Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Memory 8

Terms Definitions
Capacity ?
Procedural memory ?
Perceptual-representation system ?
AO1 Knowledge and understanding
visual encoding encode picture images
chunking organizing items into meaningful, familiar categories; often occurs automatically; (it's easier to remember 1492 and 1812 instead of 1,4,9,2,1,8,1,2,)
Priming Activation of particular associations in memory
spacing effect tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than through massed study/practice
recognition ability to idnetify previously encountered material
Suppression Deliberate, conscious effort to forget.-Motivated forgetting that consciously occurs.
recognition ability to identify previously learned items
3 sins of distortion -misattrribution, suggestibility, bias
Decay the gradual disappearance of the mental representation of a stimulus
Rehearsal Rehearsing keeps memory in short-term; conscious repetition
mnemonics strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula
STORAGE: process of keeping info in memory
What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal? ?
long term memory relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
long-term memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
sensory memory immediate and brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
semantic encoding encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
encoding the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning
memory the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info.
Mood-Congruent Memory the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
PRIMING: our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli
Motivated Forgetting Motivated to forget.-Because it is unpleasant/disturbing behavior.
Cognitive interview a police technique for interviewing witnesses to a crime, which encourages them to recreate the original context in order to increase the accessibility of stored information.
What is Baddeley's evidence for the existence of the episodic buffer? ?
hew to make, shape, smooth, etc., with cutting blows:
Iconic Memory a monentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
retroactive interference the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
next-in-line effect we have diminished recall for those who speak immediately before or after we do
priming task an experimental task in which subjects are presented with a stimulus that primes them to respond in a certain way to subsequent stimuli.
long-term potentiation an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Storage The second of three stages in the memory process, involving mental processes associated with retention of stimuli that have been registered and modified by encoding.
echoic memory a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Déjà Vu the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before", cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
capgras delusion Performance on which of these tests will show the greatest decline 10 yrs from now?
Context-Dependent Memory Improved recall if you're tested in the same external environment as the initial learning environment
 
ex: learn at 3 pm- perform better at 3 pm than 9 pm
Flashbulb Memory a clear memory of an emotionally signifigant moment or event
What is the evidence to suggest the existance of a sensory store? ?
levels of processing model of memory (Craik & Lockhart)
acoustic encoding the encoding of sound, esp. sound of words
repressed, constructed, or false memory controversy with repressed memories deals. memory could be either __, __, or __
What is *Flasbulb Memorory*? The vivid remembrance of unusual, shocking or tragic events that seem to be frozen in time. The term captures the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterize them.
Misattribution we assume that what we know is true, confusing the source of the information
Is an explanation of how the memory process works. First looked at by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. Sensory store/memory
Phonological rehearsal loop The part of working memory involved in the preparation of what your are about to say.
Andrew Jackson was the hero of New Orleans during War of 1812; invaded Spanish Florida leading to Adams-Onis Treaty; 7th president of the US; strengthened power of president and federal government; started Democratic Party; supporter of the common man; killed Bank of the United States; moved Indians to OK with Indian Removal Act
What is spacing effect? We retain info better when rehearsed over time
Levels of processing principle how easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations formed
Bunched vs. Spaced studying all at once or breaking it up and studying a little bit each day
Assuming that you stay healthy, but you never study it or anything realted to it again, when will you forget all the content of your major? never, distributed study ensures that you will remember some content for the rest of your life
-Information stored as visual icons what are the number of items a person can hold in their short term memory?
Freudian Theory repression
implicit memory recall skills, procedures
 
cerebellum
Retrieval retrieving information from our brain
basic memory processes encoding, storage, retrieval
misinformation effect Part of memory construction

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event you “thought” you saw something at a crime scene when you really didn’t
synaptic changes hippocampusNeural center in limbic sys. that helps process memories for storage
meta-memory knowledge about memory abilities and limitations
*information in memories is often organized around schemas.
Procedural(non-declarative Memory) Involves Memory of Motor skills
STM Your memory for immediate events. Short-term memories disappear unless they are rehearsed.
echoic type of sensory memory

Holds auditory information for 1-2 seconds what did he say? Oh yes, now I remember
belief bias tendency to see ones preexisting belief to distort logical reasoning
anterograde amnesia the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
source-monitoring ability to identify origins of a memory
frequency effortlessly keeping track of how many times things happen
short-term memory memory for information that is available to conciousness for roughly 20 to 30 seconds; also called working memory
proactive interference Circumstances in which past memories make it more difficult to encode and retrieve new information
Forgetting - Storage Decay shown by Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.
 
- Unfamiliar or unintresting info
 
- Longer time harder to remember as shown by Ebbinghaus's chart(Adventually levels off.)
Stage 5 Identity vs role confusion acquires sense of own identity, or is confused about role in life cognitive milestones- thinking as we will as an adult.
Proactive Inhibition Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information
remember things in great detail such as tragic events FLASHBULB
LTM Your memory for events that have happened in the past.
imagery mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Relearning Method a method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material
Long Term Potentiation LTP enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections
H.M/ Clive Wearing case studies of amnesia, where hippocampus was removed or impaired and explicit memory was lost but implicit is still in tact
Elizabeth Loftus found that memory of traumatic events is altered by the event and they way questions are phrased; important for law
Decay theory Long term Physical trace fades over time
explicit memory conscious effort to encode or recover information through memory processes
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Gradual strengthening of of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
Working Memory in many models of memory, a memory system comprising of short-term memory plus mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task
method of loci associate items you want to remember with imaginary places
Memory Formation 2 step Hippocampal activiy maitained for a period of time synaptic changes occur and form long term memories
levels-of-processing model model stating that the more deeply we process information, the better we remember it.
Stage 1 Trust vs mistrust 0-1 learns to feel comfortable and trust parents care or develops a deep distrust of the world.
Retrieval Cues hint or signal that helps one recall amemory Re-creates the context in which original learningoccurred Takes advantage of an already establishedconnection in memory (retrieval paths)
levels-of-processing theory the belief that how well or how long info is remembered depends on the depth of encoding or processing
serial postion curve curve that depicts the effects of both primacy and recency on ability to recall words on a list
Short term memory: we acan remmber about 7 things, plus or minus 2
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model a model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel
Network Theory of Memory Organization o We store related ideas in separate categories called “nodes”
o As we make associations among information, links are made among thousands of nodes
o REMEMBER: Jim Barrett’s boat story