Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Media and Society

Terms Definitions
Iconscope? Zworykin
Rotary Press Richard Hoe
false consciousness ask mira
Aishwarya Rai superstar bollywood actress
*Adversarial PR Attacking critica openly
Four major trends? Globalization, conglomeration, demassification/fragmentation, convergence
examples of applications spreadsheets & wordprocessing
literati well-educated people interested in literature and cerebral issues
Metabrain computers that collect human intelligence to assess and disseminate
Spiral of Science People become quiet
What year was the Gutenberg Bible? 1455
Pulitzer‐Hearst circulation war nicknamed "Yellow Journalism"- journalism war between Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal)
All Things Considered Pioneer NPR afternoon newsmagazine.
Franchising Local communities awarded monopoly to selected cable companie, late 1970's to 1990's cable companies would pay city annually for the right to operate
Edward Bernays Early public relations practitioner whose practice and scholarship helped define the field
RCA formed by general electrics, at&t, Westinghouse,united fruit
Gatekeepers (2) TV: reporters, producers, executives, owners
 
Newspapers: editors, reporters, chief executives
Libel Written defamation that tends to injure an individual's reputation or good name or diminishes the esteem, respect, or goodwill due to a person
Branding The development of a brand through intentional or unintentional effort. The term has gone beyond advertising and now applies to anything that is identified by a collection of images and messages.
communism. a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Lobbying process of attempting to influence the voting of lawmakers to support an organizations best interest
informational factor receivers knowledge limits that impede deciphering symbols
Among the earliest "newspapers" were the daily reports of the actions of the Roman Senate called Acta Diurna
What theory makes ethical decisions based on the current circumstances? situational ethics
advertorial a public relations message, taking an editorial position, that appears in paid space or time; a term contrived from advertisement and editiorial
vertical integration mcchesney, when a producer/owner owns all facets of a certain media in order to make the process cheaper
*Viewing Diaries Nielsen began using DIARIES (sampling techniques in which respondents keep their own records) in the 1950s. Instead of interviews, Nielsen mailed forms to selected families in major markets for them to list program titles, times,and channels and who was watching. This was done in major sweep periods; FEBRUARY, MAY and NOVEMBER. Although diaries were cost-efficient, many viewer would forget their duty and then try to remember days later what they had watched. The resulting data were better than no data but rather muddy.
Empirical Research Inovles investigating and reporting on actual things in the world.  Uses concepts as starting points for conducting studies. (Ex. The impact of tobacco free campaigns)
Ethnographic research research adapted to specific ethnic cultures. Ex. Lull 1982 conducted a 90 family observation of who controled the TV in the house. The father was claimed to have less power then was actually observed.
Any of those along the communication chain who have a role in determining what does or does not appear in the media are __________? Gatekeepers
PT Barnum Started a weekly newspaper, The Herald of Freedom, in 1829. After libel suits, he moved to NYC and began his career as a showman. In 1835, he purchased a blind and almost paralyzed black woman named Joice Heth and promoted her as George Washington's 160-year-old nurse. Heth died in 1836, but Barnum promoted others until he bought Scudder's American Museum in 1841 and renamed it Barnum's American Museum.
watchdog role of the press as an independent check on the government on behalf of the people against abuse of power.
what was the illiteracy rate in the South of Italy in 1951? 32%
george jones New York times reporter who pursued Tammany Hall scandal
promotion the ways a company gains attention for its product or service,including advertising,public relations,packaging, and personal selling.
contingency planning Developing programs in advance of an unscheduled but anticipated event
dw griffith created the first feature length film, the birth of a nation
True or false: A modern-day Plato would be concerned that movies such as Oceans 11 glorify theft (Oceans 11 is a movie in which the audience is encouraged to root for the thieves).
a) True
b) False 		a) True
Free Press 1. Free form poltical censorship and government control
2. Emerged prior to American Revolution
Explain the Selective Processes Theory. Selective exposure, Selective Retention, Selective Perception (Theorized to be the agents that limit the effects of the media)
Laws which provide a \"privilege\" for journalists, protecting them from having to disclose confidential sources in certain legal proceedings are: Shield Laws
Transcendent Persona To be famous for merely being famous. e.g. Paris Hilton
Had to be reqired each time it was used ENIAC
Newspaper Revitalization Bill Proposed law to allow newspapers to reorganize into a tax-exempt status for survival
The author of The Brass Check, an expose of newsroom practices was Upton Sinclair
Roger Fenton This man documented the Crimean War in 1856 for the Times of London. The photos were copied by woodcut artists to be used in the publication.
5) The printing press ultimately helped to usher in the modern era. Which value is not associated with the American cultural landscape at this time?
a) Working efficiently
b) Celebrating the individual
c) Believing in a rational order
d) Clinging to tradi 		d) Clinging to tradition
Media scholars believe that media plays a significant role in... helping children learn society's expectations from them.
What is observational learning Observers can acquire new behaviors simply by seeing those bahaviors performed
Subliminal Messages This is the use of hidden or disguised messages in ads.
Produced early Elvis records, plus Johnny Cash, Roy Orbinson, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins Sun Studios in Memphis, TN
Federal Radio Commision (FRC) established in 1927 to oversee radio licenses and negotiate channel problems.
*Allowable instances of Prior Restraint According to the Incitement Standard, authorities can justify silencing someone only if:
1.) The statement ADVOCATES a lawless action
2.) The statement AIMS at producing lawless action
3.) SUCH LAWLESS ACTION IS IMMINENT
4.) Such lawless action is LIKELY TO OCCUR
What is selective Perception The process by which people will interpret messages in a manner consistant with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
uses and gratifications studied the ways in which people used the media to satisfy various emotional or interllectual needs. Addressed the fuctions of the mass media for individuals, but did not address the impact of the media on society
USES AND GRATIFICATION THEORY This theory is concerned with how the mass media meet audience members' wants and needs. Audience members are perceived as activein freely choosing and selectively consuming message content), and demanding in their use of the media.
-Audience uses include: Emotional release, wishful thinking, valuable advice, identifying with hero'sidentifying meaning that a person is like, or wants to be like the person being portrayed)..... EXAMPLE of uses for gratification: When NYC newspapers went on strike for 2 weeks, sociologist Berelson found that people missed their newspapers intensely because the categories of the newspaper filled needs and gratifications that went unfilled during the strike.
What is the Golden Shield? the method by which the Chinese government controls Internet content that it doesn't see fit for public consumption
What is Inhibitory effects. Seeing a model such as a movie character for example punished for a behavior reduces the likely hood that the observer will perform that behavior
Select the correct historical order among the following major eras in journalism history: partisan journalism - penny press - yellow journalism - objective news
*Why online advertising with consumer-created content can be risky As advertisers that edits or shuts off negative input runs the risk of losing credibility ex) Chevrolet Tahoe, causes global warming
Heavy consumer traffic on social networking sites like Myspace & etc. attracts advertising. But these sites also carry risk because people can post PRETTY MUCH ANYTHING whatever they want on heir pages, including negative stuff on a product that works against the effectiveness of the paid-for sponsor ads.
What are positive contributions of advertising in modern society? helps create new markets and recover product start up costs quickly, promotes technological advances, encourages economic growth by increasing sales. "free" mass media
If I were studying "identity" in the circuit of culture, what could I examine?
a) Perceptions of message sources
b) Perceptions of message recipients
c) Identities produced within the message itself
d) Answers A and B
e) Answers A, B and C 		e) Answers A, B and C
What are the most common complaints lodged about PR's impact on the news media and on society? Influence of media-they supply 40% of ALL content, act as gatekeepers (enable cover-ups and limit interaction), CLutter(fill media with trivial stories) pseudo-events(events merely for publicity)sponsored videos, video news releases, cynicism(gap&good
If YOU were running for office at Temple and did not have a lot of time and money, what would your strategy be? 1) GET AN OPINION LEADER3rd party endorsement=Dean of communications school, Temple athlete of student government member to get your message across to students and faculty. Getting testimonials from well known and respected individuals will make my message more powerful and believable....2) TARGET PEOPLE WHO ARE ON THE FENSE/THE YOUTH....3)) REPEATEDLY SEND OUT THE SAME MESSAGE THROUGH DIFFERENT MEDIA-->based on accumulation theory of minimal effects.
Why do "sources" want to gain access to the mass media? How do they contribute to modern public info system? sources are vital sources of content and play a critcal role in what gets covered. Write packages news media can use, information sponsors, make it easier and cheaper to report news. "mutual dependency"
What did John Milton argue and what was his rationale?
a) All ideas, even false ones, should be allowed to circulate freely in a democratic society because eventually the truth will emerge
b) In a democratic society, people should be able to criticize pub 		a) All ideas, even false ones, should be allowed to circulate freely in a democratic society because eventually the truth will emerge
What did The New York Times attempt to censor?
a) The Bush administration's wiretap program
b) The crash of the housing market
c) The kidnapping of a New York Times journalist
d) Photos of caskets at Dover Air Force base
e) Valerie Plame's identity as a c 		c) The kidnapping of a New York Times journalist
price control ...
1st spreadsheet? Visiçalc spreadsheets
Social Proof Peer Pressure
channel noise interference during transmission
Late 1870's Thomas Edison: Recording/Phonograph
NBC 1926, created through cooperation between RCA, Westinghouse and GE.. first station to broadcast in color; same conglomerate as Universal Studios and General Electric; National Broadcast Corporation; it just took it's radio shows and stars and transferred them to TV; Pat Weaver was a part; known for the Tonight Show and Today
Noise Any physical, psychological, social, or cultural condition that interferes with, distorts, or slows down the transmission of information/reduces effectiveness of the communication process and similarities between the intended meanings of the sender and the interpreted meanings of the reciever.
National Geographic introduced photograph in magazines
Tie-ins Companies connect unrelated products to aid in distributing one central product
Mega book stores? Barnes and Nobles, Borders
ENIAC stands for? Electronic Numerical Integrator Computer
editorial content mass media other than advertising
CATV 1st small cable systems, in communities where mountains blocked broadcast signal, served 10% with 12 channels, advantages were no over the air interferences and increased channel capasity
dialogic theory Dialogue-based approach to negotiating relationships
Coverage the reporting of a particular important event or subject
Define Morals Religious Beliefs and Personal Behavior
Two innovations associated with magazine journalism: PhotojournalismPersonality Profiles
Small-town pastoralism Equating small towns with innocence and good.
movies technological foundation Movies evolved from photography
 1727 discover of light causing silver nitrate to darken
 Persistence of vision - The human eye retains an image for a fraction of a second
 1888 - William Dickson (Thomas Edison) develops motion picture camera
• Used celluloid film perfected by George Eastman (Kodak)
 Lumiere Bros. brought projection to motion pictures
• 1895 - the opened the first exhibition hall which was in Paris
Eadward Muybridge
 Conducted studies of motion
• Made a bet that all of a horses hooves came off of the ground while running - made a series of trip wires connected to cameras that captured motion in pictures
• Put the pictures in the lining of spinning cylinder that is hand cranked
Etienne Jules Marey
 Invented the first blood pressure cuff
 Invented photo-gun to view birds in flight
 Figured out a way to take multiple pictures and view them all in one frame
William Dickson
Lumiere Bros
how many audiences do PR interact with? 7
downlink a ground station that recieves a relayed signal from a communication satellite
Industrialization of Magazines Industrialization not only helped produce magazines but also funded them through advertisements
payola the unethical (but not always illegal) practice of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to favor particular songs over others.
Philo Farnsworth invented the electronic technology for television
synchronized soundtrack sound effects, music, and voices synchronized with the moving images in a movie
*CNN Effect The ability of television, through emotion-raising video, to elevate distant issues on the domestic public agenda.
Cuneiform Script 1. Originated in the Mesopotamia region of Sumer in the 30th century BC.  This is currently the country of Iraq.
2. Written on clay talbets, and began as a series of pictorgrams
3. Last known use cam in 75AD, 3000 years after it was first developed.
 
Catharsis The idea that being exposed to violence in the media gratifies people's innate aggressive drive and thus reduces it's manifestion in real life. Social cognitive theory disproved this notion.Ex. Shooting people on TV will make you less likely to want to do it.
mass communication example is print to the internet
Motion picture patent company 1915-organization that tried to control film industry
CPM how many thousands of people can you reach per dollar; Cost per thousand
Mass Communication (talking to everyone) like a President to a crowd of people.
voice tracking A few announcers who pre-record music intros and outros for multiple stations to create a single personality for stations
What is the standard by which government may control the time, place, and manner of expression as long as the limits are content-neutral? TPM standard
passed links references to web sources shared among computer users
studio system a factory-like way of producing films thatinvolved owning all the talent and studios
What theory was supported by Seymour Feshbach's research? cathartic effect
Digital Convergence: Pros&Cons Pros:
1. Digitial media cna transform products
2. Niches on a mass media level enables us to get what we want
3. Creates more opportunities for content distribution
4. Options for people (if they're willing to pursue those options)
5. Globalization leads to better understanding
6. Competition strengthens our efficiency and profitability
7. Convenient
 
Cons:
1. Few shared cultural references
2. Creates for a more closed minded thinking
3. Globalization can lead to economic imbalance (for us)
4. Loss of revenue. Media industries are collapsing
5. Democracy is jeopardized
Soft News News stories that don't bear specific immediate concern.
What are orientation news values/standards? (look @ graph) Orientation=need to know,predominantly journalistic, concerned with public trust, seek to do quality journalism despite cost.
Exposure Imperative Exposure is a kind of oxygen to celebrities. No matter what type.
What are theories? Theories are a set of interrelated propositions, derived from research, that provide systematic descriptions about how things work. Theories are supported when their predictions are found by research to be ACCURATE (whether a valid logical prediction was made). If not they are modified, retested or rejected completely.
Culture is: The learned behavior of members of a given social group
The U.S. Supreme Court gave legitimacy to government regulation of broadcasting, despite the First Amendment issue, in 1975 in the Tornillo opinion
Grazian and Lull grazian and lull consider the impact that media concentration and ownership has on content and ideology. EXAMPLE: toys, media concentration ownership chart
Press conference a meeting at which a person or organization makes a public statement and reporters can ask questions
Qualitative Research Inovled making sense of an aspect of reality by showing how different parts of it fit together in particular ways.
 
Ex. A study designed to explain the factors behind why a certain age group or gender pspends time online.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) an independent U.S. government agency charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. Established in 1934.
economies of scale are the savings that come with mass production
The first penny paper was the ______, first published by Benjamin Day in 1833: New York Sun
media concentration of ownership mcchesney, after 1996 act, 6 companies now own all media
Democracy and Capitalism (2) 2.) Democracy and Capitalism:
[D] Coverage of other governmental forms dwells on corruption, conflict, protest and bureaucratic malfunction. Other societies do best when they follow the American ideal of serving the public interest.
[C] U.S. journalists are committed to the capitalist economic system.When they report corruption and misbehavior in the U.S. business, journalists treat them as aberrations.
Democracy and Capitalism itself is an ethnocentric value, which many people do not even think about but which nonetheless shapes how they conduct their lives. Knowing that U.S. journalists by and large share this value explains a lot about the news coverage they create.
What is Dissonance Theory When confronted by new or conflicting info people fill mental distress.
Colonization of Celebrity Logic The concept of being well known has been associated with likeability
hacker ethic a set of values from the early days of interactive computer that held users should have absolute control over their computers and free access to information
All kinds of media organizations must ____, _____, ____, and ____ their content inot order to be successful produce, distribute, exhibit and finance
Fourth estate/fourth branch the role of the press as a fourth branch of government, one that watches the other branches (executive, legislative, and judicial)
Reasons For the Fall of General Interest Magazines (4) Changes in consumer taste, rising postal costs, failing ad revenue, and TV
What is the role of the media in authoritarian governments? Subservience to the government
Describe media framing. How does framing relate to agenda-setting? They "frame" a story to appear unbiased, but still manipulate it to present a negative point. Again they "set the agenda" on how their audience will view a story
Someone who follows the hypodermic needle model believes...
a) The media can change attitudes and behaviors in powerful ways
b) The media can change attitudes and behaviors in minor ways
c) Audiences will seek messages and meanings that correspond to the 		a) The media can change attitudes and behaviors in powerful ways
In todays media enviroment, what does it mean to have an "independent" press- that is independent from what or whom? being free from govt intimidation and censorship. Now have to expand that def to not only govt, buy from corporate interest and power.
The Swift Boat ads made famous in the 2004 election were largely financed by Republicans loosley connected to the Bush campaign
What is the two-dimesionality of news and what is the problem with that approach? With only reporting two sides to a story or issue u miss al the inbetweeners
What was one of the conclusions of the 1995-1997 National Television Violence Study? Viewing violence on TV tends to increase violent behaviors in viewers, more in some situations, less in others
28) What was a major concern about the movie "Up" that we discussed in class?
a) The movie cost too much to produce
b) The movie did not lend itself well to merchandizing
c) The movie introduced the concept of death to a very young audience
d) The movie r 		b) The movie did not lend itself well to merchandizing
Slander is verbal defamation
Google dominant search engine
Date os Muslim Period 1000-1700
Samuel Morse Invented the telegraph
Star system formula casting,viewed as wholesome/glamorous,audiences will choose movies according to who was in them.
When was the industrial revolution? 1740-1900
Jack An eclectic, somewhat unpredictable musical radio format
adversarial public relations attacking critics openly
SEO Search Engine Optimization:
You want to get the best key words, so you can get the most hits and your entry will naturally rise to the top based on the algorithm
Jayson Blair New York Times plagiarism case
Arbitron radio listeners survey company.. radio surveys
Industrial Revolution use of machinery, notably steam-powered, that facilitated mass production beginning in the late 1700's and through 1800's
Approximately what percentage of a daily newspaper is given to advertising? 65%
feedback responses from receivers to the senders of messages.
avatar most commercially successful movie in history, but not biggest audience
Marketplace of Ideas Discussion is important to democracy
Globalization (media) The international ownership, reach, and coverage of the media
Johannes Guttenberg metallurgist who invented the movable metal type in the mid 1440's; progenitor of advertising media
Urbanization An increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities or suburbs or cities, areas of population dense enough that residents cannot grow their own food.
1927 Radio Act Established the Federal Radio Commission.
Cultures without a written language are called Oral Cultures
The code of the Associated Press Managing Editors brings forth the idea that the problem with favors is a(n) ___________ one. decisive
public relations agencies Companies that provdie public relations services
Mittel mittel offers a cultural theory of genre, postulating that we must conceptualize genre in lieu of intertextuality and discursive practices. He develops vie principles to make sense of television genres and in our class we developed an analysis of the situation comedy Mr. Sunshine to make sense of the television program as a genre. EXAMPLE: Mr. Sunshine
*Media Relations Component of public relations that deals with press and other media
Froms of communication (7) Interpersonal Communication
(one to one, face to face)
Mediated Interpersona Communication
(facebook, texting, etc)
Intrapersonal Communication
(communicating with yourself)
Small Group Communication
Organizational Communication
(work-place communication)
Public Communication
Mass Communication 
(mediated; TV, ratio, newspapers, magazines, etc.)(mediated; TV, ratio, newspapers, magazines, etc.)
 
Reciprocity Should repay in kind what another person has provided
News often reported in chatty, colorful style with less emphasis on straight facts and quotes; frequently celebrity news or gossip Representative Sample
Christian Science Monitor National daily newspaper sponsored the Christian Science Church
What did Herman Hollerith design for the Census Bureau in 1890? tabulating machine
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Government-funded radio and television system dating to 1927
Sampling To use a segment of another musical recording as part of one's own recording
Telecommunications Act of 1996 the sweeping update of telecommunications law that led to a wave of media consolidation.
multiplex a group of movie theaters with 3-20 screens that share a common box office and concession stand
22) Does the following decision belong to advertising, marketing or public relations?
The decision to establish "pink" as a theme for the design of sweatshirts and sweatpants for Victoria's Secret.
a) Advertising
b) Marketing
c) Public relations 		b) Marketing
*Social Media News Release Internet-based news releases with links to related material and interactive opportunities for news reporters
What is Crystallization? Sharpening of weaker positions, or changing opinions altogether
The nickname for the movie industry in India Bollywood
Different persuasive appeals hidden fear, snob, plain folks pitch, other.
When was the 1st arithmetic machine created? Where was it created? 1623. Tubingen, Germany
Media Literacy the skill of being able to recognize and evaluate the influence of messages in media
People's Choice Study When Roosevelt was elected into his 3rd term, researchers studied the effects of mass communication on voters. Researchers used improved research methods such as RANDOM SAMPLING. Researchers focused on DEMOGRAPHICS/SOCIAL CATAGORIES of respondentsincome levels, religious backgrounds, political party affiliations, habits on using media, rural vs. urban--> found that category membership could be used with fair success to predict voting intentions and actual voting behavior....RESLUTS: Found that repeated interviews had NO MEASURABLE CUMULATIVE EFFECT.
--Also found that media messages had trouble converting someone's opinions but that media messages could ACTIVATE someone or REINFORCE/STRENGTHEN previous beliefs.
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPnet) Military network that preceded internet
36) Which media role best fits the following example:
Horse-race coverage focuses on how candidates' strategies will affect their campaigns
a) Custodian of fact
b) Patriot
c) Psychologist
d) Pundit
e) Soothsayer 		e) Soothsayer
Philanthropy Model "The future of newspapers could lie in transforming themselves into nonprofit organizations"
What is Behavior modeling People modeling the behaviors they observe and that happens in two ways. The first is imitation and the second is identification, which is a special form of imitation in which observers dont copy exactly what they have seen but choose a different response based on their empathy for the sentiment
WOrld wide web developed by Tim Berners-Lee it was initially a text data-linking system that allowed computer-accessed info to associate w/ or link to other info no matter where it was on the internet. Hypertext.
The Accuracy Principle Accuracy often suffers as a result of noise and if accuracy is reduced than the communication will be less efective in achieving the goals of the communication. 2 effective ways to be accurate are through feed-back and role taking.
What is the term for the ability of TV, through emotion-raising video, to elevate distant issues on the domestic public agenda? CNN effect
*pop art revisionism The view that pop art has inherent value
What is the Reinforcement Theory? On average, the public overestimates the persuasive capabilities of the media. Argued that media reinforces beliefs already harbored by the audience instead of shaping new ones.
LOOK AT MEDIA PANEL NOTES LOOK AT MEDIA PANEL NOTES
let the buyer beware philosophy advertised a wide variety of products about which the editor had no personal knowledge and therefore assigns the reader the responsibility of determining the truth of an ad.
*Goals of sample selection (criteria for sample selection) Sample selection: Process for choosing individuals to be interviewed
A godo sample gives every member of the population being sampled an equal chance to be interviewed.
Sample size: 384
Besides the right sample size and proper interval selection, two other significant variables affect survey accuracy: margin error and confidence level.
1.)Margin of Error: Percentage that a survey may be off mark
-There is a complex manner, but in simple terms, you can have a fairly high level of confidence that a properly designed survey with 384 respondents can yield results within 5% points, either way, of being correct.
2.) Confidence level: Degree of certainty that a survey is accurate
-With a sample of 384, pollsters can claim a relatively high 95% confidence level; they are within 5% points of being on the mark. For many surveys, this is sufficient statistical validity. If the confidence level needs to be higher, o if the margin of error needs to be decreases, the number of people surveyed will need to be increased.
The level of confidence and margin of error are inversely related. A larger sample can improve confidence, just as it can reduce the margin of error.
What is the attitude change theory how people's attitudes are effetively formed shaped and changed through communication and influence(the community, message content, audience)Coined by Carl Hovland
George Creel's Committee on Public Information was formed to handle massive PR effort. He was supposed to get US excited to go to war
The idea of diffusion of innovation involves what element(s)? awareness interest and evaluation (all of these)
the first amendment gives people the right to? free speech, religion, press, and petition
In the world of media coverage, the term 'framing' can be described as selecting aspects of a perceived reality for emphasis in a mass media message, thereby shaping how the audience sees the reality.
Evolution of record and sound recording formats From 78, 45, 33 1/3, to records, cassette tapes, and now CD's and MP3's
Benefits of using LINEAR MODEL of thr Human Communication Process this model simplifies the task of looking carefully at each seperate stage of the communications process to see exactly how people use symbols & conventions off meaning to accomplish the act of human communication. Also use this model to look @ the process from a more complex/transactional view.
A small quantity of a targeted group whose characteristics represent as accurately as possible the entire group or population - used for polling, audience measurement, etc. Discuss the origins and development of cable television up to present time, including key historical events and current trends.
From the experience of Mitt Romney in the 2008 election, one can conclude YouTube is becoming a major player in political elections
How would you describe the experience of Chinese psychology major Liu Di after posting essays about the Chinese government? She was thrown in jail for a year and told not to speak to foreign journalists