Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Linguistics Final

Terms Definitions
 
 
 
Brain
Inflectional grammatical
semivowel glide
equ/iqu even, level
imperative a command.
clicks velaric ingressive stops
WRITTEN -more formal
-physical context
-permanent
-more subordination
semantic domains areas of meaning
ǃ
(kǃ, gǃ, ŋǃ) 		alveolar click
hyperbole obvious and intentional exaggeration.
 
 
Etic approach 		potentially cross-cultural and comparative in that it may be applied to several languages or cultures at a time. From the outside.
obstruents stops, affricates, and fricatives articulations which completely obscure the airstream frequencies
Derivation process by creating new words
motor aphasia slow, effortful speech production
descriptive linguistics studying how language is
 
 
 
Constituents
the natural groupings of a sentence. To test the constituency of a sentence you can use the stand alone test, replacement by a pronoun test or move as a unit test
 
 isolating languages no derivational or inflectional morphological processes
morpheme smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. ly, ceive, re, duce
Morphemes smallest meaningful unit of a word
NOW The discourse marker ____ typically functions as a focuser. In the example at the beginning of this section, in which the lecturer states, "Now, discourse markers...", ____ signals to the audience that an important piece of information is coming on this new topic.
SIGNIFIED concept that s signifier represents; one essential component of a linguistic sign
discourse the connected series of utterances produced during a speech act
brachylogy brevity of diction; concise or abridged form of expression.
affricate a speech sound comprising occlusion, plosion, and frication, as either of the ch-sounds in church and the j-sound in joy.
dirivational affix alter the meaning of the word
 
 
 
Innateness
Theory of the origin of language, uses the book of Genesis (Creationism) as evidence, it declares that language inquisition and diversity is thanks to divine intervention
 Connectionist Theories theory that children learn language through neutral connections in the brain. this connection is through exposure to language and using language.
Underextension A developmental phenomenon in which a child uses a lexical item to denote only a subset of the items that it denotes in adult speech
round vowels vowels that are accompanied by lip-rounding
rhyme consists of a nucleus and any consonants following it
lexicon list of all lexical and grammatical items of a language, contains words and idioms
PERIPHRASTIC DO AUXILIARY DO THAT SUBSTITUTES FOR VERBAL INFLECTION, AS WHEN "I DID LOOK IT UP IN THE GLOSSARY" REPLACES " I LOOKED IT UP IN THE GLOSSARY"
fricative Sounds made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the airstream so that when air passes through the small passage, turbulent airflow (frication) is produced. f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ]
Parts of NP (Det) (A) N (PP) (CP)
language nest an education program for preschoolers in which a minority language is used exclusively
prescriptive grammar usage in social conventions, language etiquette; not actual use of language itself, but how one should use it
language death the complete displacement of one language by another in a population of speakers
pervasive to become spread throughout all parts of:
unmarked characterized by the absence of a distinctive phonological feature, such as (p) in contrast to (b), which lacks the distinctive feature of voicing
sibilant a fricative having a hissing quality, such as s
Productivity A charac. of language meaning a finite set of sounds can generate an infionite combination of utterances
Palato-Alveolar The flat part of the tongue is touching behind the alveolar ridge, like English ‹sh›, ‹ch›, ‹j›– /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/.
Postlexical Decomposition The process by which the constituents of a multimorphemic word are activated in the brain through the representation of the whole lexical item.
lateral approximants approximants formed with the sides of the tongue lowered, so that the airstream passes laterally around a central closure, usually the alveolum
compounding Word formation in which two or more independent words are combined. ie. basketball
SC - Raising change in tongue height

non > nun
EXPERIENCER Thematic role, expressed in a noun or noun phrase, of those who feel or perceive something; an ______ thus must be capable of feeling or perception.
rules based on how language is actually used descriptive grammar
superstratum influence the effect of a politically or culturally dominant language on another language or languages in the area
conflation pattern A class of meanings created by combining semantic elements such as manner and motion or direction and motion
visual cortex in the occipital lobe, receives and interprets visual images, though to be storage site for pictorial images
epilogue a concluding part added to a literary work, as a novel.
derivational morpheme one which creates an entirely new word
 
Articulatory Phonetics 		 
is the study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language.
4th principle it means that a language doesn't need to have a plural marking morpheme because the article or something else will say if it is plural
Ablative Case A case that expresses a variety of meanings including instrument, cause, location, source and time.
Analyzing Realties Frame - doesn't have meaning until you give it a meaning
Natural - identify occurences of unguided; purely physical
Social - individuals are in control and manipulte
NONFINITE VERB VERB FORM, SUCH AS THE INFINITIVE OR THE PARTICIPLE, THAT DOES NOT EXPRESS TENSE
What is Field Field refers to the topic of conversation and is one of three registers in the systematic functional language for analysing conversations.

Linked Terms: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Mode, Tenor, Genre, Register
Prescriptivism Arose at the same time as the effort to standardize the language, based on latin grammar, English was seen as an inferior language compared to Latin and Greek, English was expected to conform to Latin rules
epexegesis the addition of a word or words to explain a preceding word or sentence.
citation form the spoken form a word has when produced in isolation, such as for illustration, as distinguished from the form it would have when produced in the normal stream of speech
Indian boarding schools; 1st one founded at Carlisle, PA by Captain R. H. Pratt: "kill the Indian, keep the man" ideology
grouping ambiguity when the same string of words may have two meanings based on different possible groupings of the wordsex. nutritious food and drink - which is nutritious
unaccusative subject is or comes to be in a state or position. Unaccusative subjects behave like transitive objects. Subject is both subject and object. Subject can be used in noun incorporation
cognitive style the way in which one is predisposed to process information in our environment
zeugma the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words when it is appropriate to only one of them or is appropriate to each but in a different way, as in to wage war and peace or On his fishing trip, he caught three trout and a cold.
What is IP recursion enabled by? -a complementizer (that, if, whether) which turns IP into a complement
How fast do children acquire vocabulary?
  		two word at 20 months-50 words
age five-child's vocabulary- 15 to 20 words a day
seix-7800 wprds
8-17600 basic words
What is Maintenance Bilingual Education? The goal of this method is to help the child maintain his/her native language, while still helping the child learn English. Children become literate in both their native language and in English. Adopted for Native American communities (Navajo, Hawaiian).
ζ sh
pʰ asperated
Nomination topic selection
hyper-/super- over, above
substantive a noun
coinage When a completely
apocope word final vowel
parole messy, imperfect actual speech
ǂ
(kǂ, gǂ, ŋǂ) 		palatal click
largess generous bestowal of gifts.
 
 
 
Discourse 		Principal Unit of analytic communication
affricatives STOP+FRICATIVE; a single sound, complete closure with a delayed release. EX: chug, jug
front lobe -primary motor cortex
-motor control
cross-sectional research that investigates and compares the linguistic knowledge of different children at a particular point in development
cerebrum outer layer of the brain
 
 
Homonymy

are separate words pronounced or spelled alike despite their
different meanings and listed in dictionaries as distinct entries;
Homonyms may create ambiguity.
  ex) My mother can no longer bear children
confounding variable uncontrolled influences affecting the dependent variable more in one condition than in another,
allomorphy variance in a morpheme. Aspiration
Root meaning - strip away all morphemes
KIND as an example... can have many affixes (meaning at the root)
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS study of the relationships among language, mind, and the brain, including processes of language acquisition, also called "cognitive linguistics".
accents phonetic qualities of a language variety that identify it to speakers of other varieties as different from their own
colloquial characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal.
strident characterized acoustically by noise of relatively high intensity, as sibilants, labiodentals and uvular fricatives, and most affricates
epiglottis a membranous flap that cover the glottis during swallowing and prevents anything swallowed from going into the lungs
 
 
 
Australopithecines 		3-4 MYA, the earliest hominids came from east african sites in Tanzania, Kemia and Ethiopia
FSA Finite State Automaton - Word Chain Device, think of a sentence as a chain of words and a speaker as a device which consists of a finite number of mental predisposition (state) Each state is associated with a rule that allows the speaker to produce a word and move to a new mental predisposition.
Fronting A common substitution process in child language acquisition that involves the moving forward of a sound's place of articulation: cheese is pronounced [tsiz]
lax vowels generally centralized in their place of articulation and characterization is mainly impressionistic
/d/➞[ɘd]/alveolar stop+_# schwa insertion rule B
schwa is inserted preceding a word-final /d/ that follows a morpheme ending in an alveolar stop
psychological reality of an abstract grammatical concept- that it is not only an abstract linguistic concept; it can be seen to operate during speech production and/or comprehension. helps to determine the relationship between abstract theoretical notions that linguists have deduced and how the brain actually functions ex commutativity we wouldnt expect to have a specific brain location
PARTICLES VERB FORM THAT FUNCTIONS AS AN ADJECTIVE, AS IN "IT WAS A GRIPPING NARRATIVE"
Verbs Refers to states of affairs and events. Expresses time- regular past is -ed. forms to indicate manner present -ing
Non Verbal Communication Process of communicating intention without actually saying it.Evidenced in voice quality, speaking style, prosody and intonation
sociolinguistics the study of language in social contexts
performance we learn about a speaker's competence by observinc their performance in speech; observable use of language
cognate descended from the same language or form
blandishment something, as an action or speech, that tends to flatter, coax, entice, etc.:
tone a movement in pitch serving to distinguish two words otherwise composed of the same sounds
affricative a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air completely and then releasing the stoppage gradually, resulting in a soung that begins as a stop and ends as a fricative. ch and j
Rich point word or phrase whose meaning depends on understanding many aspects of a culture. (Agar)
Rounded The lips are brought into a tight circle at the same time as the sound is articulated. English ‹qu› may be thought of as a rounded /k/.
One-word stage A stage in first language acquisition at which children characteristically produce one-word utterances
polysynthetic language A type of language that attaches several affixes to a stem to indicate grammatical relationships.
Linguistic Performance The use of linguistic competence in the production and comprehension of language; behavior as distinguished from linguistic knowledge
Pidgin Languages arise in trade situation where the trades do not have a common language

ex) Chinook Jargon developed during fur trade in NW
LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY System in which cognition varies or develops according to linguistic variation.
children learn language because language is an instinct innateness
(vocabulary?, hard to isolate language)
isolating language languages that contain only words that consist of a single (root) morpheme
polysemy a word has two or more related meanings
Hyponymy property of two words such that the set of things denoted by one word is a subset of the set of things denoted by the other word
deus ex machina any artificial or improbable device resolving the difficulties of a plot.
informant a native speaker of a language who supplies utterances and forms for one analyzing or learning the language
philosophical linguistics the link between language and logical thought
 
 
 
Redundacy Rule 		A semantic feature may be predicted on the basis of another feature
a core characteristics of modern modern scientific theories they are all falsifiable
Abstract noun An abstract noun is a noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent; often treated as a mass noun.
Speech acts lets you talk about what language is doing
Duality of Patterning Signs are formed as meaningless units that are combined to form arbitrary meaning.
What is Intertexuality/Hybridity The shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can refer to an author’s
borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of
one text in reading another. ● As Mikhail Bakhtin states, all texts have some relationship with other texts
that have preceded them.
● Some examples of intertextuality in literature include:
● Carol-Ann Duffy poem 'Havisham' and Dickens' Great Expectations
relational opposites A pair of antonyms in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the other describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed, e.g., parent/child, teacher/pupil; John is the parent of Susie describes the same relationship as Susie is the child of John. See gradable pair, complementary pair.
lexeme a unit within a language, such as a word or base; vocabulary item
critical period hypothesis learning a language from 2 to puberty, the acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors.
nasal vowels if the velum is down during a vowel, so that the airstream is directed through the nose
grammatical function:
Subject (see also object) 		In English, subjects govern agreement on the verb or auxiliary verb that carries the main tense of the sentence, as exemplified by the difference in verb forms between he eats and they eat.

The subject has the grammatical function in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase) by means of the verb to any other elements present in the sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials.
The subject is a phrasal constituent, and should be distinguished from parts of speech, which, roughly, classify words within constituents.
How are English and Latin different? Infinitives in Latin are morphological; in English they are periphrastic
generative phonology a theory of phonology that uses a set of rules to derive phonetic representations from abstract underlying forms
Imitation vs. Reinforcement vs Active Construction. Immitation- theory that children learn language by hearing and repeating.
Reinforcement- theory that children learn language because they are praised for speaking.
Active Construction- theory that children invent the rules of grammar themselves.
neutralization and neutralizing rules when an allophone is a member of two phonemes, you cannot tell which phoneme it belongs to when just looking at it in a word. English flap is an allophone of both /t/ & /d/. Contrast between /t/ & /d/ is neutralized.
What kind of consonant sound do all languages have? At least one voiceless stop (most have all three)
Form Sounds
w witch
topic shifting ...
para- beside, resembling
dependent clause seems fragmenty
q voiceless uvular stop
[k] -v velar stop
 
 
 
Prevarication 		 
 
 
Linguistic messages can intentionally be false, deceptive or meaningless
allophone a sound that changes
ambiguous an expression exhibiting constructional homonymity or having two or more structural descriptions
ε dead, pet, saidmid front -tense
phonotactics the restrictions of a language
Diglossia situation where different languages are used for different social functions

ex) Nigeria - English in school and office while native tongue is spoken at home and with family
voicing voiceless stops or voiceless fricatives weaken to voiced stops or voiced fricatives
affixes morphemes that can't apperar alone, but on a base
 
 
 
Morpheme 		Smallest meanigful part of a word
Open Class ability to coin new words
post creole continuim the variations of creoles
Race o Major dimensions of humankind having basic differences (physical characteristics)
glottal Sounds produced with the glottis.
ʔ, h
SEMANTICS Systematic study of meaning in language, especially word and sentence meaning.
graded A concept whose members display varying degrees of the characteristics that are considered typical of the concept
scheme any system of correlated things, parts, etc., or the manner of its arrangement.
allomorph one of the alternate contextually determined phonological shapes of a morpheme; ox, oxen
consonant speech sound that is produced when airstream is constricted or stopped (and then released) at some place along it's path before it escapes from the body
 
 
 
Homo sapiens 		Ritual activities, belief in after life. Moving a significant distance from prelanguage to langauge
A person has knowledge of _ . Grammar
diary study A type of naturalistic investigation in which a researcher (often a parent)keeps daily notes on a child's linguistic progress.
parts of syllable rhyme (must have), and onset
taxonomic relationships x is a kind of y
COMPLEMENTS CONSTITUENT OF A CLAUSE OR SENTENCE THAT COMPLETES THE ACTION OF A VERB BUT IS NOT AN OBJECT; IN "A COMPLEMENT CAN BE FOUND IN THIS SENTENCE," IN THIS SENTENCE FUNCTIONS AS A COMPLEMENT
Theme participant that sentence is said to be about. A thing that simply has a property that is being referred to. In a state or location or undergoes a change. In Robin slept, Robin is the theme.
ONGLIDE speech sound produced when a glide moves into a vowel, as in some pronunciations of Tuesday.
accuracy whether the learner has the correct representation of a particular linguistic structure (involves knowledge)
mutual intelligibility if mutually intelligible the same language can be understood by speakers of each variety
derivational bound morpheme changes meaning or syntactic classkind-unkindkind-kindness
hierarchy the system of levels according to which a language is organized, as phonemic, morphemic, syntactic, or semantic
tedium the quality or state of being wearisome; irksomeness; tediousness.
well-formed conforming to the rules of a language
Lexical categories the major word classes, contain content words, those with intrinsic meaning, parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, preposition
Phonetics - places of articulation bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal
Interdental The tongue is sticking out between the front teeth, like English ‹th› /ð/.
Canonical Sentence Strategy A processing strategy that leads children to expect the fist NP in a sentence to bear the AGENT role and the second NP to bear the THEME role.
recursion in which same rules operate more than once
Language Endangerment language that has less than 500 speakers who can speak the language in day-to-day interaction

ex) Native American languages
PEJORATION Semantic process in which a term of neutral significance takes on a negative meaning.
tongue body close to roof of mouth high vowel
epenthesis the insertion of a consonant or vowel into a particular environment
Types of constituents Determiner phrase, noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase
Language centers in the brain wernicke's area, broca's area
antonym a word opposite in meaning to another. Fast is an antonym of slow.
hysteron-proteron a figure of speech in which the logical order of two elements in discourse is reversed, as in "bred and born" for "born and bred."
natural class a group of sounds which share important features in common
 
 
 
X-Bar theory 		All XPs (i.e., NPs, PPs, VPs, TPs, APs) can be broken down into three levels.
Number of hair cells (16-30,000) and fixed in early development of the fetus. Neverregenerated. The loss of even a small number of hair cells can result in permanent hearing loss.
backwards anaphora an instance of anaphora in which the antecedent follows the pronoun
character maintenance remains in control of character he or she is playing
tense vs lax tense- i, e, u, o
lax- all others
AUDITORY PHONETICS study of sound in a language focused on how people perceive it.
sense the meaning of a word other than its reference.

The president:
reference: George W. Bush
sense: highest executive office

the current president of France has sense but no reference.
paronomasia the use of a word in different senses or the use of words similar in sound to achieve a specific effect, as humor or a dual meaning; punning.
catachresis misuse or strained use of words, as in a mixed metaphor, occurring either in error or for rhetorical effect.
Phonetics - International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) categorizes consonants based on manner and place of articulation, categorizes vowels based on roundedness and place of articulation, universal etic description of speech sounds
In PHONETICS, we often refer to the... ...PASSIVE ARTICULATORS (moved against). There are EIGHT places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, laryngeal
What is Prop 203? Requires all education be taught in English. 1- year extensive English immersion program (Arizona)
generative grammar a grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of a language are possible, and which impossible-Chomsky
mutual exclusivity bias a new label should refer to an object without an existing label
-if object already has a label, kids think the new label may refer to a part of the object
Why would children adopt the structure dependent rule right from the start? 
it is consistent with the input data
it is simpler if they already have the phrase sturctures innately
it is compatible with the Universal Grammar theory of language development
Can we say that parrots have learned a language when they produce words or sentences trhough mere imitation? No because they're just imitating the sounds.