| Terms |
Definitions |
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Stannous
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Containing tin
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DISACCHARIDE
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TWO MONOSACCHARIDES COMBINED
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Macronutrients
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Carbs Fats Proteins
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HDL GOOD OR BAD?
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GOOD
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Eicosanoids
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Metabolically active chemicals synthesized from fatty acids. These chemicals have powerful physiological effects, including relaxing blood vessels and promoting blood clotting.
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Mesoderm
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voluntary muscles, bones, cardiovascular & excretory system
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VLDL
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Very low density lipoproteinsynthersized by the livertransports newly made tryglecerides and cholesterol and any leftover dietart lipids
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Overwieght
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over the standard wieght range
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niacin deficiency can result in..
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pellagra...determitidis
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disaccharides
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double sugars
sucrose (table sugar), maltose (made from starch), lactose
must be converted into monosaccharides by sucrase, maltase and lactase
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Proto-Oncogenes
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100 the the human genome
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HDL
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"Good Cholesterol"Synthersized by the liver and intestineTransfer cholesterol from body's dying cells and plaque to the liver for excretionHigher levels are associated with lower risk of CVD
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cells-tissue-organs-organ system-organism
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organization of the body
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Appetite
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Emotional sensation associated with desire for certain food.
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cornea
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the transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye
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eating disorders not yet classified are what percentage
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50%
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are soluble fibers(pectins, gums, and mucilages), fermented by bacteria in large intestine?
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yes
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lost from body during GI bleeding
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Iron
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Riboflavin sources
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spinach, broccoli, cottage cheese, fortified cerals
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essential fatty acids
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linoleic (omega 6)
&
linolenic (omega 3)
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Lymphocytes
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produced in bone marrowModified by thymus T-cells only responded to antigens on the surface mediated immunitymodified by the bone marrow B-cells: humoral fluid = immunity
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Sterols
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Multi-ringed structure. Doesn't have a glycerol backboneWaxy substanceFound in animal foods
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4
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how many kcals are in proteins?
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Vitamin A
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Help vision (light/dark contrast, prevent nightblindness). Makes mucus in eye (dry eye = xerophthalmia. Helps cardiovascular disease prevention, lung and oral cancer.Sources: Liver, fish oil, spinach, milk, eggs.Also a hormone. Liver/kidneys essential in synthesis
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fruit
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a natural source of a simple carb
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lacto-ovo vegetarian
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no red meat, chicken or fish
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what is the primary form of sugar?
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sucrose
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How many nutrients does your body need?
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Six
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Thirst is the primary regulator of fluid intake
T/F
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T???
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Type 2x&2A Fiber
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white; low myoglobin& mitochondria, mostly aerobic, glycolitic FAST TWITCHx=dark meata=light meat (intermediate fiber)
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celiac disease
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reaction to gluten
gliadin in gluten is possible toxin that damages villi in intestine (flattens them) but is reversible
lab tests indicate malnutrition
other grains to use: rice, corn, sorghum
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Nonnutritive sweeteners
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Products that are sometimes referred to as alternative sweeteners or sugar substitutes. They are synthetic and do not provide food energy.
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carcinogens
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bind DNA and other critical cellular targetscritical gene targets involved in cell growth
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When serotonin levels are low, the body craves ________
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carbs
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95%
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Percentage of dietary fat that is absorbed
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amino acids
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building blocks for protein. Amino group contains the nitrogen
20 amino acids == countless proteins
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carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
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nutrients that provide energy
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Food Allergens
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Components that trigger immune system. Highly sensitive people can have reaction triggered just by being in same room.
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5 components of fitness
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a. Cardiovascular b. Muscular endurance c. Muscular strength d. Flexibility e. Body composition
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which is incorrect about flexibility?
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C increases muscle mass
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Fat-soluble vitamins
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Vitamins that are insoluble in water, can be stored in the body for long periods of time, and do not need to be consumed daily.
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Aluminum is cariogenic?
T/F
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True.....
by increasing the effect of fluoride
Aluminum seems to be harmful in high doses but increase the cariogenic effect of fluoride.
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DVs
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Daily Values -- on food labels. Lists contain fiber, proteins, vitamins, minerals (in recommended dietary allowances form) and cholesterol, fat, calories and sodium (in upper limits/daily maximums form)
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nutrient
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a substance in food that your body needs to keep you healthy.
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LD50
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Acute Toxicity: Feed to animals to see what single dose will kill half the animals in 2 weeks. Low dose = bad
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_____ is the average amount of a nutrient required for good health.
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EAR
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Prevention of Rancidity
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Use of partially hydronated oils (trans fats!) Addition of Vitamin ESynthetic antioxidants: BHA and BHT
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What is the female athlete triad
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Disordered EatingAmenorrhea- diminished hormones (loss of menstrual cycle)Osteoporosis- diminished bone density(it is when body fat is less than 17%
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liver
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production of bile to aid in fat digestion and absorption
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Difference between simple/complex carbs?
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simple are easier to process
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nutrition facts
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title of the information panel that is required on mot foods
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binge drinking is
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5 or more drinks in one sitting
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if you smoke, there is an increased need for?
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vitamin C
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USDA recommendations: fat
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total fat intake of 20-35% of calories, most from poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids
less than 10% of cal from saturated fatty acids
less than 300mg/day of cholesterol
avoid trans fatty acids and saturated fats
6 tsp of oils daily
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Thermal Effect of Food
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energy needed for digestion, transport and absorption of nutrients
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what diet would an obese client need?
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calorie restricted diet
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Protein Nitrogen balance
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protein is 16% ntirgoen
proteins gms x .16 == nitrogen gms
nitrogen in == nitrogen out (balance)
nitrogen in > nitrogen out (+ nitrogen balance)
needed for growth, and prengancy
nitrogen in < nitrogen out (- nitrogen balance)
inadequate calories, poor quality protein, illness)
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•Sugar (free, no added)•Calories (free, low)•Fiber (high, food source, added)•Cholesterol (free, low, reduced)•Sodium (free, low, light)
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comparative and absolute nutrient claims
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EXCESS/DEFICIENCIES FOR VITAMINS: Vitamin D, THIAMIN
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Vitamin D
Excess: Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Hypervitaminosis D (overabsorption of calcium from the intestines as well as calcium loss from bones)
Deficiency: Rickets (bones not mineralized in children) Osteomalacia (adult equivalent of Rickets) this can lead to Osteoporosis
Thiamin (B1)
Excess: Unknown
Deficiency: Beriberi (loss of appetite and weight loss, memory loss, and confusion) Alcoholism can lead to Beriberi and also Wernickle-Korsaoff syndrome (Brain disorder of which memory loss can be permanent)
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What influence does dehydration have on performance
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· Hydration Imbalance ○ Decrease performance in anaerobic muscular endurance events. > 20-30 sec. ○ WHY? ○ Most severe in aerobic endurance performance ○ Effects seen with as little as 1-2% loss of body weight· Decrease in Performance ○ Proportional to the degree of dehydration
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what is a main source of vitamin D
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vitamin d milk
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results of carbohydrate metabolism
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glucose in blood (can be catabolized for energy or anabolized as glycogen)
excesses stored as fat
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what is NPO diet?
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food and fluid is phrohibited (nothing by mouth)
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What are some problems associated with being overweight?
|
sleep disturbances, gallbladder disease, complication in pregnancy
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bicarbonate (pancreas and small intestine)
|
neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine
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What is osteoporosis?
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It is a disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, fragile bones leading to bone fractures, compaction of bone; decreased height, shortening and hunching of the spine, dowager's hump. The bone tissue is more porous and thinner.
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2 Types of cholesterol
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HDL -- Good. Helps remove cholesterol from blood by escorting to liver for secretion. High levels protect against heart disease.LDL -- Bad. More cholesterol than HDL, can form plaque. Antioxidants can be used to reduce oxidation of LDL (E and especially C).
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which is a physiological effect of alcohol
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D all of the above
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What does cooking do to WSV?
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Usually causes them to lose/destory them; refer to steaming or microwaving
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Absorption of fat solubles
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go to lymph system to subclavian vein to heart
CELLS PICK UP NUTRIENTS DIRECTLY FROM BLOOD
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Chornic effects of excessive vit ingestion
|
tests; high doses for several months
vit A .... 10x RDA ...headache....hair loss and enlarged spleen
vit D...4x RDA...hypercademia...calcificaiton of soft tissue and kidney failure
vit C....1000mg (RDA 75mg)....dirrahea...bladder and kidney stones, and rebound scurvy
niacin...100-300 mg (RDA 14-16mg)....flushing...liver damage
B6...2000mg (RDA 180-200mg)...lose sense of balance, numbness in hands and feet.....severe sensory nueropathy, and perioval numbness
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What happens in other minerals that are needed for plant growth are low in the soil
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Decreased production, not decreased nutrients
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What are good sources of calcium?
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Skim milk, low-fat cheese, nonfat yogurt, and green leafy vegetables.
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bulimia which is not true?
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c feeling good and feelings of power after binge eating
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The institute of med (IOM) has established ULs for copper, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum?
T/F
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False
Due to the lack of data
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Monoglycerides and Fatty Acids
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What fats are broken down into in the body
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What does it take to lose a pound
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Adipose tissue =3500 kcals/lbsFat storage (adipose + supporting lean tissues) 3300 kcals/lbsmust have energy deficit of 2700-3500 kcal to lose a point per week
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What is the primary function of insulin?
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To control transport of glucose into the muscles and fat cells
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what is antibody is a protein that does what?
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helps protect body from something attacking the immune system
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nutrients have 3 functions what are they?
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provide energy for body process and movementprovide structural material for body tissuesregulate body processes
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•Preferred fuel (brain and RBC- red blood cell)•New RDA= 130 grams per day (based in energy needs of the brain)•Recommended that 60% (45-65%) of calories come from CHO •Recommended that no more than 10% (25%) of calories come from simple CHO
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Why carbohydrates are needed for the body?
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what is the purpose of glucose
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serves as a source of fuel for the cells
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What are the major food sources of calcium?
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Milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, bok choy, broccolie, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, chinese cabbage kale, kohlrabi mustard greens, breads, cakes/cookies, crackers.
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Why should you eat a vary of foods from the same food group?
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Varying foods within a food group helps you het different nutrients.
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What affects the rate of absorption of alcohol?
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The food in the stomach slows down absorption
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nonessential nutrient
|
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Vitamin C
|
. Scurvy
|
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Moderation: Moderate…?
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Not eliminate
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What is chyme?
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Partially Digested
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what starts splitting monosaccharides?
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hydrolysis
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Promotes Circulation
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Has antibacterial effect.
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phytochemicals
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non nutrient compounds in plants
found to be carinogenic in vitro but not in vivo
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Potassium Toxicity
|
muscle weaknessvomitingirregular heart beat
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disaccharides
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pairs of single sugar units
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Religion
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Is not verifiable or reproducible
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Binging triggers
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-stress, conflict, frequent dieting
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calcium gluconate
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used to treat milk fever
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53. The appearance of vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms may be delayed due to high intake of supplements of
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a. Folate
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alpha tocopherol
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the active vitamin E compound
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enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose into two glucose molecules. Produces in and located on the absorptive surface of the brush border cells, hydrolyzes maltose into glucose molecules
|
maltase
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What mineral assists in immune functions, wound healing, sperm production, taste perception, fetal development, and growth and development in children?
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zinc
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what gives us the most energy?
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fats
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Obesity
|
A condition characterized by excess body fat. It is defined as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or greater
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Reducing hunger and enhancing satiety:
With Fat its easy to?
|
overconsume kcals
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Vitamin B1
|
men 19 1.2mgwomen 1.1 mg
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fat soluble vitamins
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require bile for absorption
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protein absorption
|
small intestine lining enzymes, carboxy peptidase-all to amino acids blood goes to liver
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Manganize AI
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Sources: whole grains, dried fruit, nuts, greenleafy veggiesMen = 2.3 mg/dayWomen = 1.8 mg/day
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179. Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
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a. Seafood
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The name of the substance that ??,
lubricates and protects the part of the body named above is called what?
|
saliva
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heme
|
the iron holding part of the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins. 40% in meat, fish and poultry is bound into heme. other 60% is non-heme.
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ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
definition
|
a continual recycling of compounds between the small intestine and the liver; bile acids are one example of a recycled compound
|
|
bone metabolism
|
-low blood Ca concentration triggers parathyroid gland to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-PTH stimulates kidneys to retain Ca and produce active vitamin D
-Vitamin D causes increased absorption of Ca from the gut. Ca reabsorption from the bone is also stimulated.
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organic
|
carbon containing. four of the six classes of nutrients are organic: carbohydrate, fat, protein, and vitamins. stsricly speaking, organic compounds include only those made by living things and do not include carbon dioxide and a few carbon salts.
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a major sterol is
|
regular sugar intake causes
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Potassium (1600-2000 mg)functions:
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major ion of intracellular fluid
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Six examples of energy dense foods?
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-fruits
-vegetables
-whole grains
-legumes
-lean protein
-low-fat dairy products
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glucagon
|
a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream
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nutritionist
|
masters or doctorate degree in foods and nutrition
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fibers include all of the following except
|
galactose
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AI
|
Adequate Intake. Insufficient info to set an RDA. the average amount of a nutrient that appears suffcient
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White Adipose
|
Store excess E at TG in unilocularadipocyte• Release free fatty acids (FFA) when needed
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As a general rulem what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating pan for reducing body weight?
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1200
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wasting
|
loss of body weight; sign of actue, severe PEM; defined as > 2 SD's below mean weight for height
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KILOCALORIE (kcal)
definition
|
Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius; also written as Calories.
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Bile is synthesized by:
A. the gall baladder
B. the duodenum
C. the liver
D. mucus neck cells
E. all of the above
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C. the liver
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digestive system
|
the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller, absorbable products. The digestive tract and alimentary canal are names for the tubular organs that extend from the mouth to the anus. The whole system including the pancreas, liver and gall bladder
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Total Iron Binding Capacity(TIBC)
|
Iron binding sites on transferrin
|
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Body components in order
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genes, tissues, organs body systems
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basic food in diet is
|
grain and ceral group
|
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Complementary proteins
|
A combination of plant and animal protein to make a complete protein. Ex. rice and beans, cereal w/milk.
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bod pod
|
uses air displacement to measure body composition.
|
|
3 types of digestive processes
|
- mechanical
- chemical
- enzymatic
|
|
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to
|
inadequate calcium and all meat diets
|
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ADF (acid detergent fiber
|
potion of feed that contains cellulose, lignin, and silica
|
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129. Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share?
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a. Both function as antioxidants
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the body generates water during the:
|
breakdown of energy nutrients.
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Insulin effects on the liver
|
-causes increased transcription of glucose transporter
-moves glucose transporter to the cell membrane
-activates enzyme that synthesizes glycogen
-de-activates glycogen's catabolic enzyme
|
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What do "good" grains contain?
|
"Good" grains contain: Folate, Riacin, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Iron, Magnesium and Fiber.
|
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Body Composition and how it can be measured
|
•Body Composition –Measurement of body fat and lean muscle mass –Can be measured by •Underwater weighing •Skinfold measurements •Bioelectric impedance analysis •Near infrared reactance •Bod Pod™
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|
what is the average lifespan of red blood cells
|
four months
|
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Factors Affecting Nutrition
|
-ability to acquire and prepare food, knowledge, swallowing impairment, discomfort during eating, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, excessive intake of calories, inflammation or obstruction of GI tract, diabetes mellitus, culture, cost, age
|
|
rda for nutrients is generally
|
adequate for most healthy people
|
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Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet?
|
Low HDL level
|
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Four of the B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid)
|
essential to oxidation/reduction reactions from which energy is obtained via glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid and pentose pathways.
|
|
mechanisms by which FA's affect functioning of membrane proteins
|
1) "fluid" environment enhances membrane-bound pt mobility 2) modification of fct by post-translational covalent bonding of lipid 3) FA's may be substrates for syntehsis of bioactive metabolites including eicosanoids and lipid peroxides
|
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What triggers a rise in LDL cholesterol in the blood?
|
saturated and trans fat
|
|
What are nutritional recommendations for xerostomia associated with cancer?
|
Choose wet, moist foods, avoid alcohol, try synthetic saliva, maintain good mouth care, tart/sour foods stimulate saliva production
|
|
Glycemic Index is influenced by?
|
amount of starch, fiber, processing, structure, and presence of other macronutrients
|
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Pellagra is...and why does this disease occur?
|
a disease characterized by inflammation of the skin, diarrhea, and eventual mental incapacity, results from an insufficient amount of vitamin niacin in the diet.
|
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Arginine deficiency causes
|
a failure in the urea cycle pathway leading to toxic accumulations of ammonia. Arginine deficiency has been noted in cats fed certain casein-based enteral formulas with marginal arginine concentrations
|
|
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
|
Symptoms: excessive urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss, frequent infections of skin, gums, or urinary tract, vision disturbances, pain in legs, feet, fingers, slow healing of cuts and bruises, itching, drowsiness, Chronic inflammation of body tissues, high blood glucose level
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What drugs cause impairment of salivary flow, causing dry mouth, along with a sour metallic taste
|
Drugs such as Tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (Elavil).
|
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What is the basic unit of carbohydrate?
|
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
|
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The Typical North American Diet: how much of the fats is from animal fats?
|
60 % from animal fats
|
|
the best advice for a person with osteoarthritus might be to
|
lose weighct, if overweight
|
|
What are the component of the gastric juices?
|
Hydrochloric Acid, Pepsin, Gastric Lipase, Mucus
|
|
Carbohydrate absorbed after a meal is stored:
A. in the gut
B. in the bloodstream
C. in the liver and muscle
D. it's not stored because it isn't absorbed until it is needed
|
C. in the liver and muscle
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Carbohydrate Needs: Recommendations - RDA is?
|
130 g/d for adults – adequate energy for brain and central nervous system
|
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Why protein intake for athletes, and how much
|
-helps replenish glycogen
-4 g protein for every 10 g carbs
-too high can increase diuresis (loss of body water)
|
|
why does fat provide more energy?
|
because the bonds in fat molecules are easily oxidized and result in more ATP.
|
|
Vit B1 (thiamine) function and dx
|
*coNZ pyrophosphate - role in carb and a.a. intermediary metabolism* wet beriberi: high output cardiac failureanddry beriberi: peripheral neuropathy, atrophy in mm wernicke-korsakoff syn: (alcoholism) - hemorrhagic lesions in mamillary bodies, confu
|
|
How does insulin work to decrease blood glucose?
|
-insulin causes glucose to be taken up by the muscle and adipose tissue
-changes actions of intracellular machinery
-causes it to be stored as fat
-insulin activates glycogen synthetase and deactivates glycogen phosphoryalse this takes it in the cells and stores it in glycogen
|
|
What is the role that the liver plays in digestion and absorption of nutrients?
|
1. Produces Bile
2. Filters Blood (removes toxins)
|
|
If you don't spend much time in the sun...
1. You should consume more vitamin D2 or D3
2. You will be vitamin D deficient
3. Your skin will get darker, allowing you to produce vitamin D more efficiently
4. It has no effect on the amount of active vita
|
1. You should consume more vitamin D2 or D3
|
