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Definitions |
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Proprionibacterium
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acne
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Virulence Factors
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translation's location
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the cytoplasm
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Endotoxins vs Exotoxins
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Genome
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The collection of genes
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Antigen Presentation to T-Cell
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-Invasive medical procedures(Major surgery that may have allowed pathogens to enter body)
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-Antibiotics
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RoundUp
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used to kill all insects
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Mutualism
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both host and microbe benefit
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Agar Zone Diffusion
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Zones of inhibition
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Viral genome for HIV:
RNA -->DNA?
or
DNA--> RNA?
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RNA-->DNA
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Ways of attachments:
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-Fimbriae-Flagella-Adhesive slime layers or capsules.-specialized receptors on viral surfaces (glycoprotein spikes)-Suckers, Hooks, Barbs (impt in parasitic worms -->Helminths)
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DNA
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a long chain of nucleic acids
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Primase
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The enzyme that inserts the primer
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Adherence
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Bacteria or viruses usually initiate infection by adhering specifically to epithelial cells through interactions between macromolecules on surfaces of the pathogen and host.
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Streptokinase and Streptodornase
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actually fibrinolytic enzymes (category 3)lyse rbc’s
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IgG
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Most common of the circulating antibodiesComposed of 4 polypeptide chains.Interchain disulfide bridges (S-S) connect the individual chainsA functional IgG molecule consists of two antigen binding sites. IgG is therefore bivalent and can bind two identical epitopesCrosses the placental barrier
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Which three antibiotics are anti-P acnes?
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erythromycin
clindamycin
doxycycline
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Respiratory (Pulmonary) System
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-through nose and eyes
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Genotype
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the specific genetic makeup of the organism
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Translation sequence
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a multistep process that involves Ribosomes, mRNA and tRNA.
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There is a ___% correlation between mutagens and carcinogens
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90
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Conjugation
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when the plasmid extracts itself from the chromosome it takes a bit of the bacterial chromosome with it. Then when it passes a copy to another F- cell, the cell not only gets the F plasmid it also gets a bit of DNA from the first cells as well.
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opportunistic pathogen
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if host defense mechanisms are weakened, it becomes an opportunistic pathogen.Examples: AIDS patient: Pneum. carnei Woman whose normal flora are killed by antibiotics frequently gets this Candida yeast infection. Aspergillis niger eye infection in immunocompromisedhost.
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IgE
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Found in serum in very small amounts.Mediates Immediate-type hypersensitivities (allergies) Like IgM, IgE has a fourth constant domainConstant region functions to bind IgE to MAST cells surfaces (more on MAST cells later)
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Humoral Immunity
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mediated by antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody.AntibodiesB cells (lymphocytes) -> plasma cells -> Ab
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Three biggest risk factors of HCV?
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IVDU
repeated transfusions
tattoos/piercings
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Four manifestations of CMV in AIDS pt.?
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pnemonia
retinitis
encephalitis
gastroenteritis
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Treatment of pityriasis versicolor?
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Antifungal (ketoconazole or ciclopirox)
1% selenium sulfide ointment or shampoo (selsun blue)
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What antiviral therapy for varicella is recommended only for people at high risk for severe disease?
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oral acyclovir
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Manifestations of herpes zoster:
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ASYMMETRICAL maculopapular crusting rash FOLLOWS DERMATOME or cranial nerve distribution; SEVERE PAIN
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Transmission
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The spread/transfer of a pathogen from one organism to another.
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Gene doping
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the abuse of legitimate medical gene therapy treatments that modify a person's genetic makeup
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the genetic information's (in living organism) location
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the nucleic acid
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Vector
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a vehicle we create that will deliver a gene to a target cell
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Disease reservoir
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a natural source of disease agent. Reservoirs may include sick patients, asymptomatic carriers, animals, recovered patients, environmental sources, etc
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Infection
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refers to any situation in which a microorganism is established and growing in or on a host, regardless of whether or not the host is harmed !!
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Cellular - experiments and nature
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Thymectimized mice-Susceptible to viral infections or intrinsic parasites like M. tuberculosisIncreased rate of tumor productionFailure to reject transplanted tissueDi George’s Syndrome (humans)Infants lacking a functioning thymus gland (equivalent to thymectimized mice above) a, b, & c above apply25,000 times greater chance of malignancy but not susceptible to bacterial “extrinsic” infection
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Acquired Immunity
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Acquired immunity (a state of altered responsiveness to a specific substance induced by prior contact with the “foreign” substance)Anamnestic: has memory; repeated contact with antigen amplifies responseImmunogens:Usually protein or complex polysaccharides (molecular complexity)Nucleic acids, simple polysacchrides, & lipids are poor immunogens, because composed of repeating monomers.High molecular weight: >10,000Appropriate physical form: Large, complex macromolecules in insoluble or aggregate form (example proteins precipitated by heating) are good immunogens. Insoluble readily taken up by phagocytes, leading to immune response.Foreign to responderNote: Epitopes recognized by antibodyAntibody: Plasma synthesized in humoral response which are capable of combining with the provoking antigen5 classesFab & FC portions
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Which stage of smallpox is described as:
first symptoms include fever, malaise, head/body aches. fever is usually very high and people are too sick to carry on ADL's. This stage my last 2-4 days.
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prodrome phase
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Which agent is the predominant ANAEROBIC member of the normal skin flora? What type of rod is it?
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Propionibacterium acnes
Gram positive diptheroid
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What is the full progression of CNS disease via HIV?
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HAD
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In cellulitis epidemiology, which etiology causes infections that occur between 10-->30 days?
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gram-negative rods (facultative anaerobes)
gram-positive cocci
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Reservoir
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A place to live before and after infecting a host.
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Missense Mutation
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one base is changed thus changing the codon to something different, the codon no longer codes for the appropriate amino acid, thus resulting in a different protein
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Mutations
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Errors in the replication of DNA or An error in the production of mRNA
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Restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases)
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enzyme naturally found in bacteria which chop up DNA for recycling of nucleotides
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Invasiveness
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the ability of an organism to grow in host tissue
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Agent of black piedra? white piedra?
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Black: piedra hortai
White: trichosporon beigelii
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Age group most infected for measles? Seasonality for measles? portal of entry? primary attack rate for measles (% of infected that manifest Dx)?
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-children <5
-winter-spring
-upper respiratory tract
->90% attack rate
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What precedes erysipelas?
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URT or skin infection caused by GAS
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-if transmissible, than can be termed communicable.
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Modes of Transmission:
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How does the Bt toxin work?
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it attacks and destroys insects
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DNA Replication
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When a cell divides it makes copies of all of the chromosomes so the new cell will have a full set of instructions.
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EXOTOXINS: SITE OF ACTION
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Cytotoxins: inhibit a cell function or cause cell deathNeurotoxins: inhibit nerve transmissionExamples: tetanus and botulinum toxinEnterotoxins: alter permeability of intestinal epitheliumExamples: Cholera and Staph aureus food poisoning enterotoxin (also superantigen)
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In HIV, what 2 things convert ssRNA into ssDNA?
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-reverse transcriptase (66)
-ribonuclease H
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What are the two transmissions for HAV? Which are the major vehicles?
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-Fecal-oral and person-to-person transmission are possible (fecal-oral is bigger)
-food and water are major vehicles
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Name two other diseases caused by Parvovirus B19?
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Arthropathy and Aplastic Crisis
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Any fungal infection of skin, nails, or hair caused by a fungi other than a dermatophyte is caused by?; three forms? name of diseases?
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candida alblicans; yeast, pseudohyphae; hyphae; dermatomycoses
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AIDS drug AZT
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used to make the HIV virus mutate it's DNA and hopefully kill it. Of course in addition to mutating viral replication AZT also mutates human cells at the same time. It's rather toxic but in the early days of AIDS there was nothing else in the arsenal.
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Which antigen of HBV cannot be detected by clinical kits and does not result in neutralizing immunity?
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Core antigen HBcAg (vs. HbsAg)
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Name three diseases that are superficial mycoses:
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Pityriasis Versicolor; Black or white piedra; Tinea Nigrans
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What is defined as when the patient has impairments causing mild disturbance of ADL's?
(difficulties in concentration, attention, memory) What does this progress from?
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HIV-associated mild neurocognitive disorder (MND)
This progresses from ANI
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Fulminant hepatitis E with liver failure is found very rarely (1%) EXCEPT in which population?
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Pregnant women in their third trimester (25%)
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Vector transmits pathogen by biting, touching, and aerosol formation.
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How can biting vectors transfer pathogens?
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A site and the P site
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The most important openings in the ribosome
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What is the agent for infectious mononucleosis?
What is the manifestation of IM in early childhood?
Who primarily manifests with IM in the industrialized world?
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1. EBV aka HHV-4
2. SUBCLINICAL manifestation in early childhood
3. primary infection occurs in adolsecsents and adults
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What is the etiologic agent of erysipelas? What is another name for erysipelas?
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Group A Strep; St. anthony's fire
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What is not present in the non-inflammatory manifestation of acne?
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there is no P. Acnes present
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During primary infection, what 2 types of cells does EBV virus infect? After resolution of primary infection, EBV is a latent-persisent infection where?
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epithelia cells and resting B cells; peripheral blood/memory B lymphocytes
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What are two reasons why HAART must be adhered to faithfully?
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-drug resistance is a significant problem
-latently infected T cells are the major reservoir. If HAART is stopped prematurely, latent cells will become active and progress to AIDS
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Why is there a splenomegaly in EBV?
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The spleen is the major organ for B cells in the body, and in Epstein-Barr disease, there is a huge proliferation of B cells.
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Does the latent virus DNA get killed by antiviral therapy? Why or why not?
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No because it is already in the human genome.
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