| Terms |
Definitions |
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B,B,alpha
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zinc fingers
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Protein malnutrition
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Kwashiorkor
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inhibits rna polymerase
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alpha-amantin
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rna polymerase II
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mrna
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charge of dna
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-
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anti-histone ab
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drug-induced sle
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Glycolysis step #2:
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Glucose-6-phosphate------> Fructose-6-phospate
a) Phosphoglucose isomerase (REVERSIBLE)
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5'->3' synthesis with
3'->5' exonuclease
enzyme in dna replication
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dnapIII
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source of alpha-amantin
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cap mushrooms
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end that is capped
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5'
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end with poly-a tail
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3'
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mRna initiation codons
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AUG
GUC (rarely)
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unique nucleotide to rna
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uracil
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unique nucleotide to dna
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thymine
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Glycolysis step #5:
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glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacentonephosphate ----> Triose phosphate isomerase (catalyticaly perfect enzyme)
REVERSIBLE
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# of rings of pyrimidines
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1
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mutation results in same aa
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silent
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energy needed for tRNA translocation
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GTP
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mutated nucleotide excision repair
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xeroderma pigmentosa
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primary transcript combines with snRNP's to form.....
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spliceosome
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location of rna processing
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at nucleus
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mrna stop codons
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UGA, UAA, UAG
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nascent strand
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strand to be replicated
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phosphoylation, glycosylation, and hydroxylation
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covalent alterations
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mutation results in changed aa
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missense
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multiple origins of replication: eukaryote or prokaryote
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eukaryote
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Glycogen Phosphorylase:
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Catalyzes glycogen phosphorolysis to yield glucose-1-phosphate(G1P). The enzyme releases a glucose unit only if it is at least five units away from a branch point
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Glycolysis step #7:
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1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate ----> 3-Phosphoglycerate
a) Phosphoglycerate kinase and Mg2+
b) ADP---->ATP
REVERSIBLE
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Glycolysis step #1:
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Glucose -----> Glucose-6-phospate
a) Mg2+ and Hexokinase
b) ATP---->ADP
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formation of uracil
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from deamination of cytosine
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only histone not in nucleosome core
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H1
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mutation in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
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mismatch repair
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which enzyme forms the replication fork
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helicase
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during elongation, aminoacyl trna binds to.....
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A site
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continuous dna synthesis on which strand
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leading
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a.a. encoded by only 1 codon
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methionine
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3' end of dna
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with hydroxyl group
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unmethylated, newly synthesized string is recognized, mismatched nucleotides are removed, and the gap is filled and resealed
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mismatch repair
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Glycogen debranching enzyme:
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Removes glycogen's branches, thereby making additional glucose residues accessible to glycogen phosphorylase.
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removal of N- or C- terminal pro-peptides from zymogens to generate mature proteins
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trimming
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Termination
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stop codon enters a site. complete protein is released from ribosome. protein is dislocated. empty trna occupies E site
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occupies P site
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trna containing growing peptide chain
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attachment of ubiquitin to defective proteins to tag them for breakdown
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proteosomal degradation
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may not be commaless or nonoverlapping
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some viruses
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discontinuous dna synthesis on which strand
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lagging (ogazaki)
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each codon specifies only one amino acid
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unambiguous
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site where rna polymerase and other transcription factors bind to DNA upstream from gene locus
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promoter
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stretch of dna that alters gene expression by binding transcription factors
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enhancer
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What is TPP?
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An essential cofactor of Pyruvate decarboxylase.
Binds tightly but noncovalently.
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Phosphorylase Kinase....
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Is activated by Ca2+ and the phosphorylation of its Alpha and Beta subunits by PKA.
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Acetyl CoA's ____ bond is high in energy.
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Thioester.
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released when mrna and ribosomal subunit assemble with the complex
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IF initiation factor
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initial transcript before rna processing is called....
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hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA)
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intermediate formed to spliceosome
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lariat-shaped intermediate that is released to remove introns and join 2 exons
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different exons can be combined to make unique proteins in different tissues
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alternative splicing
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nucleosome bead
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- charged DNA loops twice around nucleosome core
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Conversion of Mannose into Glycolysis:
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Mannose ---> Mannose-6-phosphate ---> Fructose-6-phosphate
a) ATP-->ADP (Hexokinase)
b) Phosphomannose isomerase
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In an erythrocyte undergoing glycolysis, what will be the effect of sudden increase in concetration of Citrate?
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Citrate will inhibit glycolysis (PFK)
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When glucose is plentiful.......
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Insulin stimulate glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in muscle cells.
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location of anticodon
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in middle loop - opposite 3' end
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less condensed: heterochromatin or euchromatin
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euchromatin -
heterochromatin is more condensed
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steps in splicing (3)
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1. primary transcript combines with snRNPs to form spliceosome
2. lariat-shaped intermediate is generated
3. lariat is released to remove introns and join 2 exons
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The conversion of pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate by:
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Pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase.
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Step #2 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
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2) The hydroxyethyle group is transferred to the next enzyme, (E2) which contains a lipoamide group. The hydroxyethyl group derived from pyruvate attacks the lipoamide disulfide, and TPP is eliminated.
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Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is oxidized into?
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CO2 and H2O.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
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process after transcription
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rna processing -
1. capping at 5' end
2. poly a tail at 3' end
3. splice out introns
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3 steps of elongation
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1. aminoacyl tRNA binds A site
2. peptidyltransferase catalyzes peptide bond formation, transfers growing popypeptide to amino acid in A site
3. ribosome advances 3 nucleotides toward 3' end of RNA, moving peptidyl RNA to P site
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steps in dna replication
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1. helicase unwinds
stabilized by ssb and
dna topoisomerase
2. leading strand synthesized continuously via DNAPIII
3. lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in ogasaki fragments
4. dnapI removes rna primer and replaces with correct dna
5. dna ligase seals break at ogasaki fragments to make continuous
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nucleosome core
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H2A, H2B, H3, H4
2 each of these + charged histones
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What is the metabolic importance of regulating flux through the pyruvate kinase reaction?
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Pyruvate kinase regulation is important for controlling the flux of metabolites, such as fructose (in liver), which enter glycolysis after the PFK step.
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only step of rna processing that does not occur at the nucleus (instead at the cytoplasm)
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capping on 5' end
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daughter strand
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new strand to be made as a result of replication
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Step #4 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex:
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Acetyl CoA has now been formed, but the lioamide group E2 must be regenerated. E3 reoxidizes dihydrolioamide to complete the ctalytic cycle of E2.
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occurs during Initiation of protein synthesis
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IF's help assemble the 30s ribosomal subunit with the initiator tRNA. then if's are released when mRNA and ribosomal subunit assemble with the complex
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how many A's in the poly-A tail
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~200 A's added to 3' end
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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
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3G6P + 6NADP+ + 3H2O ---> 6NADPH + 6H+ + 3CO2 + 2F6P + GAP
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Is there and energetic benefit of Glucose over Fructose?
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No both produce the same amount of ATP.
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Is there an energetic benefit of Glucose over Mannose?
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No both produce the same amount of ATP.
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