Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Lecture 3
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| bottleneck | cause less variation |
| Ix | Survivorship: the proportion of individuals that survive from birth (age 0) to age x. Calculated as Nx/N0. |
| histamine | –a vasodilator which increases blood flow•speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area |
| Nt+1 | Population size at next time period. |
| what is MPF | Maturation-promoting factor. This stimulates entry into mitosis, as seen by compaction of DNA. MPF is a protein kinase. Kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate specific proteins |
| hyperemia | increasing blood flow beyond normal rate is a way to do this; delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis |
| A brain’s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells. | connections |
| individual | An organism that develops from a zygote and is genetically unique. |
| local extinction | When all individuals in a subpopulation die or emigrate so the subpopulation is gone. Risk higher than in regional extinction. |
|
describe the cerebral cortex |
5mm thick 80% of brain mass specialized integrated regions centers for: vision,hearing,taste,and smell |
| natural passive immunity | –temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person |
| muscle fatigue | state of physilogical inability to contract even while still receiving stimuli |
| Dipole - Dipole |
Attractive forces between permanent dipoles of two polar molecules Dipoles in adjacent molecules align to put the partial positive and partial negative charges in close proximity |
| Coastal Upwelling |
Upwelling adjacent to a coast, usually induced by wind. -resupplies nutrients to photic level of aquatic ecosystems, |
| what occurs during metaphase | Mitotic chromosomes align in amphitelic orientation at the metaphase plate. Amphitelic means that each one of the two sister chromatids face opposite polesThis is in the middle (equator) of the mitotic spindle.Colchicine and colcemid (inhibitors of MT polymerization) produces metaphase chromosomes because it stops them from being pulled apart in anaphase |
| immunoglobulin (Ig) | an antibody is a defensive gamma globulin found in the blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes |
| muscle tension | force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object |
| average alleles per locus | show how variable data is |
| food web | A conceptual diagram or model of the trophic interactions of organisms in an ecosystem. Shows qualitatively how energy flows from one member of an ecosystem to another. As realism increases, so does complexity. |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) from pituitary causes adrenal medulla to secrete hormones that do what | boost blood pressureboost energy in respnse to long-term stress |
| cervical lymph nodes | –deep and superficial group in the neck–monitor lymph coming from head and neck |
| When a gene undergoes a change in its sequence, the process is known as ______________. | mutation |
| community assembly rules | To determine which species in a region will end up being part of a community that develops in a patch of ground (or water) in that region, they must be able to: disperse (immigrate) to the patch, survive abiotic conditions in the patch, and survive interactions with other species in the patch. |
| What is the pacemaker influenced by | Nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise |
| The three categories of lymphocytes | –natural killer (NK) cells –which is used in immune surveillance–T lymphocytes (T cells)–B lymphocytes (B cells) |
| What is the name of the modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine? What type of ganglionic fibers is it made up of? | Adrenal medulla, preganglionic |
|
List the circulatory system's <br> highest blood pressure to lowest |
Aorta > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins > Venae cavae |
| 7 steps of inflammation /c bacteria | 1) redness2) pain3) swelling4) heat5) wants to destroy agent of injury6) wall off agent or injury7) repair any tissue |
| What’s the point of point mutations?Are all mutations bad? | Point mutations can be either bad, good or do nothing |
| What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the walls of thestomach? | Mucus and new cell linings produced every 3 days |
| what is Acyclovir and what does it do? | antiviral agent - blocks DNA replication; nucleoside anologe |
| 4 elements to respritory system that act as barriers | 1) hair in nose, and ciliated cells in trachea filters2) mucus - traps anything foreign3) epiglotis covers airway when you eat adn keeps microbes out of your lungs4) gastric juices when you swallow mucus it kills it |
| What do we understand about evolution now? |
1) DNA interacts with the cell and the environment to produce the phenotype 2)populations evolve not individuals 3)is like a branching tree 4)is not goal oriented 5)is caused by natural selection |
| Autochthonous | Matter inside river |
| Organismal ecology | Hierarchy of interactions: Evolutionary adaptations |
| divergence only at selectively important genes | selection |
| Diversity | The variety of different organisms that make up the community |
| Elevated leaves | Leaves with elevated CO2 levels |
| Sexual selection | Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex |
| Example of grazing facilitation | ZEBRA-WILDEBEEST-GAZELLE. Zebra migrate to area first, followed by wildeb, then gazelle - all migrate at diff times to avoid competition. zebra eat the top of grass, wildebeest eat top and middle, and gazelle eat low. They all help each other eat whatever they can get. Zebra get the short side b/c apical stems are weak in nutrients, so zebra consume large quantities to remediate. Zebra are larger, and can last longer on nutrient poor food. |
| Keystone predators | Keep balance within a community; predator-prey relationship |
| Trophic mutualism? | partners specialized for giving energy source that other can't obtain to each other |
| Temporal heterogeneity | changes in competitive dominance over time because interactions are dynamic and environment fluctuates. |
| Scramble competition | Exploitation. Form of competition in which the organism exploits resources by using them up. Everyone gets at least some of the available resources |
| competition is a ____ interaction | - - interaction |
| _____ increase over a season which causes herbivory to decrease | tannins. |
| Famous soldier who got trench fever | J.R.R. Tolkien |
| Positive assortative mating | Tendency of like individuals to mate |
| Reciprocal adaptation of a suite of species imposed by another suite of species | diffuse coevolution |
| Male-male competition | A component of sexual selection in which males competed with one another to attract females |
| A process used to measure DNA fragments is | gel electrophoresis |
| how likely a disease is to cause mortality | virulence |
| Parasitism: |
A type of predation in which the predator gets nutrients from the prey but does not kill the prey immediately and may never kill it. Ie: Parasitic plants |
| Macroinvertebrates | River bugs; you can see them with your eyes; no backbone; live in headwater region |
| Runaway selection | Fisher's idea that When (as a result of the female's basis choice) the trait becomes reinforced generation after generation until it is greatly exaggerated. Can be dangerous burden. Irish Elk |
| "Green" means | stored energy in the form of carbon and other organic molecules |
| 2 main types of seres | primary succession and secondary succession |
| ******Mutualism and coevolution summary slide***** | - Interactions among species are major sources of selection and evolutionary response. - Coevolution is the interdependent evolution of species that interact ecologically. Mutualism are relationships between species that benefit both. 3 types of mutualisms are trophic, defensive, dispersive. |
| Morgan's Canon | "In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher mental faculty, if it can be interpreted as the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale" (Morgan). |
| Dynamic stability hypothesis | longer food chains are not stable and are sensitive to changes in the levels. If you have a huge food web, an environmental shift could kill a low level organisms, and thus **** up top level preds. |
| What is a combined response? | The combined response of a predator population to prey density is the product of the functional and numerical responses |
| *****EQUATION FOR determining how virulent something is | Equation for Rsub0 ------ Rsub0 = S*B*L (susceptible indivs)(transmission rate)(length of time of infection) |
| If populations always exist below carrying capacities, this implies that natural populations are.... | that natural pops are NOT DIRECTLY regulated by density dependent forces like intraspecific competition but by ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS that aren't related to crowding OR BY BIOTIC FACTORs like PREDATION. So either the environment or predation is keeping them below K if they always exist below it. |
| Fast growing plant species are nutrient rich and have more herbivores, compared to slow growing species which have ___ | nutrient poor, but have higher defense mechanisms. |
| Who came up with the term of coevolution? His ideas? | Charles Mode- he emphasized making mathematical models to understand continual evolution of host and pathogen to changes in the other. Big idea was that due to coevolution there is a cycling of virulent and avirulent pathogens and susceptible/resistant hosts. |
| Are cryptic animals widely spaced or aggregate? | They would need to be widely spaced |
| Why do people believe that secondary compounds didn't originate as waste products? What is the true observation of this situation? | If they were waste products, that would imply that they aren't costly to produce and that plants would make them in absence of herbivory. Many people think that they are costly to produce b/c plants appear to struggle to keep them in their tissues. Idea that plants will stop making them in the absence of herbivory. Observation: compounds ARE COSTLY to produce, and THEY VARY WIDELY between plant species, even WITHIN PLANTS THEMSELVES (in different tissues) and seasonally. So they vary |
| lichens are an example of ___ mutualism - what do they consist of | Lichens are fungi with either algae or cyanobacteria which form TROPHIC MUTUALISM relationship where fungus receives carbs from cyanobac of algae while they get shelter water and nutrient. The combined organism can live in places where neither could live. |
| **** 3 tenets of new optimal virulence theory | 1. Infectivity 2. Host mortality 3. Network. |
| Who is Brewer and what did he find out? What were his 3 hypothesis for the phenomena he discovered? | Brewer found an odd result in Michigan relating to the effect of soil type on hypovirulence- basically discovered that using a parasite to decrease another parasites virulence worked better in sandy soil. His three hypotheses were that 1. chestnut simply fared better on sandy soil. 2. More virus to kill fungus in sandy soil. 3. More things on sandy soil to move virus around to kill fungus. "dispersing agents" |
| desmo | band |
| diction | word choice |
| calcium carbonate formula | CaCO3 |
| macrophages | engulf bacteria and debris |
| V. Vladimir Putin (2000-2008) A. Why is he so popular in Russia? \"Greatest leader in russian history\" won past 2 elections, hand picked successor medvedev who appointed putin as PM benefiting from the results of Yeltsin's reforms Economic boom Russian foreign policy and nationalism: Russia a player in IR again Media control no bad info being reported about Putin B. Why is he so unpopular in the West? Putin's authoritarianism Mikhail Khodorkovsky (oligarch) and the Yukos Affair yukos: oil and gas firm worth 32 billion dollars Khodorkovsky purchased firm for a percentage of the final sales price Putin made agreement to leave oligarchs alone in terms of politics Putin broke this agreement M.K. gave money to Putin's opponents and threated to runa gainst Putin, Putin had M.K. arrested Putin dissolved yukos and took all of its assets Repressing of dissent. Chekism and Siloviki siloviki: thugs who carry out shady activities chekism: a firm hand against repression, understanding that criticism of Putin is unpatriotic Federal system - unitary terrorist incident that occurred at a school - Beslan hundreds of school children trapped by tourist inside gym for days ended in explosion, lots of death in response to this incident: Putin took away Russian's rights to elect their governors/provincial leaders Human rights in Chechnya VI. Dmitry Medvedev Putin's chief of staff hopes that Medvedev was more liberal | |
| alveoli | simple squamous lined rounded grapelike regions where air exchange occurs |
| endolithic | Organisms that inhabit porous rocks. |
| insulin | takes glucose through cell membranescan't use glucose w/o itpancreas secretes if high levels of glucosedoesn't cause hunger, just follows glucose |
| taeniae coli | -3 bands of smooth muscle |
| Vestibulocochlear nerve | sensory function, some motor function |
| Diastole | relaxed hearttime for fillingend of diastolic volume- 130 ml |
| How wide is the periplasm? | 15 nm |
| Africa | Bodo, Ilert, and Ndutu are located in |
| Metasomatism | process of changing a rock's chemical composition with hydrothermal fluids |
| ischial tuberosity | inferior posterior (where most of weight rests) |
| Behavioral audiometry techniques used for 2 years to 5 years | Conditioned Play Audiometry |
| biochip | acid from fermetation can be measured with this becasue of a pH electrode inside. counts few cells. very evective. applications in micro-scale food science |
| strategic discourse | the process of selecting arguments that will best achieve your rhetorical purpose in an ethical manner |
| 10 KBP | Emmer and Eincorn were domesticated in South-West Asia then |
| Necker Cube | Named by Louis Albert Necker, 3-d cube. |
| what muscles of the rotator cuff medially roate | subscapulairs muscle |
| flexion of the thumb occurs in the _____________plane | frontal |
| If MACD is positive and rising, then the gap between the 12-day EMA and the 26-day EMA is (shrinking/widening). | widening |
| Problems with construct validity | process of validation is theory-laden. Almost impossible to validate measure of concept unless theoretical network that surrounds it already exists. |
| Hinterland | It's in the back and the beds dip towards this |
| innervation of multifidus | posterior rami of all spinal nerves within region of the muscle |
| Gnotobiotic animals are what? | animals born in germ-free environment andmicrobiologically monitoredora |
| misleading the audience not by what they say but by what is left unsaid | post hoc fallacy |
| Antiquities act (year / def.) | (1906) protect sites on federal land |
| origin of palmar interossei | ulna side of 2nd metacarpal bone, radial side of 4th and 5th metacarpals |
| How to reduce the Cd | smooth clothing streamline shape of body decrease the surface area exposed to the flow |
| Changes in Cervical Mucous | fibers of cervical mucous line up at ovulation and thin out so sperm can get through- sperm guided along these fibers- abnormal sperm can't get through- vagina becomes more alkaline: helps sperm survive- mucous helps nourish sperm |
| insertion of abductor pollicis longus | radial surface of base of first metacarpal |
| What has become an alternate ‘beach’ nesting habitat for Terns? | Gravel rooftops-80% of least terns nest there |
| severence of the ventral root of a spinal nerve result in what? | You will lose motor function |
| What did Brahe discover about mars? | Tried and failed to observe the parallax of mars. Amassed data on mars oppositions |
| In mammals, what is the function of the isthmus? | Connects the uterus and the oviduct. |
| What are some ways infants do to improve stability in walking? | Wide base of supporthyper rotation of toesLarger lateral swayArms in high guardShorter swing phaseLonger double support phase |
| O3 + h v O + O2, ClO + O Cl + O2 O + O3 O2 + O2. | http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/265/files/607424/html/03082010160903I73sTapH8P/img11.jpg |
