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D
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Daughter
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Cuzco
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Inca capital
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picture
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Ur Temple
Mesopotamia
Iraq
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stalemate
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victory, defeat
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Ankarapithecus time
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~9.8 Ma
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Globalization
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Worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases.
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paleoanthropology
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specialization of physical anthropology that investigates the biological evolution of the human species
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Sui Genesis
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unique or individual
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twitching of muscle segments
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Myokymia
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Franz Boas
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Anthropologist who challenged scientific racism and evolutionary constructions of racial hierarchy.
Boas argued against the idea that physical, mental and cultural characteristics of groups were biologically determined and represented distinctive racial types.
Instead he argued that there was a great deal of variation within and between groups. Moreover, one could find equally gifted individuals from all racial groups.
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Australopithecus anamensis location
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Kenya and Ethiopia
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City
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Increased population growth and expansion
centralized
Closer to boundaries the population decreases
Nucleated- delineated from a nuclear family structure
Heterogenous in ethnicity, social, and occupation
Ciy contain integration of rural areas for trade
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Acheulian
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Technology of Homo erectusAcheulian Industry = handaxes, cleavers, scrapers, chisels, awes - first tool kithandaxes consistend in form "mental template"How successful? widespread throughout Africa, W. Europe, Central and S. Asia1.5 mya - 150 kya with little change
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Law of similarity
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like produces like
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Yanomami people were..
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Foragers and Horticulturalists
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Demographic
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Relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement
Social complexity, classes, economic specialization, etc.
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Homo Erectus
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First to have abstract thought
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Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus location
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Middle Awash, Ethiopia
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Uxorilocal
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a synonym for "matrilocal" but connotes that a married couple live with the wife's lineage rather than with the mother.
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Pre-Excavation
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Valid Research!
Target data for a particular hypothesis!
Evaluation of costs/risks
Visually inspect the area/survey
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Diachronic
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comparative study of sounds throughout time span of language
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Performativity continuedFCPR
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1) Fragile2) Citation3) Punishment4) Reinforcement through institutions
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Nonbirth-ascribed
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referring to shared status' identified by features as income, education, and occupation.
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main sources of information about stone tools
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mechanics
ethnography
experimentation
wear pattern analysis
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Human labor replaces hand tools
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Industrial society
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cultural control
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Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals.
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applied anthropology
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The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.
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matrilineal descent
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Descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership.
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hegemony
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the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others
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language
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the system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech
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society
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an organized group or groups of interdependent people who share a common territory, language and culture
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Neanderthals
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La Farrasste burials at 60,000 years ago
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Ascribed status
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Rights, duties, and obligations that accrue to individuals by virtue of their parentage; ascribed status is inherited.
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Many sociolinguists believe that, in the absence of diglossia, bilingual communities will see:
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language shift
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Dorset Culture
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Arctic culture surviving the longest in the eastern Arctic regionsfollowed after the Arctic Small Tool traditionSubsistence based on seal, caribou, muskox, and fishNo technology for open-water huntingTechnology limited compared to later Thule culture
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E.B. Taylor
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Tylor is considered representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of scientific study of anthropology
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What is an age-grade?
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a culturall distinguished range
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waer/trace analysis
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tries to reconstruct tools from microscopic fractures, striations etc
-Sergei Semenov first documented microwear patterns to interpret prehistoric fossil
-Lawrence Keeley developed modern methods of recording polish variations
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Spinal cord damage
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Paralysis, Paresthesia , Paraplegia, Quadriplegia
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like
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of the same form, appearance, kind, character, amount, etc.:
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kin terms
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The words (labels) that an individual uses to refer to his or her relatives of various kinds
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OH 24 "Twiggy", OH 7
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Homo Habilis famous specimen
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Termination Act
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What is HCR 108 also known as?
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Historical Linguistics
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the study of historical links among languages by comparison and classification of different languages.
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Levirate
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the custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother
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Civilization
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A complex urban society with a high level of cultural achievement in the arts and sciences, craft specialization, a surplus of food and/or labor, and a hierarchically stratified social organization.
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In order to understand what another person is saying, you must assume it makes sense and try to imagine a scenario that can explain it in sensible terms.This is a variant of what has been called
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Miller's law
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Multimale - Multifemale
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females stay in group, males transient
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social stratification
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the creation of seperate strata; key of a state
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Oligocene fossils were primarily found in ___, Egypt, including the genera ___ and ______
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Fayum; Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus
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rotary bladed processor
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-reduces remains to ash and non-diagnostic bone fragmetns
-difficult to discern if human based solely on bone fragments
-engineered to reduce cremains to less than 200 cubic inches
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Control of land and water resources are examples of..
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Raw Materials
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conspicuous consumption
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A showy display of wealth for social prestige.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity hypothesis)
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idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and worldview of its speakers
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Adaptive Strategies
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term used by Yehudi Cohen to describe a group's system of economic production.
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Cognitive archeology
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The study of all those aspects of ancient culture that are the product of human mind: the perception, description, and classification of the universe; the nature of the supernatural; the principles, philosophies, ethics, and values by which human societies are governed; and the way in which aspects of the world, the supernatural, or human values are conveyed in art.
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Natufian Sites
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Tell Mureybit, Syria - large site many mud-brick structures, permanent villageAin Mallaha, Israel - large village 200+ burials differential grave offerings = social inequalityJericho, Israel - lower strata contain shells, obsidian, salt = long distance trade
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what is culture?
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it is learned which depends on symbols; it teaches how, what, & when things are appropiate; it has no shared beliefs & values; intergrated
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The idea that language shapes the way we view and think about the world around us.
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Linguistic Determinism
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Dragon Bone Hill, China
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Fossils lost at time of Japanese invasion of China during WW2
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Benchmarks of Classic Maya civilization- Rise/Fall
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Rise: rise of long-distance trade; specialization
Fall: Cleansing/ritual burning; abandonment of centers
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Analytic or Isolating Languages
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words are made of single morphemese.g. Chinese
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Evolution of behavior includes the relationships between ___, ___, and _____
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behaviors, the natural environment, and biological traits of species studied
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Recognize and discuss the social uses of the apache wise word
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functions/social uses:
1)Sum up a situation
2)Recommend a course of action
3)Pass a judgment
4)Serve as a secular precedent for present action
5)Separate the speaker from the message
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Bilinguals have more linguistic resources at their disposal than do monolingual speakers, in part because words in each language express different meanings to a greater or lesser extent. Bilinguals often employ strategies for maximizing the potential expr
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c) situational switching from one code to the other d) changing from one language to the other within conversational episodes (c & d)
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Prof. Shea: Levalloi points usage
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-made replicas of points and hafted them to handles
-wounds were deep and large showing effectiveness; possible doesnt equal probable
-1999 Umm El Tlete, Syria: levallois point embedded in vervical of ass
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Fortunately the human eye has multiple functions. Among them are:
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a) regulating interactions b) seeing c) indicating degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal d) crying (all of the above)
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Homo Erectus moving out of Africa
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Georgia by 1.75 mya
S.E. Asia by 1.7 mya
China by .6 mya
Europe by .8 mya
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Elements that have been found to affect the meaning we give to smell include
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a) strength of the small in relation to competing odors b) the perceived relationship of the parties involved c) the smell's distance from the other person (a, b & c)
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