| Terms |
Definitions |
|
glycoprotein
|
membrane protein
|
|
Lysosome
|
membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides
|
|
ribosomes
|
sties of protein synthesis
|
|
mitochondrion
|
membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration
|
|
glycoproteins
|
have short polysaccharide chains attached
|
|
nucleolus
|
nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes
|
|
glycocalyx
|
(p/cm) is a carbohydrate "coat" covering the outer face of the plasma membrane. It conissts of various oligosaccharides (short polysaccharide chains) that are attached to membrane phospholipids (glycolipids) and proteins (such as glycoproteins/recognition). This provides markers for cell-cell recognition
|
|
chloroplast
|
membrane-bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place
|
|
Cilia
|
short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface
|
|
receptor-mediated
|
specific molecules bind to specialized receptors in the plasma membrane
|
|
dialysis
|
diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane
|
|
chloroplasts
|
organelle in plants site of photosynthesis
|
|
eukaryotes
|
have a plasma membrane, nucleus, cytosol, ribosomes, and internal membrane, membrane bound organelles
- ex. plants, fungi, animals, protists
|
|
Microtubules
|
protein fiber (made of tubulin) and provide support and motility for cellular activities. They are found in the Spindle Apparatus (guides the movement of chromosomes during cell division), and in flaggella and cilia, structures that project from the plasma membrane to provide motility to the cell.
|
|
Anton Van Leewenhoek
|
famous for observing tiney, unicellular living things that no one had seen before
|
|
water potential
|
the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.
|
|
aquaporins
|
a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane
|
|
actin
|
A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
|
|
transmembrane protein
|
An integral membrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer
|
|
endocytosis
|
using membrane to engulf a large particle
|
|
organelles
|
structures in cells that perform the various tasks of the cell
|
|
cotransport
|
ATP pump that transports a specific solute indirectly drives the active transport of other substances
|
|
glyoxysomes, fatty acids
|
In germinating seeds, peroxisomes called _________ break down stored ______ _____ to help generate energy for growth
|
|
Peripheral Proteins
|
proteins tha are loosley associated with the lipid bilayer and are located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane
|
|
Intermediate filaments
|
protein fiber that provides suppor for maintaining the shape of the cell
|
|
extracellular matrix
|
The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.
|
|
membrane potential
|
The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
|
|
passive transport
|
The movement of materials down a gradient without using energy
|
|
nucleoid
|
area in prokaryotes where the DNA is found
|
|
osmosis
|
_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
|
|
chromatin
|
complex of DNA & protein in the nucleus that condenses into chromosomes prior to cell division
|
|
integral proteins
|
proteins that may extend into the cell membrane and appear at both surfaces (transmembrane proteins). Like phospholipids, these are amphpathic, w/ the hydrophobic regions embedded in the membrane and the hydrophilic regions exposed to the aqueous solutions bordering the membrane
|
|
gated channels
|
A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
|
|
central vacuole
|
a large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes
|
|
proteins
|
Many kinds of _____ can be found in the membrane;
|
|
water, dialysis, solutes
|
Osmosis is the diffusion of _____ across a semi-permeable membrane, while _______ is the diffusion of ______ across a semi-permeable membrane
|
|
Centrioles and basal bodies act as Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCS)
|
where microtubules orinated from
|
|
chemiosmosis, ATP synthase
|
In ______, the potential energy of the concentration gradient in the mitochondria is used to power the enzyme ______.
|
|
substrate, active site
|
A _____ binds to an enzyme's _____ for reactions.
|
|
storage-store starch, pigments, toxic substances
central-big, occupy most of the interior of the cell; when full, they exert turgor on the cell, maintaining rigidity; store nutrients, do lysosome stuff
contractile-pump excess water out
|
What 3 types of vacuoles exist? What does each do?
|
|
glycolipid
|
membrane phospholipid
|
|
hypotonic
|
lower concentration of solutes
|
|
cells
|
smallest unit of life
|
|
capsule
|
gelatinous layer surroundging the cells of blue green algae and certain bacteria
|
|
nucleosome
|
bundles of dna around histones
|
|
tonoplast
|
membrane enclosing the central vacuole
|
|
apoptosis
|
programmed cells death involving a cascade of specific cellular events
|
|
Microfiilaments
|
thinner, solid rods of preoteins called....enable teh cell to move or change shape when the protein subunits
|
|
desmosome
|
consists of proteins that bind adjacent cells together, protein filaments extend into interior of cell
|
|
light microscope
|
used to study living cells
|
|
hypertonic
|
the solution has high solute concentration
|
|
spindle apparatus
|
guides movement of chromosomes during cell division
|
|
nucleoli
|
concentrations of dna in the process of manufacturing ribosomes
|
|
facilitated transport
|
movement of lipid insoluble solutes across membrane with the help of channel proteins, flows down the concentration gradient; requires no energy
|
|
pinocytosis
|
ingestion of liquid by cell through endocytosis ( cell drinking )
|
|
signal transduction
|
Many membrane proteins act as receptors for ____ ________
|
|
gap junctions
|
provide channels btwn adjacent animal cells which ions, sugars and other small molecules can pass
|
|
collagen
|
_________ is the most common substance in the extracellular matrix.
|
|
Channel Proteins
|
proteins that form channels that selectivley allow the passage of certain ions or molecules
|
|
Microfilaments
|
protein fiber (made of actin) and are involved in cell motility. They are found in muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape, such as phago-cytes (white blood cells that wander throughout the body attacking bacteria)
|
|
exocytosis
|
the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out
|
|
Vacuoles
|
fluid filled sacs that store stuff in the cell
|
|
osmoregulation
|
the control of water balance in an animal
|
|
peroxisomes, liver, kidney
|
_________ break down substances such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 into H2O and O2). They are found in places such as the ______ and _______ cells.
|
|
Flagella and cilia
|
are structures that protrude from the cell membrane and make wavelike movements. F - long and few C - short and many; Structurally - consists of microtubules arranged in a "9+2" array-nine pairs
|
|
integral protein
|
A protein imbedded in the bilayer of the cell membrane
|
|
gated channel
|
open and close in response to specific chemical or electric stimuli to allow passage of specific ions across membrane
|
|
cyanide, carbon monoxide
|
Two other toxic substances, ____ and ____, bind with an electron in the 4th protein complex, not letting the electrons get to oxygen.
|
|
Electron Microscopes
|
used to study detailed structure of a cell , but can only see killed cells of specimens
|
|
Prokaryotic cells
|
a cell without a nucleus or any other membrane-bounded organelles (bacteria)
|
|
fluid mosaic model
|
the membrane is fluid and the proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
|
|
hypertonic, shrivel, plasmolysed
|
When a solution is ______ to a cell, or that the solution has a solute concentration higher than that of the cell, the cell will _____. The plant cell is called ________.
|
|
Plant Cells have this but animal cells dont
|
chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata
|
