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Definitions |
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sucrose?
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C12H22O11
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COPII
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Anterograde from RER
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Beta-tubulin
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a dimmer of tubulin
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
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Four kinds:
Temporal
Mechanical
Behavioral
Ecological
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Myocardial Infarction
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Heart Attack
interruption or reduction of coronary blood supply to the myocardium is so severe and long-lasting that function can no longer be sustained
the ischemic cardiac muscle cells that make up the affected myocardium become injured then die
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Virulence
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Degree or intensity of pathogenesity
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achondroplasia
what type of disorder
afflicted gene
normal gene function
mutant gene activity
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autosomal dominant disorder
cartilage never converted to bone
FGFR-3 = fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
FGFR3 has a negative regulatory effect on bone growth--limits formation of bone from cartilage partic in long bones
mutated form of receptor is constitutively active
leads to severely shorted bones
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metanephridia
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-paired strucutres in each annelid body segment-begins as a ciliated, funnel-like opening called a nephrostome
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Autophagy
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occurs in humans
damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol is surrounded by a double membrane, of unknown origin, and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of this vesicle. Then lysosomes dismantle material and organic materials return to cytosol for reuse.
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UNIFYING THEMES OF SCIENCE
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-EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE-EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATION
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destroy; build
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Osteoclasts _________ bone and osteoblasts _________ bone.
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dominant mutations are generally
?morphic
haplosufficient / insufficient?
heterozygote has what phenotype?
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antimorphic, hypermorphic, neomorphic
in a haploinsufficient gene
heterozygote has a mutant phenotype
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function of epithelial tissue
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-lining, transport, secretion, absorption-cuboidal cells, squamous cells-outer surfaces are apical ends-inner surfaces are basal ends-high rate of cell division in skins and gut
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Hemoglobin
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protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells
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What are the 3 classes of microtubules?
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Cytoplasmic
Axonemal
Centriolar
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define the consistency of this pith:
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diaphragmed pith
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3
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this degree of burn is the worst
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haploinsufficient
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one copy of the gene is not enough for wt phenotype
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mutations
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any change in DNA sequence, from single base substitutions to deletion or addition of tens or hundreds of bases, to duplication or reorganization of entire chromosomes; ultimate source of genetic variation but usually low in rate
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positive correlation
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when one variable increases, so does the other
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Solvent
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Water is an effective ____ because it can form hydrogen bonds.
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Polar Attraction
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A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
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what are the adrenal gland hormones
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cortisol and aldosterone
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Nucleotide
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attached to a backbone of sugar and phosphate molecules
form complementary base pairs:
Adenine (A) with Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U) substitutes for (T) in RNA
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what is eusporangiate physiology?
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Sporangia develop from several epidermal cells
sporangium wall several cells thick
more spores produced
ferns and all other vascular plants
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Allosteric regulation
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when a regular protein binds to a protein at one site which affects the function of a protein at a different site
most common mechanism of regulating enzyme activity
An enzyme must be made up of 2 or more subunits
an activating or inhibiting regularoty molecule, binds to the regularory site and changes the shape of the molecule to either inhibit it or activate it
ADP is an activator
ATP is an inhibitor
once single inhibitor activates all sites
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name some of the factors contributing to clumping of species across a landscape:
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-dispersal of seed
-reproduction
-variations in the environment
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define the Troup soil series:
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deep, somewhat excessively drained, moderately permeable soils, with a thick sandy surface and subsurface layers and loamy subsoils. They occur on 0-40% slopes.
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Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de Bouffon, (1707-1788)
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wrote "Histoire Naturelle" (1794-1804), a 44 volume encyclopedia of natural history
theorized that each family of animals diverged from common ancestor (common ancestor=specially created)
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what are the plant-like characteristics of green algae?
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Growth by an apical meristem
Multicellular reproductive structures with outer sterile cells
Flavonoid biosynthesis
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define decurrent habit (growth form)
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deliquescent-does not have a main axis; multiple branches with an open round shape; dicusely spreading; angiosperms
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dentine -primitive vs. modern
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showed same basic structure - enamel cap, basal layer, and pulp cavity for blood and nerves -- outer layer came into contact with environment and was sensitive [marked changes in salinity and temp]
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How do blue-green algae without heterocysts fix N?
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Through temporal separation of photosynthesis and N fixation. THis is an aerobic process.
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what is a conceptacle?
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a specialized hollow chamber at the end of an algal receptacle containing gametangia, used for reproduction
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define the oak savannah:
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the oak savannah is a community of widely scattered oak trees above a prairie layer of grasses and forbs. It is a transition ecosystem between the tallgrass prairie and woodland environments.
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What is the function of muscle tissue?
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It is used for movement.
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method of transcription termination for Pol I
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45S has terminator element in it, Sal Box, which binds TTF-1 (transcription termination factor 1)
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define palm-like habit (growth form)
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main trunk with rosette of leaves on top; palms
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what is denaturation, and what causes it?
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denaturation- heat breaks the hydrogen bonds, and they shape of the protien is broken and the functions are messed up.
- if pH is too high, too hot
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when did the process of evolution from gymnosperms to angiosperms begin?
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mid-paleozoic and culminated in cretaceous (oldest fossils are from this time period)
angiosperm evolution and dispersion is closely tied with pangea and the subsequent continental movements
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What does the collar do on Choanocytes?
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It creates water movement to trap food.
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what are the two competing theories of the first angiosperm plant body types?
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The Woody Magnoliid Hypothesis -- suggests that the basal lineages were small trees with slower lifecycles
and
The Paleoherb Hypothesis -- suggests that the basal lineages were herbs with rapid lifecycles
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how is it that plants have flexible programming?
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Totipotency is lost in animals after the 2-4 cell stage. Unlike animal cells, the fate of plant cells is not always irreversibly determined. Change your position and you change your destiny.
An individual cell can be excised from almost any portion of the plant (the stem pith, the leaf, part of the root) and placed into tissue culture. Given the proper mixture of nutrients and energy sources (sugars, etc.) and the right balance of phytohormones, the cell will continue to grow and differentiate and regenerate into a whole plant.
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Adenine
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Euglenophytes
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Euglenophyta (euglenophytes)Most diverse in swamps and marshes (organic, acidic)
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5' to 3' direction
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reciprocal translocation
example
result
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philadelphia chromosome (between chroms 9 and 22) causes chronic myelogenous leukemia
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carbohydrates
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molecules that contain mostly carbon,hydrogen, oxygen: they are primary fuel for running all of the cellular machinery and also form much of the structure of cells in all life forms
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Pigment: Biliproteins
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two kinds:Phycocyanin (blue-green color)Phycoerythrin (red color)
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amphipathic
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molecule or structure with both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
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Arteriosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries
loss of elasticity in the arteries
caused by buildup of calcium
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Dynein
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Large motor protein
each composed of polypeptides
help organelle bend
crosslinking proteins
spaced along outer doublet stretched along it's length that reach neighbor doublet
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Histone acetylation
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Acetylated histones and nucleosomes represent a type of epigenetic tag within chromatin. Acetylation brings in a negative charge, acting to neutralize the positive charge on the histones and decreases the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure which is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin
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EJC
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exon junction complex added just upstream of where two exons have been joined after an intron has been removed
how cells keep track of where they spliced
serve as regulator in Nonsense mediated decay
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Leu Zipper
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also called Leucine scissors
protein with coiled coil motif
Leu (hydrophobic aa is found at every 7th position)
common dimerization domain
found in some proteins regulating gene expression
DNA binding motif
leu zipper regulatory proteins interact with DNA as dimers and are called basic leu zippers
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conduction
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-direct transfer of heat when objects of different temperatures come into contact
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sickle-cell anemia
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hereditary disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid (valine) for a normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the promary structure of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
cells crystalize deforming into a sickle shape
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Enhancer
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A DNA sequence element to which transcriptional factors bind. Binding of transcriptional factors increases gene transcription.
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What is an example of a Urodela?
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Axolotyl
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trans-splicing
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method used in C. elgans and other nematodes to give different exons that were spliced out of an operon 5' caps so they can make their own proteins
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Histadine
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His, H
amino acid with basic side chain
less basic than Lys and Arg because of imidazole group
but can exchange H+
aromatic
ring can be pos charged depending on environ
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excretory systems in birds
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-also have internal fertilization, shelled eggs, and excrete uric acid as the nitrogenous waste product.
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aneuploidy
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+1 or -1 chromosome. Cause of most human miscarriages
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Nucleus
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part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
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Buffer
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A susbstance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
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Replication fork
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a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication. It is created by helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together. The resulting structure has two branching "prongs", each one made up of a single strand of DNA. These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates. The templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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naturalist who almost published the same exact theory as Darwin, even hitting on the same name!
Darwin presented excerpt of his earlier work at same meeting, establishing priority for his theory
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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
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Specifies the conditions that must be met for the pop. to remain at equilibrium<br /> - no mutation<br /> - large pop. <br /> - random mating <br /> - no migration into/out of pop./ NO GENE FLOW <br /> - All genotypes survive and rep. =ly well (no select)
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Integral membrane protein
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penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer
extend only partway into the lipid bilayer
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Red blood cells
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Carry oxygen. Mammalian RBCs are only vertebrates with non-nucleated RBCs. Carry hemoglobin and last about 120 days.
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define Exocytosis.
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- packages something in the cell into a vesicle, then fuses with the membrane and releases contents
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balancer chromosomes
what do they do
how
why useful
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genetic tool used to prevent crossing over between homologous chromosomes during tetrad formation during meiosis
they have multiple inversions along chromosome so that homologue pairing is disrupted (This is when crossing over usually occurs)
if there is a crossover, progeny carrying result die
they carry dominant markers so easy to identify
balancers cannot homozygoze--progeny die
useful way to preserve genotype for many generations
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Lamarck
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1st theory of evolution. <br /> - organisms arise by spontaneous generation<br /> - organisms develop adaptations to changed environ. through use and disuse of organs, acquired char. are transmitted<br />- Oranisms innate drive to become + complex
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Trafficking of soluble proteins in vesicles from RER
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1. A transmembrane cargo receptor, facing the lumen of RER, binds specific cargo only inside the RER
2. The other end of the receptor protein, the part facing the cytoplasm, binds a specific coat protein. This labels the outside of the vesicle to tell anything in the cytoplasm what is inside
3. The coat protein can help the membrane to bud off and may help to traffic the vesicle to its appropriate destination
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What is "deuterostome development"
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One of two developmental modes that help classify animals. It includes radial cleavage and most animals have indeterminate cells in early embryonic development.
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red marrow
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What part of the bone plays a major role in blood cell formation and fills spaces in some bones.
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what is unique about gnetophytes?
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Among living plants, the gnetophytes (Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia) are believed to be the most closely related to the flowering plants. These living genera also form a monophyletic clade themselves.
They are similar to angiosperms in that they undergoes a form of double fertilization. In Ephedra, this second embryo does not provide nutrition to the developing embryo as does the endosperm of angiosperms.
Their reproductive structures are very flower-like and have seed-coat-like structures making them appear very angiosperm-like
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functions and structure of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system
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Readies for action. Controls reflexes, including fight-or-flight.Sympathetic ganglion: (close to spinal cord) Acetylcholine released from preganglionic neuron ending; norepinephrine released from postganglionic neuron ending Effects: dilated pupils stop saliva secretion dilate bronchioles Speed up heartbeatsecrete adrenalineshuts down digestive and excretory systems
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What two types of soils make up the Coastal Plains?
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Troup series-excessively drained
Mascotte series-poorly drained
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knowledge based methods of predicting 3D protein structure
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compatibility of an aa seq of unknown structure with known structures
prob: only possible is similar structure has already been id'd
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How to make proteins in Eukaryotes
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As soluble proteins in the cytoplasm on free polysomes
Some can stay in the cytoplasm (tubulins, actin...)
Some can be targeted to go to organelles with and NLS, MLS, CLS. etc
2. Contranslational translocation on RER
Integral membrane proteins
Proteins destined to stay inside the endomembrane system as either biosynthetic or degredative enzymes
secreted proteins
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Y can pathogens only infect certains cells?
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bcoz different cells have have different cell receptors.E.g only humans can be infected by haemophillus influenzae.
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Modern synthetic theory of evolution: synthesis of Darwin, Mendel and Population Genetics
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1. Genetic variation arises by chance through mutation and/or recombination <br />2. Populations evolve by changes in frequencies of aleeles between generations resulting from (g. drift, g. flow, esp. nat. sel) <br />3. gradual Speciation (reprod. isolat
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What phylum does the Trocophore larva include and what does the larva develop into?
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It includes Annelida and develops into a worm.
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Plato's typological view of nature (2)
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- Single perfect Type for each species in the real world <br /> - Individual variations in illusionary world seen as imperfect copies of the real type
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Doctrine of the Continuity of the Germ Plasm
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Weismann<br /> Argued for a molecular distinction between soma and germ plasm< br/ > - generations linked only to germ plasm<br />- changes in soma have no effect on germ plasm <br />- rules out inheritance of acquired char. (ex. cut off mice tails 22g )
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Which sequence is correct?
a. mucosa-muscularis externa-submucosa-serosa
b. submucosa-mucosa-muscularis externa-serosa
c. serosa-mucosa-muscularis externa-submucosa
d. mucosa-submucosa-muscularis externa-serosa
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d
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The products of protein enter the bloodstream largely through cells lining
a. the stomach
b. the SI
c. the LI
d. the bile duct
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b
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What is the pH of saliva?
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6.35-6.85/slightly acidic, enzymes break down food
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What is
1. the periodontal ligament
2. crown
3. root
4. dentin
5. pulp
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1. what holds tooth in socket
2. the part of the tooth you see
3. the part of the tooth you don't see
4. hard because teeth are made up of dentin
5. spongy tissue that fills the inner cavity
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How many permanent teeth are there and what are they?
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32 incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars
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erythro
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red
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Excretion
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•Elimination of the drug from the body via: –Kidney –Liver –Bowel •Serum Half life –Tells how often the medication needs to be administered –Half the drug is excreted from blood within the half life time limit
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Gall--- Phrenology
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Broadmann's Areas
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name the infrahyoid muscles
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sternohyoidomohyoidsternothyroidthyrohyoid
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Transport vesicle for fats
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Lipoprotein
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shape of cells
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squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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obligate
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cannot exist outside host organism
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Vesicular secretion
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involves complex intracellular mechanisms involving ER, Golgi apparatus, PM fusion
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What is the functional classification of all cartelagenous joints?
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Amphiarthrotic
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innervation of fibularis tertius
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deep fibular nerve
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hydrogenosome
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A mitochondria like structure that lacks the citric acid cycle and also usually lacks cristae.
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Width of Cell membrane of (bact???)
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6-8nm
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12-25 kya
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Humans crossed the Bering Straight (Beringia)
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Claus Oldenberg
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Swedish sculptor who created public art that resembled ordinary things in life. Created Clothespin
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action of platysma
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depresses mandibletenses skin of inferior face and neckexpression of fear/stress
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Metabolism is a necessary process that evolved to provide ___ to prokaryotes.
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energy
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Clumped dispersion
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arranged according to availability of resources
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During natural transformation of bacterial cells...What binds to the receptors on the surface of the cells?What enters the cell?How is it incorporated?What is the limiting factor?
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DS-DNASS-DNAvia nonreciprocal recobinationthe recipient and donor must be genetically related
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Aka Paternal Care
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fathers second most active care-givers besids mothers, provide most of care-giving in camp, style of care giving is intimate
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What is the ciliated CNS neuroglia that help move cerebral-spinal fluid?
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ependymal cells
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action of extensor carpi radialis brevis
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extend wristabduct hand
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus.
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a) Appetitive model
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nourishment is the basis for attachment (Behaviorist idea)
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Covalent bond
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Holds together two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons.
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plate tectonics, atmospheric chemisrty
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Long term cause for ice age
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Failover
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A backup in which the functions of a computer component are assumed by secondary system components when the primary component becomes unavailable
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D.W. Griffith
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Ushered in Feature length film or full length film. Birth of Nation. Racist view of reconstruction era.
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Lecture 8Urban Geography
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Internal Structure of the City The Urban Land Use Model is verysimilar to the Von ThunenAgricultural Land Use Model
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Same
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Stars orbit in the disk all in a plane and in the same or different direction - like planets in the Solar System; orbits in the halo and bulge are much more random.
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application programming interface (API)
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a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications
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Endospores have high levels of __ and __
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dipicolinic acidSASPs-small acid-soluble proteins
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removal of negative feedback control of GnRH
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low levels of estrogen and progesterone, no negative feedback to shut down gnrh secretion, high levels of FSH and LH, low levels of inhibin: no negative feedback to pituitary
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four most familiar categories of AI
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expert systems, neural network or artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, intelligent agent
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851 sites across 141 countries
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Restriction of activities in parks and preserves has generated opposition to land protection policies.
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action of extensor digitorum longus
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extend digits 2-5 DIP PIP and MP jointsdorsiflex foot
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What are the chemicals limiting plug formation?
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PGI2 (prostacyclin), anti ADP enzymes, high serotonin, and physical isolation of plug by clot formation
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To isolate a pure bacterial culture, pathogens must be separated from what?
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To isolate a pure bacterial culture pathogens must be separated from indigenous bacteria and tested for disease cause to satisfy Koch's postulates.
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What are the 2 functions of the broad ligament?
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Supports tissue, houses blood supply (and allows lymph drainage of nerves). This is how blood and nerves get to organs.
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What is the input and the output of the right side
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Input is the S/I vena cava and the output is the pulmonary artery
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