILIKLI |
| LONGITUDINAL | BOYLAMLA İLGİLİ |
| anemia | decreased rbcs |
| Lead III | LA(-) LL(+) |
| what covers all fasiculi? | epimysium |
| Lysosomes |
membrane bound vesicles breakdown bacteria or old organelles, they do this by acumulating H+ ions in their cytoplasm |
| GESTATION | FETAL DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY |
| Urethra | Tube from bladder out |
| 3 temperture increasing mechanisms are? |
1.vasoconstriction 2.piloerection 3.increase in heat production |
| What is the hypothalomo-pituitary portal system and its function? How is its configuration different from the usual artery-capillary-vein arrangement? | |
| What is sprironolactone? | a mineralocorticoid antagonist |
| cationanion | pos charged ionneg charged ion |
| Mechanoreceptors | Pressure, Call Stretch, Vibration, Acceleration and Sound. |
| Tumors, cancer, Graves Disease. Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion? | Hypersecrettion |
| Composed of specialized connective tissue that contains a collagenous mix of calcium and small amounts of other minerals | Bone |
| Glucagon stimulates ____________ in the liver to make more glucose for the brain. | gluconeogenesis |
| hypotonic | - cell swells- high water concentration/low solute concentration in solution |
| Nerve cells | initiate and conduct electrical signals to initiate other cells or stimulate |
| The production of new brain cells. | Neurogenesis |
| In an energy-releasing reaction, which has more energy-the reactants or the products? | reactants |
| myogenic mechanism | increase in perfusion pressure, strecthes muscle and it contracts blood |
| Amount (%) of extracellular water found in interstitial fluid? | 80% |
| antibodies (proteins) in the blood (also connected to lymph) | globulins |
| CROSS-ADAPTATION | THE SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION IN DETECTION OF AN ODORANT FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ANOTHER ODORANT |
| Maintaining boundaries | Separate external and internal environmentCellular level- plasma membraneOrganism level- integumentary system (skin) |
| Systolic Pressure | maximum arterial pressure during contraction of left ventricle. (typically 120 mm HG, first reading) |
| Vital Capacity | TV + IRV + ERV |
| Parkinson's Disease | -Involves destruction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra- Muscle tremors and rigidity- difficulty initiating movements and speech |
| second trimester | corpus luteum deteriorates, placenta secretes its own progesterone, rapid growth of fetus |
| Air/gas exchange takes place in the | alveoli |
| What does Dehydration synthesis require the removal of what two elements? | Hydrogen and Hydroxyl |
| Active Transport | Movement of molecules against osmotic gradient. Requires energy |
| Using arrow and letters of the alphabet, draw a flowchart of a metabolic pathway with one branch point: | |
| What is a cholinergic receptor? What are the two main types and how do they differ in the means by which they open/close ion channels | |
| Enzyme-linked receptors | the receptor ifself is an enzymetyrosine kinase receptors-most common - play a role in growth metabolism and othe processes |
| Autonomic nervous systems | two-neuron chain (connected by synapses) between CNS and effector organ; innervates smooth/cardiac muslce, gland and GI neurons, can be excitatory or inhibitory |
| cyclic GMP | Nucleotide that participates in the transfer of signals between the external environment and the cell |
| where does beta oxidation occur? | matrix of mitochondria |
| psychophysics | the study of relationships btw the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. |
| Sperm acrosome | contains acrosomal enzymes which help facilitate sperm penetration |
| G Protein | Protein that relays signals between extracellular first messengers (hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers (such as cyclic AMP) via an effector enzyme. |
| what are myofibrils? |
cords of contractile proteins consisting of actin and myosin consists of repeated sarcomeres |
| metabolism | sum of all celllular reactions that produce, transfer or use nrg in the process of maintaining life1st: conservation of energy2nd: entropy increasesplants & animals consume and use nrg to decrease entrophy |
| epithelial cells that create a selectively permeable barrier between different sections or compartments of the brain | Ependymal cells |
| systemic circuit | blood circulation between heart and the rest of the body |
| portal hypertension | - sustained portal vein pressure >12mmhg (normal bt 5-10) |
| Location of it's peripheral ganglia is on or near target organs? | parasympathetic |
| Activation | Lipids and carbs on bacteria, tumors, transplants and by antibodies on cell surfaceForms pores by injecting perforin - kills by lysis |
| Cross bridges | extend thick filaments to thin filaments,six thin filaments surround each thick filament |
|
a metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm of the cell that results in the degradation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate. |
glycolysis |
| conditioned response | a response that becomes associated with a previously unrelated stimulus as a result of pairing it with another that normally yields the response |
| Describe enterogastric reflex; | Enter your back text here. |
| norepinephrine is broken of receptor cites in 3 ways, list them? |
1. reuptake 2.diffusion 3.destruction by enzymes such as MAO or COMT |
| Describe muscle fatigue: | An exercise-induced reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force. It may be produced by an accumulation of extracellular K+ as a result of nerve activity. Also can be produced by anaerobic respiration by fast-twitch fibers; production of lactic acid and consequent fall in pH. Depletion of muscle glycogen and other metabolic changes interfere with CA2+release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which interfere with excitation-contraction coupling rather than depletion of ATP appears to be responsible for muscle fatigue. Fatigue is often caused by changes in the CNS before the muscles themselves fatigue (central fatigue). This reduces the force of voluntary contractions. |
| Saggital Plane | vertical plane that divides body or organ into left and right sides (potentially unequal parts) |
| Time to onset of effect | Nervous system: ImmediateEndocrine system: Delayed |
| Tonicity | refers to whethr a solution causes a cell placed in it to shrink or swell. Is determined by the relative concentrations of impermeant solutes only, in the solution and the ICF |
| What are 5 steroid hormones? | estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone cholesterol |
| molecules that bind to make sucrose | glucose and fructose |
| Flexor Withdrawal Reflex | Polysynaptic, reflex in response to pain. Flexion on ipsilateral side and extension on the contralateral side. |
| Type II cells (purpose) | secrete surfactant: reduce surface tension in the alveolar air-water interface, which decrease the resistance to stretch and the work of breathing |
| antagonistic effects | actions of one hormone counteract the actions of anotherEx: insulin and glucagon |
| FILIFORM PAPILLAE | NO TASTE FUNCTION; SMALL STRUCTURES ON THE TONGUE THAT PROVIDE THE BUMPY APPEARANCE; THE SMALLEST AND MOST NUMEROUS |
| Atomic stability | is achieved when the outermost shell is full or has 8e-Atoms with a full outer shell are chemically inert |
| Sympathetic division | short pre ganglionic long post. uses Ach at the pre and post is with NE/ER "fight or flight" |
| anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | - synthesizes and secretes six hormones- synthesizes its own hormones (diff. from posterior)- vascular network w/in the hypothalamus allows each anterior pituitary hormone to be secreted through signaling by a releasing hormone from this region of the brain- many hormones are tropic |
| . Which of the following psychologists would have most likely to assert that, “Free will is an illusion.” | B.F. Skinner |
| Cranial contribution to ANS |
cranial contribution: cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X CN III, lens focusing and pupillary constriction CN VII, lacrimal glands, submaxillary and submandibular (salivary) glands CN IX, parotid (salivary) gland CN X, vagus nerve, major parasympathetic supplier: thoracic and abdominal cavity organs through first half of large of large intestine sacral contribution: S 2-4 supplying distal half of large intestine, urinary and reproductive organs Cranial Outflow Parasympathetic outflow is contained in several cranial nerves. 1. Oculomotor nerves (III): innervate the smooth muscles within the eyes that cause the pupils to constrict and the lenses of the eyes to bulge. 2. Facial nerves (VII): stimulate the secretory activity of many large glands in the head. Stimulates the nasal glands and the lacrimal glands. 3. Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX): activate the parotid salivary glands which lie anterior to the ears. These three pairs of cranial nerves supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head. 4. Vagus nerves (X): accounts for 90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body. The two vagus nerves provide fibers to the neck and contribute to nerve plexuses that serve virtually every organ in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. As the vagus nerves pass into the thorax, they branch to the following plexuses located within or near the organs served: |
| recieves afferent sensory information from skin, skeletal muscle, tendons and joints. | Medulla cardiovascular Center-Medulla Oblongata |
| Efferent division of nervous system | input away from CNS |
| Once ________ is made, you're in the Krebs cycle | citrate |
| Physiologic dead space | anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space. Ventilating physiologic dead space requires increased energy demands in order to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Can lead to respiratory insufficiency or failure |
| what are antagonistic effectors? | two effectors working in opposite directions |
| Where is the pericardium found? | Connective tissue surrounding the heart. |
|
Brain Barrier Substances NOT transported |
Plasma Proteins, Protein Hormones, Urea, Creatinine, Ions, Antibiotics |
| Primary active transport | proteins use ATP to move particles agianst their gradientshow preference to bind a particle on one particular side and release it on the other |
| What are the two forms of thyroid hormone? | T3 T4 |
|
ABNORMALITIES in CARDIAC FXN Rhythem: Atrial Flutter... |
- rapid but regular atrial depolarizations - ventricles cannot keep pace; blood output of heart declines - leads to loss of consciousness and even death |
| If there is a difference in osmolarity between a cell and its environment, water will move ________ its osmotic pressure gradient. 72) ______ A) up B) between C) across D) down E) through | A) up |
|
cardiac cycle 1 Ventricular diastole stage 2 |
ventricular filling blood flows from atria to ventricle Rapid filling: atria pressure is more than ventricle pressure, so pasive fillinf from atria to ventricle occurs Reduced filling: slower blood flow as both pressures get closer Atrial contraction: (atrial systole) active, fills te remaining 20% of ventricle. powered by atrial contraction |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell. |
| STEPS OF NEUROTRANSMISSION | 1. Synthesis 2. Release 3. Receptor Action 4. Inactivation |
| what are special somatic sensors | taste, smell, vision hearing equilibrium |
| various types of esophagus disorders | - dysphagia- esophageal diverticulum- esophageal tears- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
|
What are the primary lymphoid organs? |
thymus and bone marrow |
| End of nerve that stimulates the muscle | Motor end plate |
| sensory pathway= i neuron longintegrated pathway= variablemotor= 1) somatic = 1 nueron 2) autonomic= 2 neuron long | How many neurons long?Sensory, integrated, motor |
| respond | to exhibit some action or effect as if in answer |
|
what is secreted in response to faty acids and amino acids, and lesser extent carbs? (mild slowing effect) |
gastric inhibitory peptide |
| What catalyzes the reversible reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid |
Carbonic anhydrase CO2 + H2O <---------------------> H2CO3 |
| Manifestations of Cor pulmonale | -Those of primary lung disease and right sided heart failure-venous congestions, peripheral edema, SOB, productive cough, plethora (redness), cyanosis and warm, moist skin, and drowsiness and altered consciousness |
| Where is declarative memory created? | hippocampus, amygdala, and other parts of the limbic system |
| where do ligands bind in allosteric regulation? | allosteric OR regulatory sites...duh! |
|
Fluffy the dog has been diagnosed with a chromaffin cell tumor (pheochromocytoma), leading to excessive production of epinephrine. Which of the following symptoms would you not expect?dilated pupils decreased intestinal motility catabolism of muscle tis |
increased fat deposition |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | – volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. Measured in litres/min. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | increase the activity of ANS. Uses up energy. |
| An ischemic stroke | lose of blood flow, clots can be broken up by TPA. |
| cellular metabolism process in parietal cells | 1. carbonic anhydrase; 2. easy dissociation; 3. K+ primary active transport ATPase pump; 4. Cl- in, bicarbonate out -> secondary active transport; 5. Cl- into lumen by simple Cl- channel - STUDY SLIDE |
|
Summary of Steps in Muscle Contraction: 3 |
action potential moves down the muscle cell sarcolemma |
| What type of neurons are located in the anterior ventral horns? | Anterior motor neruons |
| How does the CV system minimize diffusion distance? | By increasing capillary density, increasing the rate of delivery of oxygenated blood to the tissues by increasing flow rates or by increasing the oxygen carrying capability of the blood |
| Describe the effects of Golgi tendon organs: | Golgi tendon organs continuously monitor tension in the tendons produced by muscle contractions, or passive stretching of a muscle. ex. 1) Tension on a tendon activates a sensory neuron, 2) this causes the sensory neuron to stimulate an interneuron. 3) The interneuron then inhibits the alpha motoneuron, 4) which causes tension on the tendon to be reduced. |
|
CANCER OF THE LUNG Which type of lung cancer is especially known to cause paraneoplastic syndromes? |
Small cell lung cancers |
| what is retrograde amnesia? | lose of memories from a variable time right before brain damage |
| H/K Pump in the parietal cells | H+ released when parietal cells stimulated by: Histamine, Ach, GastrinH+ inhibited by: somatostatin, prostaglandins |
| Which hormones increase during pregnancy? | -hCG is secreted into the blood- helps form the corpus luteum of pregnancy - increased amounts of progesterone and estrogen hCS- glucosing sparing for fetus |
| with respect to the previous events, which of them occur during atrial/ventricle, systole/diastole? |
Atrial and Vetricle Diastole AV valves open and passive filling, electricle activity spreading through sarcolemms etc etc all the way to the point where the electrical activity is spreading through the internodal and interatrial tracts. Atrial Systole/Ventricles still in Diastole Once the atria start to contract we are in atrial systole all the way righ up to when the electrical activity gets into the bundle branches and purkinje fibers. When this happens... Atrial Diastole/Ventricle Systole The AV valves snap shut and atria relax while the ventricle starts its isovolumetric contraction. this phase continues until blood is actually ejected through the semi-lunar valves from the ventricles. Atrial and Ventricular Diastole The atria are still relaxed, but after ventricular ejection the ventricles relax too and backwash blood closes the semilunar valves and the AV valves re-open and we are back at he begining. |
| Sxs of adrenogenital syndrome in prepubertal males | - premature development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g. deep voice, enlarged penis, sex drive, beard) |
| 1. What are the differences between active and passive transport? | Active requires energy and passive doesn’t not require energy. |
| What condition do you suspect if a newborn has hypovolemic shock? | 21 beta hydroxylase deficiency |
| What is immunological privilege? | certain areas in the body where immune response to antigen is supressed where inflamtion would cause irreparble damage |
| What are the receptors which sense changes in length of a skeletal muscle? | Nuclear chain fibers (in muscle spindle) |
| Blood vessels of the heart |
Arteries - carry blood away from the heart Capillary Beds - where material exchange, between the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs Veins - carry blood toward the heart |
| What are the unique descriptions of cardiac muscle? | straited, mono nuclei, fat deposits around nucleus |
| Which of the following axons would have the fastest conduction velocity? 268) _____ A) diameter = 5 microns, unmyelinated B) diameter = 20 microns, myelinated C) diameter = 5 microns, myelinated D) diameter = 20 microns, unmyelinated E) diameter = 1 micro | B) diameter = 20 microns, myelinated |
| The movement of solutes in solution depends on what? | The concentration of solutes in solvent |
| Calcitonin is released by what? And in response to what? | Thyroid parafollicular cells. Elevated blood Calcium |
| Describe the Baroreceptor reflex (KNOW THIS!) |
1. Stretch receptors are located in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus2. An increase in BP stretches the wall and increases the frequency of action potentials 3. The baroreceptors send action potentials to the vasomotor control and cardiac control centers in the medulla 4. The baroreceptor reflex is activated with changes in BP |
| Ventricular diastole ( mid to late TP) | atria and ventricles relaxed blood flows from veins to atria ,av valve open so ventricles fill |
| if in a patient you can't hear bowel sounds they may have? | bowel peralysis or periatic ilieum |
| Describe the nature of a hydrogen bond: | When hydrogen forms a polar covalent bond with oxygen or nitrogen it gain a slight positive charge at one "pole". It then gains a slight attraction to the electronegative oxygen or nitrogen nearby. This is the weakest bond out of the 3 bonds (covalent, ionic and hydrogen). |
| Why does lactic acid increase during anaerobic threshold? | One, because the rest period between the contractions is shorter. Two, because the fast glycolytic fibers are increasinglyrecruited over the oxidative fibers, which causes a release of more lactic acid. Three, the sympathetic nervous system increases the rate of glycolysis, increasing the supply of pyruvate and, by mass action, lactate. |
| Seminal Vescicle? what percent? of total does seminal vescicle hold) | secrete seminal fluid- makes up 70% of seminal fluid |
| What is unique about Carnial nerve I? | olfactory, turn over during life time, not amitotic |
| What happens when there is a change in Kf | Increase in Kf: increase in GFRDecrease in KF: decrease in GFR(mostly due to surface area changes) |
| how is the relaxation phase in muscle produced? | as calcium is pulled back into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Why are ACE inhibitors used to treat hypertension and diabetes? | they prevent the formation of the active hormone ANG II and in turn sodium uptakealso protecting against kidney failure |
| Pulmonary Ventilationb) Quiet Expiration | b) Quiet Expiration (Lungs Atmosphere)• Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity• Intrapleural pressure increases pushing against the lungs.• Lungs “recoil” causing the volume in the lungs to decrease• Intrapulmonary pressure increases to 762 mmHg• Air moves out of the lungs because the pressure inside lungs is higher then outside.• Passive process |
| What happens in 21 beta hydroxylase deficiency? | This is the most common. You have decreased cortisol, increased ACTH, decreased mineralcorticoids, and increased sex hormones. You are masculinized and have female pseudohermaphroditism. |
| What causes a right shift in the dissociation curve of oxygen and hemoglobin? | Right shifts occur when affinity of Hb for O2 is decreased (for any PO2 level, saturation is decreased and unloading is easier). Occurs when there are increases in PCO2, decreases in pH, increases in temperature, increases in 2,3-DPG. |
| What is tidal volume and what is the normal? | The amt of gas inspired each breath and is normally around 500 mL per breath |
