| Terms |
Definitions |
|
Morpheme
|
Word
|
|
souvent
|
often
|
|
toponyms
|
place names
|
|
nerveux(euse)
|
énervé (adj)
|
|
c'est nul
|
its boring
|
|
Parole
|
How people actually speak
|
|
c'est merveilleux
|
it's great/ marvelous
|
|
Syncretic
|
cultural traditions, such as Christmas, are this since they borrow from the past and are continually reinvented in the present
|
|
jargon
|
specialized vocabulary, usually within a profession
|
|
l'arrivée
|
the finish (of the race)
|
|
Interpretation
|
An individual's perspective of a situation or theory; there is no one real truth
|
|
Altiaic
|
spoken in asia and southeastern europe
|
|
language loyalty
|
being loyal to a language
|
|
Dispersal Hypothesis?
|
Indo-European languages first moved from the hearth, eastward into present day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe. Combines Kurgan and Agricultural.
|
|
language branch
|
sections of a language family
|
|
pressé(e)
|
quand il faut se dépêcher (adj)
|
|
Logographic System
|
A writing system whose symbols represent words or morphemes
|
|
Semantic feature
|
Definite stateable attributes of a given term
|
|
Acculturation
|
the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
|
|
gendered speech
|
distinct male and female speech patterns, vary across social and cultural settings
|
|
Why are sociolinguists concerned about language shift around the world?
|
ask again
|
|
What is footing?
A: The use of code-switching
B: The use of social deixis
C: The strategies we take to protect people's face
D: The stance or position we take to ourselves and others we are interacting with
|
D
|
|
Renfrew Hypothesis?
|
Proto Indo-Europeans begin in Fertile Crescent and then from Anatolia, diffused Europe's languages. From Western arc of FC, diffused North Africa and Arabia's languages. From eastern arc, diffused Southwest Asia and South Asia's languages.
|
|
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
|
Produced arguments that the languages of Native Americans, such as the Hopi, led them to view the world differently than those who spoke European Languages. "Animate" and "inanimate" objects.
|
|
pre-literate societies
|
societies that have no written language
|
|
c'est un peu comme si...
|
in my opinion
|
|
Irvine's criteria of formality
|
Increased code structure (correct language) Code consistency (match social expectations) Invoking positional identities (acknowledge status of interlocutor) Emergence of centralized focus (reason you're there)
|
|
Symbol (Peirce)
|
Residual class of signs where neither physical similarity nor contextual contiguity exist between sign vehicle and the entity
|
|
Pidgin
|
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages (slang-can be developed into a new language)
|
|
Language Family
|
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
|
|
What is Fishman's IGDS and at what point does he feel that a community is in danger of losing a
heritage language?
|
idk
|
|
Where is the hearth of country music?
|
Nashville, Tennessee
|
|
Lexicalized
|
"Expressed as a single word" May be expressed in one language and not another. Ex- some languages may have different words for types of "rain", colors, we have five but another has only two color words
|
|
pidgin language
|
form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocab of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of different languages
|
|
language replacement
|
when one language is taken over/ replaced by another
|
|
la une
|
la première page du journal: the front page, the headlines
|
|
English Spelling is Kattastrofik
|
Is phonetic spelling within English bad?
|
|
language shift
|
a change from one language to another, which occurs not only in speaking and writing but also in the brain. evident in many children who no longer speak or understand their mother tongue because a new language has come to dominate the linguistic areas of their brains
|
|
19. Which is not an example of the totemization of language?
A: The Academie Francaise
B: The English Only Movement
C: The banning of French in Alsace during World War II
D: Bilingual education
|
D
|
|
What is isogloss?
|
A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic (related to language) feature occurs.
|
|
What is a habit?
|
Repetitive act that an INDIVIDUAL performs. Ex: wearing jeans to school everyday.
|
|
official language
|
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
|
|
J'ai ete vraiment decu par...
|
I was really disappointed by...
|
|
Verbal repertoire
|
All of the variations that make up a community's speech
|
|
What languages are in Low Germanic?
|
English, Dutch (Netherlands), Flemish (Northern Belgium)
|
|
What is a diaglossic situation?
|
In linguistics, diglossia refers to a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community.
|
|
What is a cultural landscape?
|
Visible human imprint on the landscape (buildings, statues)
|
|
What are some arguments that US English puts forth in support of Official Language status for
English?
|
'Throughout its history, the United States has
been enriched by the cultural contributions of
immigrants from many traditions, but blessed
with one common language that has united a
diverse nation and fostered harmony among
its people.'
'As much by accident as by design, that
language is English. Given our country's
history of immigration and the geography of
immigrant settlements, it might have been
Dutch, or Spanish, or German; or it might have
been two languages, as is the case in Canada,
our neighbor to the north.'
|
|
Why is english distributed around the world?
|
Because people from England migrated with their language when they established colonies
|
|
Women talk too much
|
Do women or men talk more? How do they speak in mixed company?
|
|
How did the Norman Invasion contribute to form modern english?
|
The germanic language used by the common people and the French used by the leaders mingled to form a new language.
|
|
What did Mejías et al. (2003) find out in their survey study? What conclusions about Spanish in
the RGV do they feel their data support?
|
Spanish is not shifting in RGV.
- Communication is still the primary factor.
- Exterior and public - therefore language
maintenance.
• But now see generational distinctions
- 4th and 5th generations seeing more instrumental
over sentimental.
- This suggest language shift.
|
|
Why is English part of the germanic branch?
|
Because of the germanic tribes that invaded England
|
|
hello
|
hi
|
|
d'habitude
|
usually
|
|
por favor
|
please
|
|
débuter
|
to start
|
|
c'est formidable
|
it's great
|
|
la baie
|
the bay
|
|
Abugidas
|
Alphasyllabary; letters represent consonants and vowels are written through modification of these consonant letters (such as diacritics)
|
|
une station de radio
|
...
|
|
Proxemics
|
cross-cultural study of peoples perception and use of space
|
|
Indo- European
|
the biggest language family
|
|
remporter la victoire
|
to be victorious
|
|
c'est super chouette*
|
it's really cool
|
|
Boas
|
Wrote Race, Language, and Culture (1911) and transcribed Native American languages that had not yet been recorded
|
|
Sino-Tibetan
|
tonal languages spoken in eastern asia
|
|
According to sociolinguists, do you have to speak the exact same linguistic variety in order to
cooperate with one another?
|
No
|
|
How many languages does India recognize as official?
|
18
|
|
Swahili
|
the largest lingua franca in E.Africa
|
|
un port de pêcheurs
|
a fishing port
|
|
Pictograms
|
drawings in certain writing systems to represent the idea of the object.
|
|
Comparative Linguistics
|
compare languages and classify them into categories or groups of languages (language tree)
|
|
Afro-Asiatic
|
a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
|
|
creole
|
Blending of two or more langauges, done over time
|
|
societal bilingualism?
|
Phenomenon which Bilingualism is a social norm (switching between two languages)
|
|
Which is phatic communion?
A: The use of religious language
B: Affective language used to maintain social relations between interlocutors
C: The use of stress and intonation
D: Language used for logical reasoning
|
B
|
|
How are local cultures sustained?
|
by maintaining customs
|
|
Roman alphabet
|
letters used in languages like spanish, english, french
|
|
ce n'est pas vrai
|
it is not true
|
|
Linguistic Competence
|
Knowledge of the rules of language, even if it doesn't come out right
|
|
Positivism
|
Scientific method is the best way to uncover processes; that science can reach one real truth
|
|
Pop Culture
|
the aspects of current culture that make up its arts and entertainment (such as fads, fashions, art, media, music, movies, sports, advertising, etc.)
|
|
Environmental Determinism
|
the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development
|
|
Categories of code switching: Situational/Metaphorical and Intrasentential/Intersentential
|
Intersentential
- An identifiable switch in code at a sentence boundary.
• Anyway, I was in and he was, you know, the one that would
let you out. And he was laughing cause he saw me coming
in. Se estaba riendo de mi.
• Intrasentential
- When an identifiable switch in code within a single
sentence.
• Si, y luego es una trampoline así; pero aqui vienen los ropes
así. Y nomás de ese tamaño. Esa para brincar. No era to...it
wasn't a big trampoline.
|
|
the process by which an isolated language is diffused through migration is called..
|
language convergence
|
|
Origin of folk music...
|
-Usually composed anonymously and transmitted orally. -A song may be modified from one generation to the next as conditions change, but content stays similar.
|
|
Kinship terms
|
All languages have these but they don't all put family members into categories in the same way. Ex.- father is used not only for "male parent" but for "male parent's brother". English--Uncle
|
|
language convergance
|
the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages.
|
|
language subfamily
|
a smaller group of related languages within a language family
|
|
chauvin
|
qui défend son pays à tout prix (nom)
|
|
Von Humboldt
|
Language has its own inner form; the word structure holds the key to knowledge of the speaker's world view
|
|
How can a kaleidoscope be an analogy for identity?
|
can't remember
|
|
Which is NOT mentioned by Kramsch as a feature of language crossing?
A: It allows interlocutors to show solidarity or distance
B: It results in languages that absorb features of other languages
C: It is common in inter-ethnic communication
D: It is a w
|
B
|
|
Characteristics of Sub-saharan Africa languages?
|
-Extreme language diversity -Effects of colonialism. -Mountains, rain-forests cut off spreading languages. -Instead of becoming extinct, they fight to hold on to native languages.
|
|
What languages are in the Afro-Asiatic group?
|
Hebrew and Arabic
|
|
isolated language
|
a language with no interaction with an other language, so it stays pure
|
|
un quotidien
|
un journal publié tous les jours : The NewYork Times, the Seattle Times
|
|
Covert class
|
A class or mental category that is not labeled/named
|
|
What is a language branch?
|
A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
|
|
Three concepts that shape diglossic situations
|
At the grammatical level, differences may involve pronunciation, inflection, and/or syntax (sentence structure). Differences can range from minor (although conspicuous) to extreme. In many cases of diglossia, the two dialects are so divergent that they are distinct languages as defined by linguists: they are not mutually intelligible.
|
|
What are modern examples of lingua franca?
|
English, Swahili (East Africa), Hindustani (South Asia), Indonesian (Southeast Asia), and Russian (former Soviet Union)
|
|
The success of any language policy ultimately depends on what?
|
Success depends on:
- Local acceptance of policy arrangements
- Expanded functionality of language(s) to all
necessary domains.
• Challenges
- Never predictable outcomes
- Defining language alone is a political struggle.
|
|
What are threats to folk culture?
|
1. Loss of traditional values 2. Dominance of Western perspectives
|
|
What did Waugh (2008) claim she found in the example of Karim? Do you feel her argument is
persuasive, or not?
|
a confident and competent bilingual, and
- (2) giving up that prestige and claiming not
proficient (authentic) in either one?
|
|
What happens with dominance of western perspectives?
|
Pop culture in LDCs leads to exploitation of women. Some leaders of LDCs think pop culture from MDCs is a threat to independence.
|
|
Can you provide examples of these Coulmas statements? (from the textbook or personal
experience?) The emphasis placed on language as a linguistic identity marker is variable.
|
In Western Sudan, some members of the Fur community
take up Arabic and live among the Baggara community for
economic reasons. Their children will grow up speaking
Arabic and will no longer be considered Fur, but Baggara.
|
|
How can the Balto-Slavic branch be divided?
|
East, West, and South Slavic groups as well as a Baltic group
|
