| Terms |
Definitions |
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Hypodipsia
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Diminished thirst
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POLYSACCHARIDES
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GLYCOGEN, STARCH, FIBERS
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EAR
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Estimated Average Requirement
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GALACTOSE
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NEVER ALONE ALWAYS W/GLUCTOSE
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potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli
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vitamin C
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Dietary Fiber
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laxative properties
water holding
increased fecal bulk
speeds transit time
alters microflora (good bacteria)
dilution/binding
lowers cholesterol,decreases lipid absorption, increases bile excretion [heart disease]
slows glucose absoprtion, decreases plasma insulin response [diabetes]
increases satiety,includes less calorie-dense foods [obesity]
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Consist of Alpha-linolenic Acid
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FlaxseedSoybeansWalnutsTofu
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9
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number of essential amino acids
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raisins, spinach, meat, dried fruits
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iron
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hypotriglyceridemia
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elevated trigylcerides in blood
risk for heart disease
sugar effects bloodo lipids the most
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Alcohol
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always in moderation can causeEsophagus, pharynx, and month cancer
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AHA
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Association recommendations for fat intake is 20-30% of total k.cal from fats7-10% can come from saturated/trans fat200-300mg cholesterol/day
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Water
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•Composed of hydrogen and oxygen•Majority of our body weight•Found in foods•Yields no energy•Functions: solvent, lubricant, medium for transport, chemical processes, and temperature regulator
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Mono/di/poly saccharides
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Simple (mono/di), complex (poly)
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Energy Balance
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Energy intake matches energy expenditure
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female athlete triad
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osteoporosis, eating disorders, amanorea
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with alcohol consumption, what vitamin must be increased?
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thymine
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AI and DV for bitoin
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30mcg/day300mcg/dayNO UL
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Diabetes is a disease of
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carb metabolism
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Biotechnology
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Insert genes into other organism animal, plants, bacteria, yeast
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What factors affect BMR
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-Gender-Age-Physical Activity-Body size and weight -Growth
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activity
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USDA's New Food Guide Pyramid:person climbing stairs
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Types of nutrients?
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SIX:1. vitamins2. minerals3. proteins4. fats5. carbohydrates6. water
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Gluconeogenesis
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Making glucose from a non-sugar carb source
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environmental trigger
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inactivity, high-fat diet, or high sodium intake that causes a genetic tendency toward a disorder to be expressed
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gestational diabetes
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diabetes in pregnancy, treated with insulin regimen and diet resolves after baby delivery
at risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life
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Vitamins
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A group of nutrients that contain carbon and are required in small amounts to maintain normal body function.
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Tensional forces
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Actions in which the pressure stretches or strains the structure
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Functions of B-6
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transamination; w/out p.phosphate a.a. aren't synthesized; glucogen breakdown can't happen either
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Protein digestion: small intestine
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pancreatic enzymes convert polypeptides into dipeptides
intestinal enzymes break down dipeptides into AAs
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Sucrose
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A disaccharide commonly known as table sugar, it is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.
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Clonal Selection
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takes a long time) Active immunityeffector cells: produce antibodiesmemory cells: look for that antogen
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The location of fat storage is determined primarily by ________.
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genetics
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Health realated effects
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Decrease blood clottingREduce heart attackDecrease inflammationExcess may cause hemmorrhagic strokePossibly lowers triglycerides, rhumatoid atheritis, and behavorial disorders
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Intense exercise
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heart/lungs cannot meet oxygen demands for muscles (fat cannot be used--needs oxygen)
muscles are using glycogen stores
-oxygen debt building up-deficit
partial breakdown of glucose
lactic acid-accumulates in blood and tissues
-burning muscle pain and fatigue
only liver can return lactic acid into glucose
-relax muscles at intervals -breathe deeply allows blood to carry LA to liver and supply oxygen
high intensity==high glucose use, increased lactic acid and oxygen debt
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Urinary system
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removes waste products from the circulatory system and regulates the acidity , chemical composition, and water content of the blood
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Hypoglycemic
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Abnormally low blood sugar, thought to be rare, often not diagnosed. Can be caused by insulin secreting tumors.Causes weakness, nervousness, confusion, irritability. Stops 5-15min after glucose intake.
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sugar
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simple carbs are mostly made up of this
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how many types of foodborne illnesses have been ID'ed?
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over 250
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which group has the least likely chance of getting an eating disorder?
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prepubescent boys
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Registered Dietitian
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A professional who has the education and clinical training to make dietary recommendations and to counsel patients.
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Meats are more than half water
T/F
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true and false
45- 65%
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low carb diets
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use protein for tissue synthesis, excessive oxidation of fats for energy leading to ketosis
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Maltose
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A disaccharide that is composed of two glucose units.
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Short Tern Toxicity
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Weight gain, food consumption, organ weights, complete blood profile, histopathological examination of organs
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The ____ allows 97% of the population to meet its needs.
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RDA
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Triglycerides
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Most common form of fats and oilsThree fatty acids attached to a glycerol
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Primary vs. Seconday defiencies...and special conditions with vitamins/minerals
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smoking lose vit. c
drinking-thiamin
birth control-B6 and B12
cooking in water-lose water soluble nutrients
stress-increase needs for B vits.
primary-not eating it (decreased intake)
secondary-eating it, but something blocking absorption, or increased loss, or something blockign utilization
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emulsifier
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to make something and it forms one layer (liver and gall bladder)
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What percent of your caloric intake is proteins?
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15-20%
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alcoholism is influenced by all except
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type of alcohol sonsumed
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vitamin oils are a source of this vitamin
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vitamin E
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Functions of Carbohydrates
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quick source of energy
main source of energy for brain and eye
essential for coomplete oxidation of fats
maintains blood sugar
regulates GI function
spares protein from being used for energy
carries essential nutrients
glycogen in liver and muscle used as small and quick store for excess glucose [carboloading]
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Complete Proteins
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have at least 33% of essential amino acids
mostly animal & soy protein
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how is a catherer in the central vein inserted?
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surgically
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complete protein
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contain all 9 eseential amino acids in sufficent quantity to maintain body tissues and promote growth
"high biological value"
-eggs
-meat
-milk
-soy
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65g
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In a 2,000 calorie diet, what is the grams of total fat?
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Whatfactors lead to PEM?
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- Poverty
- Poor Food Quality
- Insufficient Food
- Unsanitary Living Conditions
- Ignorance
- Stopping Lactation too Early
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water during exercise
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○ Fluid intake often fails to match fluid loss ○ Every 15-20 minutes: 6-12 oz
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night blindness is a sign of a lack of
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vitamin A
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Digestion: stomach
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can hold up to 2.5 liters (in adult male)
contracts when empty
food mixes with gastric digestive juices (pepsin, HCl) to form chyme
chyme slowly released through valve into small intestine
half the contents of full stomach of solid food will empty 2 hrs after meal, but can take up to 8 hrs to complete process
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when is NPO diet ordered?
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usually before anesthesia or after surgery until bowel sounds return
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What can an unhealthy lifestyle lead too
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hypertension, insulin resistance dyslipidemia, inflammation
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hormones (stomach, small intestine, and pancreas)
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such as gastrin, secretin, insulin, cholecystokinin, and glucagon stimulate production and/or release of acid, enzymes, bile, and bicarbonate; help regulate peristaisis and overall GI tract flow
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What does Anemia mean?
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"Without blood" is a severe iron deficiency that results in fatigue, weakness, and increase infections.
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3 sources that trigger hunger
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Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Cortex of Cerebrum
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the overload principal?
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more stress put on your body and you will adapt
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Coenzyme are usually found where?
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found in fatty acid oxidation and citric acid cycle
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Major function of the Liver
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secretes bile thats stored in the gallbladder & emulsifies fat
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What make up a Phospholipid?
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Two fatty acids and a phosphorus group
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HOw much fluid should you have before an activity
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2-3 hours 2-3 cups
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Which people are most likely to have poorer Vitamin D?
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Overweight and obese people.
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sources of fuel used first by the body are
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ATP and kreatine phosphate
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Copper is important in the formation of collagen?
T/F
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False
Copper is essential in RBC formation
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Nutritional Fat LabelsList of Ingredients
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Where can you find hidden fat in foods?
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What happens when you are fasting?
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Liver and muscle glycogen are broken down into glucose and are used. Body fats are liberated and are turned into amino acids and used
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OMEGA 3 POLY UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
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FIRST DOUBLE BOND 3 AWAY FROM THE METHYL END
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which about dietary supplements is true?
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c must be approved by 1994 dietary supplement education act
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who is a soft diet usually ordered for?
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clients who have difficulty chewing and swallowing
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•Preferred fuel (brain and RBC- red blood cell)•New RDA= 130 grams per day (based in energy needs of the brain)•Recommended that 60% (45-65%) of calories come from CHO •Recommended that no more than 10% (25%) of calories come from simple CHO
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Why carbohydrates are needed for the body?
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what of the idea body is true?>
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eating food is abundant but body image is thin
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What are some benefits of the BMI
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-its easy to use, (Height vs. Weight)- you can do it yourself.-used as a proxy for tother health indicators for hte population
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what ar teh top five carb. sources for u.s. adults?
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white bread, soft drinks, cookies and cakes, sugars/syrups/jams, potatoes
SHOULD INCLUDE, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables
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How much protein should an individual consume?
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0.8 g of protein/kg of body weight is needed daily
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"fat splitting"
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lipolysis
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Zinc
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arrested sexual maturation
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Asthma
RX
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1. Magnesium
2. Astragalus
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Corn oil
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids
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acidic
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define double blind experiment
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vitamin b12 RDA
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2.4 ug/day
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bmi = wt x 705
________
ht(in) (squared)
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Thiamin Functions
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carbohydrate metabolismcoenzyme in BCAA metabolism
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If elevated, what lipoprotein concentrates in the blood and is a sign of high risk of heart attack?
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low-density
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Unsaturated
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potential to hold more H's liquid at room temp
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minerals
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Common problems w/mineral nutrients are deficiency resulting in anemia (iron) or osteoporosis from loss of bone calcium
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Slow-twitch fibers
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-aerobic pathways
-high aerobic endurance
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tankage
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animal tissues and bones from slaughterhouses that are cooked and used to feed as protein back to animals
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30. Among the following, which would be the best source of niacin equivalents?
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a. Chicken
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A condensation reaction chemically joins monosaccharides together by a ______ _______.
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glycosidic bond
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Dried beans
Lentils
bran cereal
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3 High fiber foods
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___ resistance accompanies stress and infection.
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insulin
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B6 Toxicity
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Causes Nerve Damage-UL 100 mg/day
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Classes and Sources of Nutrients (6)
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-Carbohydrates
-Fats
-Proteins
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-Water
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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-A,D,E,K
-absorbed with fat
-excess stored in liver or adipose tissue
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not released directly inot the bloodstream
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fats
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protein function
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hormones, enzymes, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid base balance-buffer promotes blood clotting, contribute to immune function, provides energy and glucose
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Composition MethodUnderwater Weighing
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Most accurateExpensive, hard to determine residual air in lungs
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56. Which of the following is associated with a deficiency of folate?
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a. Macrocytic anemia
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causes of neonatal death
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preterm birth 27%
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myoglobin
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the oxygen holding protein of the muscle cells
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RIBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA
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the single stranded nucleic acid involved in the transcription of genetic information and translation of that information into protien structure
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Insulin
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-acts to decrease blood glucose after meals
-acts on liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
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lymphocytes
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white blood cells that participate in the immune response; B- cells and T- cells
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makes all the subjects similar
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iron is a
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Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergosterol)
s/s of excess:
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excessive calcification of bones
renal calculi
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Importance of Energy Density: Focusing on macronutrient content is not?
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As helpful
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intestine
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the body's long tubular organ of digestions, nutrient absorption
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nutrition therapy
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the provision of nutrient, dietary, and nutrition education needs based on a comprehensive nutritional assesment to treat an illness, injury, or condition
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a saturated fat is fully loaded with
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hydrogens
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coenzyme
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a molecule that provides the transfer site for biochemical reactions catalyzed by an enzyme.
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factors that influence BMR
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lean body mass
growth
fever and disease
cold climate
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Which of the following functions is(are) first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol?
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Judgment and reasoning
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omega-3 fatty acids (n-3)
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Absolute requirements not well established Includes α-linolenic acid (essential), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) & docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Strong indications that n-3 fatty acids critical for neural and retinal tissue development Have been shown to reduce CVD risk in people at high risk – decrease risk of arrhythmias (sudden cardiac death) decrease plasma triglyceride levels decrease growth rate of atherosclerotic plaques EPA & DHA from oily fish (mackeral, salmon, lake trout); α-linolenic acid from tofu, canola, walnut & flaxseed oils; some organic milks are supplemented with omega-3spreterm infant may be vulnerable to n-3 deficiency b/c of immature desaturase and elongase enzyme activities and low fat stores
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NEUROPEPTIDE Y
definiton
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a chemical substance made in the hypothalamus that stimulates food intake. the hormone leptin inhibits neuropeptide y production.
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Most of the carbohydrates we consume are composed of monomers with ............ carbons
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 10
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D. 6
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staple foods
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foods used frequently or daily, for example rice or potatoes.
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basal metabolism
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amount of calories body uses when resting and awake in warm environmentthings that can effect: height, weight, muscle, body temp., gender, age, hormones, nervous system activity, calorie intake, pregnancy, use of stimulants
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type one diabetes
|
own immune system attacks itself--need insulinborn with it/juveniles
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has all essential amino acids for growth (meat, dairy, eggs)
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complete protein
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Carb Metabolism
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Major source of body energy. Body breaksdwn carbs into glucose. Used as energy or stored as fat. Most stored in liver and muscles to be conv. back into energy.
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underwater weighing
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one of the mose accurate body measurements
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Name the 3 types of nutrient absorption and an example of what products do each.
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simple (lipids)
carrier-mediated/channel mediated (glucose)
active (amino acids0
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Vitamin K deficiency causes internal bleeding and is due to..
|
fish based diets
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Nursing Care: Enteral Nutrition
|
-Tube feeding or Gavage
-Tube inserted in stomach or intestines
-Inserted through nose or surgically through abdominal wall
-*Used if the client is unable to ingest foods or upper GI tract is impaired and transport of food to the sm. intestine is interrupted
-Administered: continuous or intermittently
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A label reporting 0 g of trans-fats can have up to ___ g trans-fat in it.
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0.5 g
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Biotin
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a B vitamin active in metabolism as a coenzyme that carries activated carbon dioxide.
|
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Limiting Amino Acids
|
an amino acids that is preventing other amino acids from being able to be digested properly
|
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omnivores
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people who eat food of both plant and animal origin, including flesh
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Sources of Magnesium
|
foods like potatoes, prunes, spinach, sunflower seeds
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which of the following is a common dietary saturated fatty acid
|
Stearic acid
|
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Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
|
-specific amounts of nutrients needed for a specified age, physiologic state, and gender
-includes EAR, RDA, AI, UL
|
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cow's milk is inappropriate for infants for all reason except
|
too low in sodium
|
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Protein
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Made up of amino acids. composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
|
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____________ is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue.
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Physical Fitness
|
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mechanisms: dietary fiber lower cholesterol
|
1) bile-acid sequestering agent 2) reduce rate of insulin rise by slowing CHO absorption thereby slowing cholesterol synthesis 3) stimulate production of short-chain FA"s which are then absorbed by portal circulation and inhibit cholesterol synthesis
|
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DRI
Dietary Reference Intake
|
A set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the US and Canada.
|
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What are nutritional recommendations for nausea associated with cancer?
|
Ginger products, dry carbs, bland foods, enjoy favorite foods when NOT nauseated, avoid liquids with foods, strict adherence to anti-nausea meds regimen
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As of April 2005, MyPyramid – A Menu-Planning Tool: Replaces?
|
Food Guide Pyramid
|
|
body fat mass
|
the amount of body fat or adipose tissue a person has
|
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How to choose dietary supplements
|
-enough quantity to be effective?
-how much research?
-is it safe?
-who is selling?
-product quality?
-"too good to be true?"
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What are the food sources of Riboflavin
|
Riboflavin- milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, meat, liver, leafy green veggies, whole grain/enriched breads and cereals; Milk and grains especially good source.. (milk in opaque container)
|
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specialization of the GI tract
|
cells of successive portions of the intestinal tract are specialized to absorb different nutrients.
|
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Name two functions of fat in foods
|
add kcalories, texture, and flavor
|
|
High-Sugar Diets Recommendations: Limit sugar intake to?
|
no more than 10% of total energy intake
|
|
Name the 3 sections of the small intestine.
|
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
|
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What is the FIT principle ?
|
Frequency (how much), Intensity, Time (how long)
|
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If insulin promotes disposal of glucose, what happens in diabetics who don't get insulin shots?
1. their cells are starved of glucose
2. blood glucose drops dangerously low
3. There is no way to absorb glucose from the diet
4. Blood glucose rise
|
4. Blood glucose rises to dangerously high levels
|
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high fat diets lead to what diseases?
|
heart disease, colon and breast cancers
|
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How does the structure of Triglycerides differ from Phospholipids?
|
Triglycerides - glycerol and 3 amino acids
Phospholipids - glycerol, 2 amino acids, one phosphate
|
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What are the physical and chemical characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?
|
Tend to be oils at room temperature.
|
|
Increase bad types of cholesterol in the blood.(LDL)-Low density lipoproteins
|
*(HDL) - High density lipoproteins are good type sof cholesterol.
|
|
If you have a horse that grazes 50lbs of grass every day, and the grass is 30% dry matter, how much water is the horse taking in just from the grass?
A. 15lbs
B. 50lbs
C. 30lbs
D. 35lbs
E. 0lbs
|
50(.3) = 15
50-15 = 35
D. 35lbs
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Risk factors for heart disease that can be changed include:
|
a. High blood LDL, low blood HDL b. High blood pressure c. Diabetes Mellitus d. Cigarette Smokinge. all of the above (E)
|
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Which is a primary benefit for an animal to store energy as fat rather than carbohydrate?
1. Carbohydrate is harder to break down
2. You don't need carbohydrate when starving
3. more energy is stored per pound of fat
4. carbohydrate's can't be str
|
3. more energy is stored per pound of fat
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