Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Organic Chemistry 33

Terms Definitions
Iodo I
C-C alkane
hex- 6
hex 6
Hexane C₆H₁₄
non 9
Carboxylic acid R-C(=O)-OH
aromatics HNMR 6.5-8
hydrophobic water hating
Oct- 8 carbons
-C=-C- sp 180 linear
spCH in IR 3300
alcohol Functional group R-OH
10 carbon atoms decane
Secondary alcohols are_________to ketones oxidized
maturation Transformation from unspecialized function to specialized
Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides bonded together(sucrose, and lactose)
"H" enthalpy (= heat content)
initiation irradiation with light
reactions beings by breaking relatively weak cl-cl bonds using light
unsaturated describes organic compounds that contain double or triple C-C bonds
liquid Unsaturated (plant/fish) fats are _________ at room temperature.
alkanes single bonds; saturated; CnH2n+2; CH4
constitutional (structural) isomers differ in connectivity
(C) 128-140 ppm implies Aromatic carbons
examples of williamson ether synthesis
What are functional proteins? functional proteins
formal charge family #-(1/2(#bonding e-)+non bonding e-)
Methanol Methanal a.k.a. Formaldehyde is Formed from
Carbohydrates These major macromolecules include all sugars; they are used by animals as a source of energy, and by plants as a structural aid.
electrophile lover of electrons (in acid-base rxn)
How do plants store glucose? as starch
Examples of esters methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
ethyl acetate
aromatics cyclic hydrocarbons with 6 carbons, have resonance structure of 3 double bonds, not saturated or unsaturated
Esters Double Bonded Oxygen on Carbon adjacent to an oxygen; Side chain + Prefix + "anoate"; Smells
branching of alkane on boiling point decreases
tertiary alcohol or amine R₃-C-OH or R₃-N
OH - --> pOH pOH = log [OH-]
reaction mechanism the step-by-step sequence of reactions by which the overall chemical change occurs
hydrolysis Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water. (For example: polysaccharides can be broken into disaccharides or monosaccharides by this method.
3 types of Biological Compounds Protein, Carbohydrates, Lipids
Organic Chemistry Study of compounds containing carbon except for oxides of carbon and carbonates
preparation of a nitrile from a primary alkyl halide NaCN
amino acids Compounds that contain both carboxyl and amino functional groups in the same molecule. Your body needs about twenty to function properly.
pi bonding results from side-to-side or parallel overlap of two atomic orbitals
organic acid releases h(+), organic base accepts acid base
alcohol + alcohol = ether + H2O (etherification)
structural formula a chemical formula indicating the location of atomic bonds in a molecule
Nucleophilicity A kinetic property measured by the rate at which a nucleophile causes nucleophilic substitution on a reference compound under a standardized set of experimental conditions (relative nucleophilicities for a series of nucleophiles are established by measuring the rate at which each displaces a leaving group from a haloalkane)
Geometric Stereoisomers E (opposite directions), Z (same direction); unlike enantiomers, diff. phys. properties.
Fermentation Organic compound reacts in the absence of water to produce an alcohol and carbon dioxide
bronsted-lowry base is a substance that accepts the hydrogen ion.
chair conformation the most stable conformation of a cyclohexane ring; all bond angles are close to 109.5degrees, and all bonds on adjacent carbons are staggered; during "chair flips" axial and equatorial constituents switch positions
methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, carbinol Another name for Methanol
flagpole hydrogens two hydrogens in the boat conformation point upward like flagpoles; the twist boat reduces the steric repulsion of the flagpole hydrogens
amino group nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
how many bonds can nitrogen take 3 or 4
F2, Cl2, Br2 The three halogens that halogenation can occur with
Acid Chlorides Have one carbon and one chlorine bonded to the C=O.
polymers molecules made of a repetive series of identical or similar subunits.
peptide bonds hold amino acids together in protein or polypeptide
2^n For a molecule with n chiral center, this is the maximum number of stereoisomers possible
Reagents to reduce Esters to Aldehydes?
  		1)DIBAL-H, CH2Cl2 -78C
2) H2O
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation When a peroxyacid oxidizes a ketone to an ester
catalyst substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Types of Organic Compounds cont. Biomolecules (proteins, DNA, carbs) materials in coal & petroleum, plastics....
primary structure of proteins chain (polypeptide that makes up hemoglobin)
Organic Chemistry is.. the study of carbon compounds and their reactions
relative configuration similarity two molecules differ by only one constituent
Heat of Combustion Standard heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of a substance in its standard state (gas, liquid, solid) is oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water, and is given the symbol delta H degrees.
primary structure sequence of amino acids - if the order is changed, it will change the function of the protein
clogging, active site some poisons work by ______ up the __________.
n + 1 rule counting the number (n) of neighboring protons nonequivalent to the proton in question and adding 1.
Key feature of E2? E2 reactions are favores over E1 reactions by the use of strong bases.
Additon Rxn- properties
(alkenes) 		- Sn 1 like
- adds halide to most substituted C
-adds H to least susbstituted C
- formation or carbo+ is the slow step
(MS) M+2 is same height as M+ Bromine is present in molecule
cyclic epoxides + strong base 1. electrons from O of strong base attach to carbon of ring
2. electrons from C-O ring move to O of epoxide
3. electrons from O of epoxide grab a proton from alcohol
What is an Enatiomer Isomer? it is a mirror image of one another.
rules for polar reactions 1. e- move from e- rich --> e0 poor environments2. nucleophiles e- rich rxn (either neutral or negatively qed (Nu:) lone pairs or neg anions (Nu-) 3. electrophiles are neutral and pos. cations E or E + 4. DO NOT BREAK THE OCTET RULE or valence shell has a LIMIT for electrons --> octet rule for 2nd row ( ONLY 4 BONDS PER CARBON)